中国环境保护国际合作历程与展望

环境保护国际合作是我国环保工作的重要领域之一,是我国对外交往、交流、合作非常活跃的领域,已成为国际关系和国务活动、外交活动的重要内容。当前,环境保护是生态文明建设的主阵地和根本措施,环境保护国际合作也面临新的任务和要求。在新形势下,环境保护国际合作要进一步统筹国际国内两个大局,构建有利于生     

关于我国环境保护国际合作人才队伍建设探析

当前我国环境保护国际合作人才队伍建设工作已经取得初步进展,但随着国际国内形势的深刻变化,我国环保国际合作人才队伍的发展仍然存在人才储备不足、国内外人才交流机制不畅、人才选拔培养机制单一等问题。为适应新时期环保国际合作工作需求,需要营造良好的人才发展环境,完善环保国际合作人才培养机制,努力推动环保国际合作人才的"引进来"与"走出去"。     

空调环保低碳标识发布 促家电业进入节能环保新时代

2015年3月13日,环境保护部环境保护对外合作中心、中国家用电器协会、联合国环境规划署、联合国工业发展组织和德国国际合作机构,在上海联合发布了房间空调器"环保低碳标识"。据了解,为顺应国际环保发展趋势,我国房间空调器行业正在为保护臭氧层和应对气候变暖两大全球环境问题而进行     

“十四五”生态环境保护国际合作的趋势分析与对策建议

本文分析了"十四五"时期生态环境保护国际合作的发展趋势、重点工作方向,指出我国将面临发展中国家地位受到挑战、国际环境公约履约难度增加等方面的压力,也将在拓展合作领域更好支撑污染防治攻坚战、推动国际环境治理体系变革、共谋全球生态文明建设之路等方面迎来重大机遇。在压力与机遇并存的时期,我国应该坚定维护发展中国家地位,履行环境国际公约责任与义务;建设绿色"一带一路",构建人类绿色命运共同体;深化国际合作广度和深度,服务打赢污染防治攻坚战;打造"四大"人才队伍体系,加强国际环境合作与交流制度建设。     

走和平发展道路 促进国家间的环境公平

纵观中国参与国际环境保护事务的历程,从坚持"共同而有区别的责任"的国际基本原则到积极"相互帮助、协力推进"的合作共赢,体现出在国际环境保护中我国对于环境与发展关系的积极探求,以及在发展过程中对应当承担的环境责任主动承担的负责态度,体现出中国政府在国际事务中代表着一个负责任的发展中国家,对环境公平原则的遵从和对环境公平理念的进一步阐释.     

在重塑蓝天:空气质量管理国际研讨会”上环境保护部环境保护对外合作中心和能源基金会发起组建“中国清洁空气城市网络”倡议

正2013年11月16日,"重塑蓝天;空气质量管理国际研讨会"在北京举行。在与会200多名代表的见证下,由环境保护部环境保护对外合作中心组织和能源基金会支持的"中国清洁空气城市网络"举行了倡议活动。对外合作中心、能源基金会以及来自北京、天津、上海、广州四城     

我国签订的双边环境保护条约

我国十分重视与其他国家特别是邻国进行双边环境保护合作,早在50年代和60年代,就与苏联、东欧国家等签订了一些关于防治植物病虫害、防止森林火灾、兴修水利和防止水害、保护渔业资源等协定.与日本签订的渔业协定,也包含了保护渔业资源的内容.70年代末以后,由于我国实行改革开放政策和国际环境问题日益严重,我国的双边国际环境保护合作得到了进一步发展,合作的对象和领域不断扩展,先后与许多国家和国际组织签订了环境保护协定、协议、协定书、备忘录等.     

论“冰上丝绸之路”的国际合作机制

中国倡导与各方共建"冰上丝绸之路"关乎到北极的利用、治理和可持续发展。为此,各方应在合作中建立起宽领域、全方位、多层次的国际合作机制。宽领域要求拓宽合作领域,应加强包括基建领域、能源领域、安全保障领域和生态环境保护领域等各领域的合作;全方位体现为中国既要密切与北极国家的合作,也要欢迎其他利益攸关方的参与;多层次表现为在加强双边、多边合作的同时提倡发挥国际论坛等交流平台的作用。     

我国海洋环境保护国际合作现状与展望

近年来,我国以积极的态度参与全球的海洋环境保护工作,不断加强国际交流与合作,扩大了影响,树立了负责任的环境大国的形象.本着"以外促内"的原则,积极借鉴和引进国外的先进经验和技术,规范海洋环境管理行为,努力提高海洋环境管理水平.国际海洋环境合作项目为我国提供了重要的技术支持,有力的推动了我国的海洋环境保护工作.在红树林、海草、珊瑚礁及湿地保护、防止陆源污染海洋、海岸带综合管理等方面取得了明显的进展.刚刚在北京闭幕的保护海洋环境免受陆源污染全球行动计划第二次政府间审查会,为中国进一步扩大海洋环保的国际合作途径和领域起到了很好的促进作用.     

我国“十四五”土壤生态环境保护发展建议

"十四五"时期,我国的土壤生态环境保护形势依然严峻,不仅历史遗留土地污染问题的解决仍需大量的投入,而且新的土壤环境污染问题和需求仍将不断涌现。建议从健全土壤生态环境可持续风险管控体系、构建土壤生态健康评估与考核指标体系、创新土壤污染风险管控与修复产业模式、提升国家土壤环境监管信息平台支撑体系、加大土壤环境与污染修复科技研发力度、加强"一带一路"土壤环境保护等国际合作交流等方面入手,推进"十四五"期间的生态环境保护工作。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.