Cu暴露条件下翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)消化腺内金属和类金属硫蛋白的变化

通过室内急性暴露实验研究了翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)消化腺富集Cu及其MTLP(metallothionein like protein)水平随时间的变化规律.结果表明,2种Cu浓度暴露条件下(12.7μg/L和63.5 μg/L),贻贝消化腺内Cu的平均吸收速率分别为2.045和7.028μg/·(g·d)-1,富集系数分别为2 074和1 619.实验测定了所有样本的溶解态Cu与总Cu含量,2个暴露组二者的比值随时间呈现出不同的变化趋势,低浓度组先降低随后上升到与对照样本几乎相同的水平,而高浓度组一直呈下降趋势,表明不同污染程度生物体内金属消化机制进程存在差异.利用Brdicka极谱法测定了贻贝消化腺内MTLP的含量,对照组贻贝消化腺的MTLP平均含量为(0.551±0.037)mg/g;12.7 μg/L Cu暴露组MTLP含量随时间的变化范围是0.407～0.699 mg/g,而63.5 μg/L Cu暴露组在暴露初始MTLP水平就显著增加(p＜0.001),变化范围由初始0.942 mg/g降至0.826 mg/g.分析结果表明贻贝消化腺内的MTLP水平随着水体及生物体内的金属含量升高而增加,并与体内Cu浓度成明显的负指数增长关系(p＜0.0001).     

环境汞污染暴露下大鼠肝中一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶的变化

为了探讨汞污染暴露对公众健康的潜在危害,采用清镇化工地区汞污染粮食对大鼠进行暴露试验,研究不同暴露时间节点处大鼠肝中一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的变化,并以市售上海粮食作对照.结果表明,利用汞污染的粮食对大鼠暴露7 d后,大鼠肝中NO含量及NOS活力出现显著升高(p＜0.05).7～30 d暴露与长时间暴露90 d情况相比,肝中NO含量相对稳定.对大鼠肝中汞、硒元素的分析表明,汞、硒元素含量间有相关关系(r=0.9426),表明硒元素对汞的毒性作用有一定影响.长期暴露90 d后,肝中NO含量出现急剧上升,与对照组相比上升200%.同时,体内脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量也出现显著升高(P＜0.05),表明长期暴露引起了机体的氧化损伤.     

污灌区稻田汞污染特征及健康风险评价

选择天津北排污河灌区作为研究区域,调查了土壤和水稻总汞和甲基汞的含量及分布特征,评估污灌区稻米食用汞暴露风险,并对污灌区土壤-稻米甲基汞的影响因素进行了初步分析.结果表明,1.调查的29个污灌区稻田,土壤总汞含量为(367.04 ± 129.36) μg/kg,显著高于区域土壤Hg背景值73 μg/kg,甲基汞含量为(0.87 ± 0.77) μg/kg;水稻各部位总汞含量依次为稻叶 > 稻根 > 稻茎 > 稻米,稻米总汞含量为(12.80 ± 5.14) μg/kg,甲基汞含量依次为稻米 > 稻根 > 稻茎 > 稻叶,稻米对甲基汞具有很强的富集能力,甲基汞含量为(2.09 ± 1.20) μg/kg,甲基化率均值超过10%.污灌区稻米总汞每周摄入量为0.068~1.25μg/(kg·bw),甲基汞每周摄入量为0.0095~0.49μg/(kg·bw),污灌区稻米总汞及甲基汞暴露对居民健康风险总体仍在安全阈值内,但个别汞污染较严重地块甲基汞暴露风险值得高度关注.土壤甲基汞含量仅与土壤总汞含量及黏粒含量的相关性达到显著性水平,稻米甲基汞含量与土壤总汞含量、土壤甲基汞含量、稻米总汞含量及黏粒含量的相关性达到显著性水平.     

沧州市大气污染特征观测研究

利用沧州2009年7月～2011年7月的NOx(NOx=NO+NO2)、O3、SO2以及PM10的观测数据,分析了沧州市大气污染物的日变化、月平均变化、年变化以及季节平均变化特征.结果表明,NOx、PM10日变化为双峰型,O3为单峰.SO2日变化也呈现为双峰型,但是其变化幅度较平缓.NO、NO2、NOx、SO2有较相同的季节变化趋势.NO、NO2、NOx、SO2及PM10冬季值最大,分别为(30.0±18.9)μg·m-3、(50.5±19.8)μg·m-3、(80.5±38.7)μg·m-3、(62.1±34.7)μg·m-3、(201.6±98.5)μg·m-3.臭氧夏季浓度最高,其月均值为(88.0±22.3)μg·m-3.NO、NO2、NOx、O3、SO2及PM10年均值分别为(18.9±14.5)μg·m-3、(37.6±13.0)μg·m-3、(56.5±27.5)μg·m-3、(49.9±16.3)μg·m-3、(31.6±19.5)μg·m-3、(156.7±79.1)μg·m-3.秋冬季污染物主要为NOx(NOx=NO+NO2)、SO2以及PM10,夏季污染物主要为O3.     

慢性噪声暴露对高脂饮食小鼠肝脏脂代谢的影响

为探究慢性噪声暴露对肝脏脂代谢的影响,将C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为正常对照组和噪声暴露组[持续8周85dB(A)稳态宽带噪声暴露(4h/d)].每组又分为两个亚组,分别给予对照饮食和高脂饮食.实验终点检测小鼠体重增长率、葡萄糖耐量、胰岛素耐量、附睾脂肪重量和肝脏重量、血清白介素-6(IL-6)水平、血清和肝脏甘油三酯(TG)及总胆固醇(TC)水平、肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量以及c-Jun氨基端激酶(JNK)磷酸化水平.结果显示,噪声暴露引起对照饮食小鼠体重增长率显著降低[(23.30±2.54)%vs.(37.13±3.05)%],代谢效率[(545.20±55.06)kJ/(g·mouse)vs.(352.50±20.92)kJ/(g·mouse)]、血清IL-6水平[(44.68±9.77)pg/mL vs.(20.83±0.81)pg/mL]显著升高;噪声暴露引起高脂饮食小鼠肝脏TG[(0.54±0.07)mmol/g protein vs.(0.30±0.03)mmol/g protein]、MDA含量[(1.98±0.13)mmol/gproteinvs.(1.24±0.03...     

溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼谷胱甘肽及S转移酶的影响

研究了罗非鱼暴露于不同浓度溴氰菊酯后,组织中谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性的动态变化.结果表明,以1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0,10.0μg/L浓度的溴氰菊酯处理罗非鱼25d,除了1.0μg/L浓度组罗非鱼体内GSH和GST与对照组无显著差异外,其余各浓度组的GSH和GST均发生了明显的变化,规律为先升高后降低,说明溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼体内的GSH和GST是先诱导后抑制,且肝脏的变化幅度比肌肉大.1.0μg/L以下的溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼没有生化毒性影响.罗非鱼组织中的GSH和GST可作为生物标志物来评价农药对鱼类的生化毒性.     

三峡库区涪陵和忠县两地居民发汞含量水平及影响因素分析

为评价三峡库区居民汞暴露风险,在三峡库区腹心地带的涪陵和忠县两地采集了238份当地居民头发样本,分析了总汞(THg)和甲基汞(Me Hg)含量.结果表明,两地居民头发THg、Me Hg平均含量分别为(0.50±0.54)μg·g~(-1)、(0.35±0.25)μg·g~(-1).其中,涪陵居民头发THg、Me Hg平均含量分别为(0.71±0.87)μg·g~(-1)、(0.53±0.46)μg·g~(-1),均高于忠县居民头发THg[(0.41±0.36)μg·g~(-1)]、Me Hg[(0.28±0.26)μg·g~(-1)]平均含量水平,但两地头发总汞平均含量均低于美国EPA安全参考剂量(1μg·g~(-1)).不同年龄段的居民发汞含量存在显著性差异(P0.05),其中40~50岁年龄段居民发汞含量最高;不同性别间发汞含量差异不显著(P0.05),但女性发汞含量略高于男性.居民发汞含量与食鱼频率呈正相关,渔民发汞含量显著高于非渔民发汞含量(P0.01),且渔民头发样本总汞含量均值(1.44±0.79)μg·g~(-1)超过了EPA安全参考剂量.两地吸烟者头发总汞含量[(0.55±0.24)μg·g~(-1)、(0.58±0.54)μg·g~(-1)]均显著高于非吸烟者头发总汞含量[(0.51±0.30)μg·g~(-1)、(0.36±0.26)μg·g~(-1)].三峡库区居民汞暴露风险总体较低,但渔民存在一定的汞暴露风险.     

农田土壤中微囊藻毒素污染特征及风险评价

蓝藻水华释放的微囊藻毒素(MCs)通过灌溉、堆肥沤田等途径进入农田土壤造成污染.采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱方法(HPLC-MS/MS)研究了滇池周边35个代表性农田土壤样品中3种典型微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR)的含量、分布特征及风险水平.结果表明,MCs检出率为85.7%,总含量为n.d.~7.8μg/kg,平均含量为1.6 μg/kg,其中MC-RR检出率(82.9%)和含量(n.d.~5.3μg/kg)最高. 3种MCs的健康风险和生态风险均在可接受范围内,健康风险以MC-YR最大,生态风险以MC-LR最大.儿童以口腔暴露MCs为主,成人以皮肤暴露MCs为主,儿童暴露MCs的健康风险高于成人.     

广西珊瑚钨锡矿耕作区土壤和玉米汞含量及污染评价

对广西珊瑚钨锡矿周边耕作区土壤和玉米进行采样分析,采集土壤样、玉米样各39个。采用原子荧光测汞仪进行分析测定法,研究土壤和玉米植株的不同部分(根、茎、叶和果)中的汞含量。结果表明,土壤汞含量为(0.130 9±0.058 6)μg/g,玉米植株汞含量为(0.013 8±0.003 1)μg/g。靠近矿区的土壤汞含量高,远离矿区的低;靠近居民区的土壤汞含量最高,尾砂场、废石场的次之。其中有10.3%的土壤样汞含量超过了我国《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-2008)二级标准的最低限值(汞≤0.2μg/g),表明珊瑚钨锡矿周边耕作区土壤具有一定的汞污染。矿区汞污染对农作物植株汞有一定的影响,但是玉米果实汞含量((0.003 5±0.001 1)μg/g)没有超过国家相关标准的限值(汞≤0.02μg/g)。     

贵州省典型铅锌矿区居民血液总汞和甲基汞暴露及健康风险模型预测评估

汞是铅锌矿石的常见伴生元素,铅锌冶炼活动会给当地居民带来潜在汞暴露风险.为了解铅锌矿区居民血液汞暴露及健康风险,选择贵州省赫章县为研究区域,以贵阳市为对照区,分别采集居民血液样品418和118份,利用冷原子荧光法测定其总汞和甲基汞含量,结合年龄和性别分析血液总汞与甲基汞含量特征,估算育龄期妇女头发甲基汞含量并进行甲基汞暴露致新生儿IQ（智商）损失评估,利用单区室PBPK（生理药代动力学）模型预测居民甲基汞ADI（日均摄入量）.结果表明:①铅锌矿区（赫章县）和对照区居民血液总汞含量几何均值分别为（3.11±5.05）和（1.83±1.19）μg/L,范围分别为0.63~54.26和0.46~11.88 μg/L,分别有21.5%和0.85%的血液样本总汞含量超过人体血液总汞安全限值（5.8 μg/L）.②铅锌矿区成年居民和0~6岁儿童血液总汞含量分别为（2.80±3.85）和（2.49±2.08）μg/L,分别有77和7人血液总汞含量超过5.8 μg/L,超标率分别为24.37%和10.61%,存在潜在总汞暴露风险.③斯皮尔曼相关性分析显示,铅锌矿区居民血液总汞和甲基汞含量分别与年龄（R=0.108,P < 0.05）和性别（R=-0.185,P < 0.05）相关,老年人较其他年龄段人群总汞暴露的风险更高,其血液总汞含量达（5.29±5.03）μg/L;男性血液甲基汞含量〔（0.24±0.32）μg/L〕高于女性〔（0.18±0.22）μg/L〕.④蒙特卡洛模型模拟结果显示,铅锌矿区和对照区育龄妇女头发甲基汞平均含量分别为（0.07±0.11）和（0.11±0.13）mg/kg,范围分别为0~11.81和0~5.74 mg/kg,其中铅锌矿区2.27%的育龄期妇女头发甲基汞含量超过发汞临界值（0.58 mg/kg）,导致IQ评分为70~70.18分范围内的约0.05%的婴儿从IQ正常转变为MMR（轻度智力低下）.⑤单区室PBPK模型预测表明,铅锌矿区和对照区居民甲基汞日均摄入量分别为（0.005±0.006）和（0.007±0.008）μg/kg,分别有0.082%和0.013%的居民甲基汞日均摄入量超过RfD（参考剂量值,0.1 μg/kg）.研究显示:铅锌矿区成年居民和0~6岁儿童血液总汞含量高于国内其他地区,男性血液甲基汞含量明显高于女性;铅锌矿区约2.27%的育龄期妇女头发甲基汞含量超过发汞临界值,可致IQ评分在70~70.18分范围内的约0.05%的婴儿从智力正常转变为MMR;铅锌矿区居民甲基汞非致癌风险高于对照区.      

腹泻性贝类毒素的分析方法研究

本文描述了腹泻性贝类毒素的的特性，给出了已知的９种毒物成分的化学结构式衣不同毒物成分的毒性大小及毒理效应，对已有的该毒素的定量分析方法，包括生物分析法和化学分析法进行了剖析，重点阐述了化学分析法中的高效液相色谱分析法，介绍了法国目前使用的腹性贝毒的预警系统，并对我国该领域的研究提出了自己的建议。     

桑沟湾贝类养殖海域石油烃污染状况及其对贝类质量安全的影响

2008年1～11月在桑沟湾贝类养殖海域分别采集表层海水、表层沉积物和养殖贝类样品,进行了石油烃含量分析.依据石油烃含量检测结果,分析了桑沟湾贝类养殖海域海水和沉积物中石油烃含量的分布和变化趋势以及贝类体内石油烃含量水平和种间差异,并对3种介质中石油烃的污染状况进行了评价,最后探讨了贝类体内积累的石油烃及对贝类质量安全...     

贝类与公众健康:瑞典人的看法

双壳类动物是以过滤大量水摄食的远古动物.这样,来自水柱的海洋浮游生物、细菌和滤过性病毒大量集中在贻贝体内.因此,与贝类的消费相联的危险取决于贝类生长区域的有毒海藻和人类病原体微生物的产生和组成.腹泻性贝毒在过去的27年期间在瑞典经常发生.贻贝中毒素含量的最高峰大部分被记录在10～12月,但是这种模式由于区域和年份的不同而有较大的差异,从而使得人们很难预测贻贝中的毒素含量.随着水产养殖业扩大和随之而来的海产品消费的增加,需要更好的风险管理来最大程度地降低藻类毒素和人体病原体对人类的影响.必须执行的新的管理策略是:①养殖装置的适当地点的选择;②定期的和有成本效益的海藻、细菌和病毒监控;③针对排泄物污染的新指标,适于贝类生长的特殊位置的;④迅速向工业产业和公众发布信息,包括风险评估和有关如何应对这种情形的建议.     

麻痹性贝毒素生物毒性的量子化学研究

运用密度泛函(DFT)理论在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平下计算了17种麻痹性贝毒素的量子化学结构描述符,采用修正Cp统计量为目标函数的改进蚁群算法进行变量选择,建立了麻痹性贝毒素的半数致死浓度与其量化参数之间的QSAR模型;模型的决定系数R2为0.968,交叉验证系数q2为0.858,表明模型具备良好的拟合效果和较...     

Adenovirus and Norovirus Contaminants in Commercially Distributed Shellfish

Shellfish complying with European Regulations based on quantification of fecal bacterial indicators (FIB) are introduced into markets; however, information on viruses, more stable than FIB, is not available in the literature. To assess the presence of noroviruses (NoVs) GI and GII and human adenoviruses (HAdV) in domestic and imported mussels and clams (n = 151) their presence was analyzed during winter seasons (2004–2008) in north-west Spanish markets through a routine surveillance system. All samples tested negative for NoV GI and 13 % were positive for NoV GII. The role of HAdV as viral indicator was evaluated in 20 negative and 10 positive NoV GII samples showing an estimated sensitivity and specificity of HAdV to predict the presence of NoV GII of 100 and 74 % (cut-off 0.5). The levels of HAdV and NoVs and the efficiency of decontamination in shellfish depuration plants (SDP) were evaluated analyzing pre- and post-depurated mussels collected in May–June 2010 from three different SDP. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence and quantification of HAdV between pre- and post-depurated shellfish and between seawater entering and leaving the depuration systems. Moreover, infectious HAdV were detected in depurated mussels. These results confirm previous studies showing that current controls and depuration treatments limiting the number of FIB do not guarantee the absence of viruses in shellfish.     

Human Enteric Viruses Occurrence in Shellfish from European Markets

Different sources were consulted to obtain information on the occurrence of viruses in bivalve molluscs on the European market. Twenty-six peer-reviewed articles were identified reporting on the molecular detection of viral RNA in 4,260 samples in total. The data obtained will be presented geographically on virus types detected, the origin and treatment of the shellfish, and the detection technique applied. The data demonstrate that viral RNA can be detected in shellfish from polluted areas, in depurated shellfish as well as those for human consumption. The European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database was consulted as another source. Twenty-eight notifications were identified on the presence of hepatitis A virus or norovirus in shellfish on the European market. The most recent report of the European laboratory network was referred to, to gain insight into the laboratory capability at present for the analyses of shellfish on the presence of viruses. Approximately 67% of 27 participating laboratories obtained intended results for all samples, consisting of lenticules loaded with 10³ copies norovirus (genogroup I (GGI) and/or genogroup II (GGII)) and/or 1 × 10⁵–8 × 10⁴ copies of hepatitis A virus. From 1993, there has been a continuous development of molecular detection techniques and tools have been described to ensure quality assurance. End product testing will, however, not be achievable. As depuration has been shown not to be effective for the complete elimination of viruses, shellfish should not be in contact with faecal contaminated water in order to minimise the risk of shellfish-transmittable viral diseases.     

Norovirus and Other Human Enteric Viruses in Moroccan Shellfish

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of human enteric viruses in shellfish collected along the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Coast of Morocco. A total of 77 samples were collected from areas potentially contaminated by human sewage. Noroviruses were detected in 30 % of samples, with an equal representation of GI and GII strains, but were much more frequently found in cockles or clams than in oysters. The method used, including extraction efficiency controls, allowed the quantification of virus concentration. As in previous reports, results showed levels of contamination between 100 and 1,000 copies/g of digestive tissues. Sapoviruses were detected in 13 % of samples mainly in oyster and clam samples. Hepatitis A virus was detected in two samples, with concentrations around 100 RNA copies/g of digestive tissues. Only two samples were contaminated with enterovirus and none with norovirus GIV or Aichi virus. This study highlights the interest of studying shellfish samples from different countries and different production areas. A better knowledge of shellfish contamination helps us to understand virus levels in shellfish and to improve shellfish safety, thus protecting consumers.     

Environmental Conditions Leading to Shellfish Contamination and Related Outbreaks

Human fecal wastes contain a large variety of viruses that can enter the environment through discharge of waste materials from infected individuals. Despite the high diversity of viruses that are introduced into the environment by human fecal pollution, only a few have been recognized to cause disease in association with consumption of contaminated shellfish. To explain bivalve mollusks contamination, several factors including human epidemiology, virus persistence through sewage treatment plant, and shellfish uptake may be suggested. Considering different outbreaks described in the literature, the most common route for transmission is accidental contamination after heavy rainfall, when extra loads cause an overflow, and release of untreated sewage into the aquatic environment. Outbreak analysis also demonstrates the impact on shellfish consumption of some viral strain transmission and thus their impact on molecular epidemiology, especially for norovirus. To limit shellfish contamination and thus to protect the consumer, the most desirable and effective option is to reduce the viral input.