乳状液膜法迁移及分离铬(Ⅵ)的研究

本文采用以叔胺N7301为流动载体、兰113A为表面活性剂、煤油为膜溶剂、NaOH作内相试剂的乳状液膜体系迁移分离铬(Ⅵ).研究了其迁移机理,确定了适宜制乳、迁移分离及破乳等有关条件,实验表明,不同浓度的含铬(Ⅵ)水样经液膜处理后,其含铬(Ⅵ)量均降至0.5μg·ml~(-1)以下,低于国家排放标准.     

乳状液膜法处理含柠蒙酸工业废水的研究

本文研究了以ＬＭＡ－１为表面活性剂,正三辛胺为流动载体,Ｎａ２ＣＯ３溶液为内相试剂,煤油为膜溶剂所组成的液膜体系处理柠檬酸废水。     

乳液液膜法处理高浓度兰炭含酚废水

研究了以磷酸三丁酯为载体的Span-80/甲苯/NaOH乳状液膜体系的制备及稳定性.通过乳液液膜法处理兰炭含酚废水,探讨了表面活性剂和载体用量、NaOH浓度、乳水比、乳水接触时间、油水比等对除酚率的影响.结果表明,在表面活性剂的体积分数为4%,膜助剂体积分数为3%,载体的体积分数为3%,内水相NaOH浓度为3%,乳水比1∶3,乳水接触时间10 min,油水比1.2∶1,废水pH值为5左右的条件下,除酚率达到96%以上.     

活性污泥生物絮凝剂絮凝效果研究

为充分利用剩余污泥,利用碱法从污水处理厂二沉池取回的沉降污泥提取生物絮凝剂,以浊度及COD去除率参考,通过生物絮凝剂的投加量(A)、搅拌速度(B)、搅拌时间(C)、污泥浓度(D)4个因素进行正交试验,结果表明:浊度去除试验中,正交表最大去除率63.21%,最佳组合A2B1C3D1浊度去除率可达66.71%,COD去除率为61.13%;COD去除试验中,正交表最大去除率71.20%,最佳组合A3B3C2D3COD去除率可达75.57%,浊度去除率为60.48%.说明活性污泥提取生物絮凝剂具有较理想的絮凝效果,可以推广应用.     

正己烷萃取去除模拟阴-非混合表面活性剂土壤淋洗液中的重非水相液体

研究了利用正己烷液-液萃取去除阴-非混合表面活性剂土壤淋洗液中的重非水相液体(DNAPLs)的可行性及表面活性剂浓度、溶剂/水比例和无机盐等因素对去除率的影响.结果表明,利用正己烷作为溶剂可使氯苯(CB)从不同配比的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和失水山梨聚氧乙烯醇醚(Tween 80)的混合表面活性剂(3:1,1:1,1:3)溶液中有效的去除,去除率分别达87.2%-96.9%,94.4%-97.0%和95.9%-98.5%.表面活性剂浓度对去除效果没有显著影响;溶剂/水的比例增大,去除率增大,实验中选择油水比为1:10;无机盐的存在可提高阴-非混合表面活性剂的增溶效果,但对去除效果没有影响.     

水热电催化氧化法降解高浓度苯胺废水

以CuO-MnO2-CeO2/C为催化剂,对COD=9000mg·l-1,NH3-N=700mg·l-1的模拟苯胺废水进行实验,讨论了催化剂用量对实验的影响,以及pH值和温度对COD及NH3-N去除率的影响.结果表明,在T=225℃,pH=10.03时,用湿式催化氧化法(CWO)处理1h后,苯胺废水中COD的去除率高达90%左右,NH3-N的去除率可达94%以上.利用水热电催化氧化法,以RuO2/Ti为电极,NaCl为电解质,在相同条件下,135℃时COD和NH3-N的去除率都可达到96%以上.     

十二烷基硫酸钠降解菌株Pseudomonas sp. SDS-2的降解能力及其低温降解活性的调控（英文）

尽管生物法已广泛用于表面活性剂废水的处理,但低温对微生物的代谢活性产生明显不利影响,导致出水难以稳定达标.对筛选到的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)降解菌的降解能力进行考察,并对不同调控策略作用下该菌株的低温降解活性进行评估.对筛选到的菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列测定与分析.该菌株在不同温度、pH、底物浓度、接种量下的降解能力以及不同调控策略(低温驯化、外源物质添加)下的低温降解活性均以化学需氧量(COD)的去除率间接表示.结果筛选到一株SDS降解菌,命名为SDS-2. 16S rRNA基因序列分析表明该菌株属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).该菌株的最佳生长条件为30℃、pH 9和120 mg/L氨浓度,而接种量对其降解活性无明显促进作用.当SDS初始浓度为2 500 mg/L时,该菌株对SDS的去除速率(以COD计)可达到355.3 mg L~(-1) h~(-1). 15℃下,长期驯化可使该菌株的降解活性达到30℃时的水平;10℃下,添加外源物质丁二酸钠和硝酸钾可使COD的去除率在48 h内分别提高25.3%和24.6%;外加蛋白胨和复合维生素可使COD的去除率在24 h内分别提高22.8%和11.7%.本研究筛选到的Pseudomonassp.SDS-2具有高的SDS降解活性,可为实际含SDS表面活性剂废水的处理提供微生物资源;同时,本研究中的调控策略亦可为SDS低温生物处理提供潜在处理方法.     

厌氧-好氧一体式折流板反应器处理淀粉废水的启动运行

采用厌氧-好氧一体式折流板反应器,处理马铃薯淀粉废水,以淀粉废水排放口底泥作为接种污泥,可以实现快速启动。启动过程的结果表明:在温度为2 5℃～35℃,总水力停留时间(HRT)为5 4h ,容积负荷从0 .5kg/ (m3 ·d)逐渐升高到3.0 8kg/ (m3 ·d)时,第11d就将反应器启动成功,前3级厌氧反应器总的去除率达到75 % ,厌氧-好氧一体式折流板反应器总的去除率达到96 %。而后逐渐提高容积负荷,当容积负荷为10 .0kg/ (m3 ·d)时,COD去除率最高为96 % ,出水水质达到或接近国家污水排放二级标准(GB 8978- 96 )。     

乳化液废水湿式氧化动力学研究

在 2L高压间歇反应釜内 ,研究了乳化液废水湿式氧化 (WAO)的效果、影响因素及动力学特征 .结果表明 :温度、氧分压、进水浓度等操作条件对氧化效果有不同程度的影响 ,其中温度是关键的影响因素 .进水COD为 4 80 0 0mg·l- 1时 ,在 2 2 0℃ ,1 2 5倍理论供氧量的条件下 (氧分压为 1 2MPa) ,反应 2h ,去除率达 86% ,经拟合的反应动力学模型为 :-dCODdt =0 0 94 63exp ( -4 5 92 8× 1 0 3RT ) [COD]2 0 15[PO2 ]0 3 118-dTOCdt =0 3 770exp ( -4 7 84 1× 1 0 3RT ) [TOC]1 978[PO2 ]0 3 0 18表明湿式氧化处理乳化液废水的效果良好     

乳状液膜法分离提取醋酸的模拟试验

研究了LMS－2－煤油－NaOH液膜体系处理醛酸水溶液的最佳操作条件，讨论了表面活性剂浓度、搅拌速度、试剂比、油内比及乳水比对提取率的影响，得出了制乳的最佳稳定条件，提取率可达96％以上。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).