职业压力对安全与健康的危害

<正>职业压力(Occupational Stress)一般是指当职业要求超出了员工正常的身心承受限度,迫使人们作出偏离常态机能的改变时所引起的压力。就其本质而言,它是过高的职业要求与不利的工作环境超出员工应对能力所致的心身负荷过重的现象。职业压力的来源包括工作负荷、工作条件与环境、工作角色、工作变化、工作关系、组织因素、个体因素及职业发展等方面。影响大量研究表明,职业压力对组织和个人都存在广泛的不利影响,与员工的缺勤率、离职率、事故率、工作满意度等息息相关,可能会固     

准从业者职业安全健康管理

<正>准从业者(试用期员工)入职期间是企业职业安全健康管理的重要环节,也是准从业者职业安全健康教育的重要阶段。建筑行业准从业者入职期间在一线施工现场工作,对工作环境不熟悉,面临很大的安全隐患,加强有效的职业安全健康管理能够降低安全风险,避免职业危害和职业伤害等安全事故的发生。鉴于此,本文在对某建筑行业准从业者入职期间的职业安全健康现状调查的基础上,找出企业在准从业者入职期间职业安全健康管     

高温高湿环境下人员劳动负荷与疲劳水平试验研究

为了找出高温高湿作业环境下人员劳动强度对生理、心理指标的影响规律,在实验室建立了高温高湿环境模拟体系.试验人员选择年龄相近、身体状况相仿的50名在校大学生,设定了微风(风速小于1.5 m/s)及湿球黑球温度(WBGT)为26℃、33℃、35℃、38℃以上4种环境条件,试验人员按事先规定的运动方式从事极重体力劳动和重体力劳动负荷训练,实时监测人员心率和评价主观疲劳程度,计算人员心血管负荷(CVL)和主观疲劳程度,对数据进行相关性分析,并绘制不同劳动负荷、不同环境温度下的柱状趋势图.结果表明,在同等劳动负荷下,人员心血管负荷和主观疲劳程度与环境温度(WBGT)存在正相关性.根据人员心血管负荷预警级别,提出当作业环境温度(WBGT)达到35℃及以上时,应立即停止人员重体力和极重体力劳动负荷作业.根据试验结果,结合现场实际,提出从事高温高湿作业的人员,应合理安排劳动和作息,加强水盐及营养的补充,加强个体健康监护.     

安防行业建立职业资格认证制度的意义及前景

一、我国职业资格认证体系基本情况 职业资格通常可以分为从业资格和执业资格.其中,从业资格是行业中某一职业对从业者专业知识、职业技能与工作能力的起点要求,执业资格则是某一特定职业对从业者就业准入控制的必备要求.在实际工作岗位上,从业者的专业知识、职业技能与工作能力要求是不同的,因此.职业资格也有高低区分,需要划分为不同的资格等级,这就形成了职业资格证书制度一通过制定职业标准、编写培训大纲和培训教材,开展职业培训和职业技能鉴定.对合格者颁发对应的职业资格证书.     

隋鹏程安全原理系列讲座之十三 事故序列信息论（之四）

皮特森(Petersen)模型在人失误致因分析中,菲雷尔(R·Ferrell)认为,作为事故原因的人失误的发生,可以归结为下述三个方面的原因: 1.超过人的能力的过负荷。 2.与外界刺激要求不一致的反应。 3.由于不知道正确方法或故意采取不恰当的行为。在这里,过负荷指在某种心理状态下的承受能力与负荷不适应。负荷包括操作任务方面的负荷、环境负荷、心理负荷(担心、忧虑等)及立场方面的负荷(态度是否暧昧、人际关系如何等)。人的承受能力取决     

民航机务人员工作负荷评估仿真研究

为准确评估和预测机务维修人员工作负荷,结合机务人员的受力、姿势、能耗等工效学因素,首先以任务所需时间资源与可用时间资源之比为主评估量,以能量消耗率及工效学负荷为修正因子,建立机务维修工作负荷评估模型;其次应用工效学仿真软件Simens JACK 8. 4(简称JACK)仿真模拟得到模型中的工作所需时间和修正因子,并提出基于机务维修工作负荷评估模型和JACK仿真软件的机务人员工作负荷评估方法;最后用该方法仿真评估A320主轮拆卸作业工作负荷。研究表明:所提方法能够弥补现有民航机务人员工作负荷评估方法中存在的实验室化严重、操作性差、主观性强、预测困难等不足,可方便有效地评估及预测维修人员工作负荷。     

常识

Q:教室(计算机房)火灾隐患有哪些?A:(1)房门不畅通(门背后常有堆积大量杂物)或只开一个门;(2)使用大功率照明灯或电热器及使用火炉取暖跟易燃物过近;(3)违反操作使用电子教具,造成瞬间负荷过大或电线短路;(4)线路老化或超负荷工作;(5)不按安全规定存放易燃物品;(6)在教室内吸烟、乱扔烟头;(7)其他安全隐患。Q:教室(计算机房)火灾如何预防?A:(1)学校要对一教室电线进行定期检查,及时更换老化电线,防止超载引起火灾;(2)定期清理教室内堆放的杂物及其他易燃物品;     

强制性国家标准"呼吸防护用品——动力送风空气过滤式呼吸器"编制进展

动力送风过滤式呼吸器(PAPR)是以机械或电力为动力帮助克服过滤元件阻力的过滤式呼吸器,通过强制性送风,可降低使用者呼吸负荷、改善舒适度和提高防护可靠性,以     

职业压力与心理风险的经济损失分析

<正>职业安全与健康风险的新挑战2014年欧盟《工作压力和心理风险管理》和2014年欧洲基金会《改善生活和工作环境》指出,雇员的工作社会心理风险(包括工作压力、工作疲劳、工作骚扰、冷暴力、工作欺凌、缺乏工作协助、工作负荷过大、缺乏工作管理),不但导致健康损伤,而且造成了巨额的经济损失。2007年欧共体《新职业安全与健康有关心理风险的专家     

基于改进PEM的高铁调度员关键PSF分析

为深入分析高铁调度员人因可靠性的影响因素,通过文献查阅、调度员任务分析、结构性访谈等方式,构建高铁调度员行为形成因子(PSF)体系,并应用网络层次分析法(ANP)计算PSF重要度。根据PSF体系编制测评量表,对调度员进行问卷调查,计算PSF实施度;运用改进的绩效评估矩阵(PEM)方法,提取关键PSF。结果表明:复杂事件的认知水平、工作负荷、操作技能是重要度排在前3位的PSF,劳动组织与排班、工作负荷、安全信息报告与反馈是实施度排在后3位的PSF,工作负荷、对复杂事件的认知水平、安全信息报告与反馈是高铁调度员的关键PSF。     

Workload and psychological strain: A test of the French,Rodgers, and Cobb hypothesis

This study of a random sample of self-employed and non-self-employed dentists tests the French, Rodgers, and Cobb (1974) hypothesis, which predicts a curvilinear relationship between psychological strain and person-environment fit. Self-employed dentists had lower strain scores (based on measures of job satisfaction and self-esteem) and greater congruency in P-E fit (based on comparisons of preferred and typical hours in practice) than dentists who were not self-employed. The relationship between strain and P-E fit among self-employed dentists was curvilinear. Both self-esteem and job satisfaction were higher for dentists with a congruent fit between typical and preferred workload and lower for dentists with incongruent fit.     

Planning behavior and perceived control of time at work

This study investigated two mediation models of time management. The first model consisted of parts of Macan's ( 1994 ) model. The second model combined this model with Karasek's ( 1998 ) Job Demand–Control model. Two sets of self‐report questionnaires were collected and were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The first model, in which perceived control of time was hypothesized to fully mediate the relation between planning behavior and work strain, job satisfaction, and job performance, was found to be less adequate than the second model, which added workload and job autonomy as independent variables. Results also indicated that partial, rather than full, mediation of perceived control of time fitted the data best. The study demonstrated the importance of studying both planning behavior and job characteristics, which was not part of past research. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational stress among health care workers: A test of the job demands-control model

Models of occupational stress have often failed to make explicit the variable of control over the environment, as well as the role of job socialization in shaping personality characteristics and coping behaviours. This neglect has helped maintain the focus of stress reduction interventions on the individual. A new model of occupational stress developed by Robert Karasek incorporates control and socialization effects and has successfully predicted the development of heart disease and psychological strain. A survey instrument derived from the model was distributed to 771 hospital and nursing home employees in New Jersey, and 289 (37.5 per cent) were returned. Respondents did not significantly differ from non-respondents by age, sex, job tenure, union membership status, job satisfaction, job perceptions and attitude towards employer and union. The results support the hypothesis that reported job strain (job dissatisfaction, depression, psychosomatic symptoms) and burnout is significantly higher in jobs that combine high workload demands with low decision latitude. This association remained significant after controlling for age, sex, education, marital status, children, hours worked per week and shift worked. Other job characteristics (job insecurity, physical exertion, social support, hazard exposure) were also associated with strain and burnout. The survey instrument also identified high strain jobtitles in the surveyed workplaces. The results are discussed in relation to directions for future research, research on stress in nursing, and approaches to stress reduction.     

The impact of job demands and behavioral control on experienced job stress

The present study examines the impact of behavioral control on the experience of work strain under conditions of work overload. Extending experimental laboratory findings that suggest that control can lessen the impact of aversive stimuli on psychological and physiological strain responses, we hypothesized an interaction between control and workload such that the effects of high demands on strain would be less if the worker had behavioral control over the task. This hypothesis is also consistent with Karasek's job demands-job decision latitude model of work strain and health. The hypothesis was tested in a laboratory experiment in which 125 subjects worked on a mail sorting task with either a high or moderate level of workload and either a high or low level of behavioral control. Strain responses were assessed with measures of job satisfaction, anxiety, and physiological arousal. The hypothesis was only partially supported in that high control lessened the impact that work overload had on anxiety. While not fully supportive of the model, the results are seen as conservative given the constraints on the manipulation of work overload inherent in the laboratory environment.     

The effects of job demands and control on employee attendance and satisfaction

We examined the impact of stressful job demands on employee attitudes and attendance. Using Karasek's (1979) theory of job decision latitude as the conceptual foundation, we hypothesized that mental and physical work demands would interact with employee beliefs of personal control. Survey data from 90 male manufacturing employees regarding their control beliefs were combined with objective job analysis data concerning mental and physical demands and one year's worth of archival data regarding unexcused absences, sick days, and days tardy. There were significant interactions between control and objective psychological demands that indicated that these demands were associated with higher levels of tardiness and sick days only under conditions of low perceived control. In contrast, subjective workload ratings showed no relationship with tardiness and sick days, but, in interaction with control, predicted work satisfaction and voluntary absence. We discussed these results in terms of a stress process that affects health-related attendance independent of employee attitudes.     

I can't get no job satisfaction: Meta‐analysis comparing permanent and contingent workers

Scholars are concerned that contingent workers experience more adverse psychological job outcomes than permanent employees, but the empirical work on job satisfaction is mixed. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively summarize the potential mean differences in job satisfaction between contingent workers and permanent employees. Meta‐analytic results from 72 primary studies (N = 237 856) suggest that compared with permanent employees, contingent workers experience lower job satisfaction (d = ?0.21); but when outlying primary studies are removed, the mean difference is small but significant (d = ?0.06). Methodological artifacts explain small but significant differences in job satisfaction but do not account for much variance. Moderator analyses support previous findings that contingent workers are not a homogeneous group; some contingent workers (e.g., agency workers) experience lower job satisfaction than permanent employees, whereas the job satisfaction of other contingent workers (e.g., contractors) is similar to permanent employees. The findings have implications for increasing our understanding of job satisfaction by showing that job satisfaction appears to vary by employment type. Practical implications suggest that extending human resource practices to contingent workers may increase their job satisfaction, which has been shown to influence job performance, citizenship behaviors, and turnover. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recovery from job stress: The stressor‐detachment model as an integrative framework

This paper reviews empirical evidence on psychological detachment from work during nonwork time. Psychological detachment as a core recovery experience refers to refraining from job‐related activities and thoughts during nonwork time; it implies to mentally disengage from one's job while being away from work. Using the stressor‐detachment model as an organizing framework, we describe findings from between‐person and within‐person studies, relying on cross‐sectional, longitudinal, and daily‐diary designs. Overall, research shows that job stressors, particularly workload, predict low levels of psychological detachment. A lack of detachment in turn predicts high strain levels and poor individual well‐being (e.g., burnout and lower life satisfaction). Psychological detachment seems to be both a mediator and a moderator in the relationship between job stressors on the one hand and strain and poor well‐being on the other hand. We propose possible extensions of the stressor‐detachment model by suggesting moderator variables grounded in the transactional stress model. We further discuss avenues for future research and offer practical implications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An adaptive neural network algorithm for assessment and improvement of job satisfaction with respect to HSE and ergonomics program: The case of a gas refinery

Researchers have been continuously trying to improve human performance with respect to Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) and ergonomics (hence HSEE). This study proposes an adaptive neural network (ANN) algorithm for measuring and improving job satisfaction among operators with respect to HSEE in a gas refinery. To achieve the objectives of this study, standard questionnaires with respect to HSEE are completed by operators. The average results for each category of HSEE are used as inputs and job satisfaction is used as output for the ANN algorithm. Moreover, ANN is used to rank operators performance with respect to HSEE and job satisfaction. Finally, Normal probability technique is used to identify outlier operators. Moreover, operators with inadequate job satisfaction with respect to HSEE are identified. This would help managers to see if operators are satisfied with their jobs in the context of HSEE. This is the first study that introduces an integrated ANN algorithm for assessment and improvement of human job satisfaction with respect to HSEE program in complex systems.     

On the subjective experience and correlates of downtime at work: A mixed‐method examination

In the current paper, we studied downtime at work. Downtime represents a unique aspect of work time, as employees have low workload and more discretion about their activities but are still paid to be at work. Despite its prevalence and potentially significant implications for productivity and well‐being, the experience of downtime has not been a focus in the literature. To study this phenomenon, we first used a qualitative method involving 15 focus groups. Results from 95 employees showed that downtime is distinct from formal breaks and withdrawal behavior and is generally a negative subjective experience. Categories of antecedents of experience and downtime activities were classified. Next, to further explore the phenomenon, and based on Study 1 and relevant literature, we proposed several hypotheses and tested them using an experience sampling method. Results from 86 employees (across 5 workdays and 689 data points) indicated that the amount of downtime was negatively related to day level job satisfaction, job performance, and subjective health. The duration of relaxation activities during downtime mitigated the negative effects of downtime on fatigue. The effects of enjoyment level of the activities, job autonomy, work engagement, and boredom proneness were also examined. Implications, limitations, and future research are discussed.