秦皇岛市"以电代煤"改善环境初探

针对秦皇岛市能源消耗中清洁能源比重较小,不利于城市环境改善的状况,提出了推行"以电代煤"来优化能源结构,改善城市环境.并对秦皇岛市"以电代煤"潜力进行了分析,提出了在居民生活、农村、商饮业、党政机关和公用事业单位推行"以电代煤"的措施.     

The impact of coal and non-coal consumption on China's energy performance improvement

China is the world's largest energy consumer, and coal accounts for a higher proportion of the country's total energy consumption, yet during its 12th five-year plan (2011–2015), the coal share among total energy consumption significantly decreased. Previous studies exploring energy performance typically used energy consumption as an input, but this lacks the analytical capacity for the structure of energy consumption. Thus, this study splits energy input into two different inputs, coal consumption and non-coal energy consumption, and based on their differences with other variables, uses the hybrid dynamic data envelopment analysis model to assess the energy performance of China's provincial industrial sector during the period 2011 to 2015. We then compare coal consumption's and non-coal consumption's rooms for improvement and conclude that provinces in eastern and central China should reduce the amount of coal consumption, thereby improving energy performance. Conversely, provinces in the western region should target a balance between energy utilization efficiency and coal consumption.     

FACTORS INVOLVED IN EVALUATING GROUND WATER IMPACTS OF DEEP COAL MINE DRAINAGE1

ABSTRACT: The determination of probable ground water impacts of proposed deep coal mining is required as part of permit applications. Impact prediction generally involves well production test analysis and modeling of ground water systems associated with coal seams. Well production tests are often complicated due to the relatively low permeabilities of sandstones and shales of ground water systems. The effects of the release of water stored within finite diameter production wells must be considered. Well storage capacity appreciably affects early well production test time drawdown or time recovery data. Low pumping rates, limited cones of depression, and length of required pumping periods ate important well production test design factors. Coal seam ground water system models are usually multilayered and leaky artesian. Mine drafts partially penetrate the ground water system. Simulation of coal mine drainage often involves the horizontal permeability and storage coefficient of the coal seam zone, vertical permeabilities of sandstones and shales (aquitard) above and below the coal seam zone, and the hydrologic properties of the source bed above the aqultard overlying the coal seam zone. Ground water level declines in both the coal seam zone and source bed near land surface are necessary factors in impact analysis. An example of evaluation studies in southwest Indiana will illustrate factors involved in deep coal mine drainage modeling efforts.     

CO2 storage capacity estimation: Methodology and gaps

Implementation of CO₂ capture and geological storage (CCGS) technology at the scale needed to achieve a significant and meaningful reduction in CO₂ emissions requires knowledge of the available CO₂ storage capacity. CO₂ storage capacity assessments may be conducted at various scales—in decreasing order of size and increasing order of resolution: country, basin, regional, local and site-specific. Estimation of the CO₂ storage capacity in depleted oil and gas reservoirs is straightforward and is based on recoverable reserves, reservoir properties and in situ CO₂ characteristics. In the case of CO₂-EOR, the CO₂ storage capacity can be roughly evaluated on the basis of worldwide field experience or more accurately through numerical simulations. Determination of the theoretical CO₂ storage capacity in coal beds is based on coal thickness and CO₂ adsorption isotherms, and recovery and completion factors. Evaluation of the CO₂ storage capacity in deep saline aquifers is very complex because four trapping mechanisms that act at different rates are involved and, at times, all mechanisms may be operating simultaneously. The level of detail and resolution required in the data make reliable and accurate estimation of CO₂ storage capacity in deep saline aquifers practical only at the local and site-specific scales. This paper follows a previous one on issues and development of standards for CO₂ storage capacity estimation, and provides a clear set of definitions and methodologies for the assessment of CO₂ storage capacity in geological media. Notwithstanding the defined methodologies suggested for estimating CO₂ storage capacity, major challenges lie ahead because of lack of data, particularly for coal beds and deep saline aquifers, lack of knowledge about the coefficients that reduce storage capacity from theoretical to effective and to practical, and lack of knowledge about the interplay between various trapping mechanisms at work in deep saline aquifers.     

水泥厂煤粉制备系统袋除尘器的选型及应用

本文介绍了煤粉制备系统含尘废气的特性及治理技术的发展与应用,并从袋除尘器类型的确定、处理风量的确定、过滤风速的选取、过滤面积的计算和除尘器规格的选取等方面介绍了煤磨袋除尘器的选型,以及FGM（M）型气箱脉冲防爆袋除尘器、MMC型脉冲喷吹防爆袋除尘器和LPMC型低阻高效防爆袋除尘器在煤粉制备系统除尘中的应用推广情况。     

Carbon dioxide storage capacity in uneconomic coal beds in Alberta,Canada: Methodology,potential and site identification

Methodology is presented for a first-order regional-scale estimation of CO₂ storage capacity in coals under sub-critical conditions, which is subsequently applied to Cretaceous-Tertiary coal beds in Alberta, Canada. Regions suitable for CO₂ storage have been defined on the basis of groundwater depth and CO₂ phase at in situ conditions. The theoretical CO₂ storage capacity was estimated on the basis of CO₂ adsorption isotherms measured on coal samples, and it varies between ∼20 kt CO₂/km² and 1260 kt CO₂/km², for a total of approximately 20 Gt CO₂. This represents the theoretical storage capacity limit that would be attained if there would be no other gases present in the coals or they would be 100% replaced by CO₂, and if all the coals will be accessed by CO₂. A recovery factor of less than 100% and a completion factor less than 50% reduce the theoretical storage capacity to an effective storage capacity of only 6.4 Gt CO₂. Not all the effective CO₂ storage capacity will be utilized because it is uneconomic to build the necessary infrastructure for areas with low storage capacity per unit surface. Assuming that the economic threshold to develop the necessary infrastructure is 200 kt CO₂/km², then the CO₂ storage capacity in coal beds in Alberta is greatly reduced further to a practical capacity of only ∼800 Mt CO₂.     

Evaluation of carbon dioxide storage potential for the Bohai Basin,north-east China

The storage potential of selected sites within the Bohai Basin was assessed for the COACH project. The Gangdong oilfield is considered to have a small potential storage capacity (23 Mt) and to be possibly suitable for an enhanced oil recovery or small-scale storage pilot rather than large-scale storage. The Shengli oilfield province is considered to have a great potential storage capacity (472 Mt in eight selected fields), however, these fields, like those of the Gangdong oilfield province, are compartmentalised by faulting and stratigraphy and likely to be quite challenging for injection. Unmineable coal seams in the Kailuan mining area were also considered for storage, the estimated capacity is 504 Gt adsorbed onto the coal and 38,100 Mt void storage capacity. However, the coals have low porosity and permeability, so they would be expected to have poor injectivity. This is also an active mining area and so any storage site would have to be chosen carefully to avoid affecting future energy resources. The Huimin sub-basin within the Jiyang Depression was identified for consideration as an aquifer storage site; the Guantao Formation has good porosity and permeability in this region, and the regional-level storage capacity of these areas was estimated to be 0.7 Gt. The aquifers in the Huimin sub-basin appear promising for storage, however, less data are available than for the oilfields and the sealing formations are not directly proven to trap buoyant fluids, though in adjacent oilfield in the Shengli oilfield province, the Minghuazhen Formation forms a regional seal for the Guantao Formation.     

Adsorption of phenol and its derivatives from water using synthetic resins and low-cost natural adsorbents: a review

In this article, the technical feasibility of the use of activated carbon, synthetic resins, and various low-cost natural adsorbents for the removal of phenol and its derivatives from contaminated water has been reviewed. Instead of using commercial activated carbon and synthetic resins, researchers have worked on inexpensive materials such as coal fly ash, sludge, biomass, zeolites, and other adsorbents, which have high adsorption capacity and are locally available. The comparison of their removal performance with that of activated carbon and synthetic resins is presented in this study. From our survey of about 100 papers, low-cost adsorbents have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for phenol and its derivatives compared to activated carbons. Adsorbents that stand out for high adsorption capacities are coal-reject, residual coal treated with H3PO4, dried activated sludge, red mud, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified montmorillonite. Of these synthetic resins, HiSiv 1000 and IRA-420 display high adsorption capacity of phenol and XAD-4 has good adsorption capability for 2-nitrophenol. These polymeric adsorbents are suitable for industrial effluents containing phenol and its derivatives as mentioned previously. It should be noted that the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents presented here vary significantly depending on the characteristics of the individual adsorbent, the extent of chemical modifications, and the concentrations of solutes.     

CO2 storage and enhanced coalbed methane recovery: Reservoir characterization and fluid flow simulations of the Big George coal,Powder River Basin,Wyoming, USA

Coalbeds are an attractive geological environment for storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) because CO₂ is retained in the coal as an adsorbed phase and the cost of injection can be offset by enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) production. This paper presents the findings of a CO₂ storage feasibility study on coalbeds in the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA, using reservoir characterization and fluid flow simulations. A 3D numerical model of the Big George coal was constructed using geostatistical techniques, with values of cleat and matrix permeability and porosity constrained through history-matching of production data from coalbed methane (CBM) wells in the field area.Following history-matching, several ECBM and CO₂ storage scenarios were investigated: shrinkage and swelling of the coal was either allowed or disallowed, a horizontal hydraulic fracture was either placed at the injection well or removed from the model, the number of model layers was varied between 1 and 24, and the permeability and porosity fields were constructed to be either homogeneous or heterogeneous in accordance with geostatistical models of regional variability. All simulations assumed that the injected gas was 100% CO₂ and that the coalbed was overlain by an impermeable caprock. Depending on the scenario, the simulations predicted that after 13 years of CO₂ injection, the cumulative methane production would be enhanced by a factor of 1.5–5. Including coal matrix shrinkage and swelling in the model predicted swelling near the injection well, which resulted in a slight reduction (10%) in injection rate. However, including a horizontal hydraulic fracture in the model at the base of the injection well helped mitigate the negative effect of swelling on injection rate. It was also found that six model layers were needed to have sufficient resolution in the vertical direction to account for the buoyancy effects between the gas and resident water, and that capturing the heterogeneous nature of the coal permeability and porosity fields predicted lower estimates of the storage capacity of the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone.After noting that gravity and buoyancy were the major driving forces behind gas flow within the Big George coal, several leakage scenarios were also investigated, in an effort to better understand the interplay between diffusion and flow properties on the transport and storage of CO₂. The modeling predicted that the upward migration of gas due to the buoyancy effect was faster than the diffusion of CO₂ and therefore the gas rapidly rose to the top of the coalbed and migrated into overlying strata when an impermeable caprock was not included in the model.     

小波分解在空气污染指数分析中的应用

本文利用Mallat分解在不同时频域的多分辩分析能力，以可吸入颗粒物污染指数为例，将其分解到不同的频域中进行分析，通过实际应用证明其效果良好。将Mallat法应用于上海市城区全年可吸入颗粒物、SO2、NO2等污染物的分析研究当中，发现秋冬两季煤、油等燃料的不完全燃烧对颗粒物浓度的增加影响最大，而汽车尾气对后两者浓度增加的影响也较大。     

Electricity supplies for the primary aluminium industry

The historical relationship between aluminium smelting and hydroelectric development is examined. Data on hydroelectric schemes presently planned or under construction are used to project the quantities of aluminium which could be produced using hydroelectric power by the year 2000. Projections of aluminium demand are made and these are compared with the projections of hydrobased aluminium supply. It is concluded that the majority of the world aluminium capacity which will be installed up to the end of this century will have to rely on non-hydroelectric power, based on coal or nuclear energy. The sensitivity of the projections to the assumptions is tested and the conclusions are found to be robust.     

Evaluating geological sequestration of CO2 in bituminous coals: The southern Sydney Basin,Australia as a natural analogue

Carbon dioxide contents of coals in the Sydney Basin vary both aerially and stratigraphically. In places, the coal seam gas is almost pure CO₂ that was introduced from deep magmatic sources via faults and replaced pre-existing CH₄. In some respects this process is analogous to sequestration of anthropogenic CO₂. Laboratory studies indicate that CO₂:CH₄ storage capacity ratios for Sydney Basin coals are up to ∼2 and gas diffusivity is greater for CO₂ by a factor of up to 1.5.Present-day distribution of CO₂ in the coals is controlled by geological structure, depth and a combination of hydrostatic and capillary pressures. Under present-day P–T conditions, most of the CO₂ occurs in solution at depths greater than about 650 m; at shallower depths, larger volumes of CO₂ occur in gaseous form and as adsorbed molecules in the coal due to rapidly decreasing CO₂ solubility. The CO₂ has apparently migrated up to structural highs and is concentrated in anticlines and in up-dip sections of monoclines and sealing faults. CO₂ sequestered in coal measure sequences similar to those of the Sydney Basin may behave in a similar way and, in the long term, equilibrate according to the prevailing P–T conditions.In situ CO₂ contents of Sydney Basin coals range up to 20 m³/t. Comparisons of adsorption isotherm data measured on ground coal particles with in situ gas contents of Sydney Basin coals indicate that the volumes of CO₂ stored do not exceed ∼60% of the total CO₂ storage capacity. Therefore, the maximum CO₂ saturation that may be achieved during sequestration in analogous coals is likely to be considerably lower than the theoretical values indicated by adsorption isotherms.     

秦皇岛市大气污染成因与防治对策初探

秦皇岛大气环境污染主要源于工业废气、港口煤尘、机动车尾气、施工及道路扬尘、锅炉烟尘和餐饮油烟等,是典型的复合型污染。针对秦皇岛大气污染现状,提出了改变以GDP为评价标准的经济增长模式,调整现有的产业结构,淘汰落后产能;调整能源结构,提高能源有效利用率;强化降尘控烟和脱硫脱硝;加强对交通、道路、施工等扬尘的综合管理;科学绿化;加强环保宣传和执法力度,提高公众环境意识等综合措施。     

Pig iron production structure in Japan

Japan is the world's largest steel producing country, and around half of its total input requirements for coking coal and iron ore are sourced from Australia. Moreover, around half of Australia's total coking coal and iron ore exports go to Japan each year. Therefore, changes in the demand for these two inputs are likely to have a significant impact on Australia. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the production structure of the blast furnaces in Japan and factors affecting the demand for iron making raw materials. The empirical study is based on the generalized Leontief cost function. Because of its functional flexibility, the model allows testing various hypotheses regarding pig iron production from blast furnaces. Based on the data from 1974 to 1991, the modelling results show that the Japanese ironmaking technology, when considered as an aggregate production process using fuel and iron ore as major inputs, could be characterized by fixed factor proportions, constant returns to scale and technical changes that can be explained by systematic changes in input mix. Moreover, while there is little variation in the iron ore usage rate, variations in fuel usage rate can be explained largely by changes in the make-up of iron ore charge and blast furnace production capacity over the sample period.     

我国煤炭资源现状与综合利用途径

我国煤资源丰富,但人均占有量少,勘探程度低,可供建新井的储量不足;煤种齐全,但分布不均。在煤资源利用中应尽快改变煤资源严重浪费的状况。我国煤资源综合利用潜力大,除提高煤炭回采率、入选比、保证炼焦用煤外,还应开采煤的共生、伴生矿产,大力发展煤炭液化、气化、煤化工等深加工及综合利用技术。     

中央—地区二元结构的煤炭城市可持续发展战略选择与路径

煤炭在未来相当长的时间内仍是我国的基本能源。构建了中央—地区二元结构的煤炭城市可持续发展战略匹配集,根据煤炭资源的开采程度将煤炭城市分成幼年期、成长期、成熟期、衰退期四个阶段,基于三维综合判断对不同阶段的煤炭城市提出了不同的战略选择,明晰了不同发展战略的战略目标及发展的支持性政策措施。     

Farmland damage and its impact on the overlapped areas of cropland and coal resources in the eastern plains of China

The subsidence caused by coal mining in areas where cropland and coal resources overlap in the eastern plains of China with high ground water levels has caused large amounts of water to collect in cropland, significant damage to cropland, and a sharp contradiction between people and land distribution within this region. Systematic analysis and calculation were conducted on these areas by using GIS spatial overlay analysis technology, subsidence and occupied cropland estimation models, and crop yield reduction prediction model to reveal the overlapped characteristics and extent of farmland damage, as well as to evaluate the effects of farmland damage to grain yield, farmland landscape, agricultural population, and dynamical equilibrium of the total cultivated land. Results showed that the overlapped areas of cropland and coal resources on the eastern plains of China occupied an area covering 1.33 × 10⁵ km², which accounted for 31.93% of the total cropland area. In 2020, the accumulative total area of destroyed cropland reached 3.83 × 10³ km², thus reducing grain yield by 9.63 × 10⁸ kg, and increasing the number of landless farmers to 1.91 × 10⁶. Furthermore, the quality and production capacity of cultivated land decreased, farmland landscape patterns changed, land patterns and structures were adjusted, the dynamical equilibrium of the total cultivated land was difficult to guarantee, and social instability increased in coal mining subsidence areas. These findings provided a scientific basis for relevant government departments to enact countermeasures for the coordinative production of coal and grain.     

Coal Receiving Terminals in Relation to Electricity Generation in Developing Countries

With the rapid increase in the price of oil in the 1970s, many developing countries are beginning to look to steam coal as an energy source. Much of this coal will have to be transported from coal-producing countries to coal-consuming countries by sea and coal-receiving terminals will have to be built especially in those countries which have not been coal importers in the past. The international market in steam coal is examined and predictions are made as to the amount of coal that developing countries are likely to import from electric power generation. The operation of a coal-receiving terminal is discussed and estimates are provided as to the size and cost of coal terminals required to meet the coal import needs of developing countries.     

Application of coal ash to environmental improvement: Transformation into zeolite, potassium fertilizer, and FGD absorbent

The rapid increase in population and economic growth have led to an increase in energy demand. Coal reserves are distributed worldwide, and coal is now known to be the most stable and available energy source. However, utilization of coal as an energy source involves the generation of a great amount of coal ash, and the recycling rate of the ash is rather low. Coal ash is mainly used in civil construction materials, and there is a limit to the demand for coal ash by construction industries: therefore, the increasing amount of coal ash will be a serious problem in the near future. Different applications should be considered. In this paper, three environmentally-friendly methods for coal ash recycling are described. Firstly, alkali treatment can transform coal ash to zeolite, which is used in deodorant and for wastewater treatment and soil improvement. Secondly, potassium silicate fertilizer is produced from coal ash and has a higher retentivity in the soil than that of conventional fertilizers. Thirdly, emission of sulfur dioxide is controlled by flue gas desulfurization using coal ash. It is considered that environmentally-friendly use of coal ash is important from the viewpoints of energy, economy, and environmental strategy in order to realize the concept of sustainable development.     

水煤浆在节能减排中的应用及发展前景

水煤浆是由60%~68%的煤和32%~40%的水或废水经研磨混合,在0.5%添加剂作用下形成的一种均匀稳定的流体洁净燃料,以流态雾化喷燃方式燃烧。水煤浆技术基本成熟,已被广泛应用于工业锅炉和窑炉。在同等条件下,水煤浆与燃煤相比可节煤32%,减排SO2和烟尘分别达到77%和82%以上;燃自制水煤浆时可节省燃料费20%以上。将水煤浆技术应用于治理棉浆粕黑液时,不仅投资比碱回收工程少1/2,而且实现了零排放。自"十五"以来,国家一直十分重视水煤浆产业,其发展前景十分广阔。