中国海洋生态毒理学的研究进展

论述了海洋生态毒理学研究在中国的发展现状,结论为:污染物生物作用过程的研究主要进行了污染物在生物体内的累积与排放,在海洋食物链中的转移和潜在放大作用以及生物转化和生物降解方面的工作。污染物对海洋生物的影响,在急性毒性、慢性毒性方面进行了大量研究,另外对致畸和致突变现象以及海洋生物致毒和解毒的机制也进行了探讨。      

摇蚊幼虫的水生态毒理学研究进展

本文综述了国外对摇蚊幼虫的水生态毒理学研究的最新进展，包括生物检测、生物积累和遗传毒理研究等几方面．国外的研究表明摇蚊幼虫可以作为常用试验生物（鱼类和蚤类）的补充，用于有毒化学品的急、慢性毒性生物检测和遗传毒性研究，以及生物积累试验，以评价化学品的生态效应，并对污染物进行生物监测．     

海洋污染生态毒理学研究中的生理功能测定

在污染物的毒理学研究和海洋污染监测中除了要对生物体中的污染物浓度进行化学分析外,还应同时进行生物体生理功能的测定。本文综述了生物体生理功能测定在海洋生态毒理学研究中的应用,简要论述了这一毒理学研究方法的主要特征,其中包括:生物累积、敏感性、组织浓度与生理反应的定量关系,污染物的理化性质与活性的定量关系(QSAR),毒性机制,生态意义,污染物毒性作用的生物学综合,混合污染物的毒性作用以及生理功能测定的实验室和现场应用。     

海洋藻类毒素的生态毒理学研究

从生态毒理学角度介绍了麻痹性贝毒(PSP)、腹泻性贝毒(NSP)、神经性贝毒(NSP)、记忆缺失性贝毒(ASP)和西加鱼毒素等几种主要海洋藻类毒素的一些研究进展,包括毒素对人类及海洋生物的毒性、毒素在食物链中的积累和转移、毒素的致毒途径、海洋生物对毒素的回避和选择性取食等。这些毒素可通过食物链在贝类或其他海洋动物体内积累并浓缩放大,从而危及人类健康,有的毒素还能直接对海洋生物产生毒害作用,破坏海洋生态环境。文中同时也介绍了该领域研究工作在我国开展情况及今后的研究方向。     

稀有鮈鲫物种敏感性及其在生态毒理学与水质基准中的应用

物种敏感性分析是水质基准及生态毒理学研究的关键环节,稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）作为我国鲤科鱼类的代表性受试鱼种,其对环境污染物的敏感性受到了国内外广泛关注.通过搜集稀有鮈鲫急性毒性数据,使用物种敏感度分布法比较分析稀有鮈鲫对15种典型环境污染物的敏感性,主要包括重金属（Zn2+、Cu2+、Cr6+、Hg2+）、VOCs（三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯）、苯胺类有机物（对氯苯胺、3,4-二氯苯胺）、含氯消毒剂（三氯异氰尿酸）和农药类有机物（毒死蜱、丁草胺、乙草胺、三唑酮）,并对稀有鮈鲫在水质基准和生态毒理学研究中作为本土受试生物的适用性进行了讨论.结果表明:稀有鮈鲫对各类环境污染物的敏感性普遍较高（平均累积概率为46%）,尤其对重金属和农药类有机物反应灵敏,其中对农药类有机物最为敏感（平均累积概率为26%）,表明稀有鮈鲫可作为潜在的水质基准研究的受试生物和水质监测指示生物.在鱼类敏感性排序中,鲤科鱼类对各类环境污染物较为敏感,其中小型鲤科鱼类——稀有鮈鲫在鱼类敏感性排序中位置稳定,对大多数污染物的敏感性超过斑马鱼、黑头呆鱼、日本青鳉等国际标准试验鱼种,并且具有本土性、易人工繁育、生物背景清晰等优点,表明稀有鮈鲫是现阶段我国水质基准及生态毒理学研究的潜在本土受试生物.      

海洋生物对微塑料迁移转化的调控作用

近年来,海洋微塑料污染已成为全球关注的重要环境问题。海洋中广泛存在的微塑料可被藻类吸附、微生物定植,亦可被海洋动物摄食并蓄积。生物与微塑料之间的相互作用必然会改变微塑料的物理、化学性质,及其在海洋中的迁移转化。因此,本文系统地阐述了海洋生物对微塑料的吸附、摄入、蓄积与排泄等关键过程;重点总结了微塑料在海洋生物过程(如排泄、与海洋雪团聚、形成生物膜以及生物扰动)影响下的沉降-埋藏等迁移过程;深入讨论了海洋动物对微塑料的摄食、消化过程以及微生物的分解作用导致的微塑料破碎、降解以及塑料添加剂和吸附污染物的释放过程及其机理。本文阐明了海洋生物对微塑料迁移转化的调控作用,为理解海洋微塑料的环境归趋提供理论依据。     

海洋胶态物质的生物地球化学循环研究

对近年海洋胶态物质生物地球化学循环研究的进展做了综述.总结了生物影响效应领域的新技术、新成果.切向超滤技术在海洋学上应用促进了海洋胶态物质进一步研究.研究表明,海洋胶态物质的存在对海洋生物影响有着重要的意义,尤其是近岸海域海洋胶态物质有机物含量的增加促进了藻类的繁殖和生长, 甚至引发赤潮.胶态物质与金属及其他痕量元素的结合影响了其赋存形态及生物地球化学循环.近年来对胶态物质的生物可利用性的研究结果表明胶态物质对生物的金属可利用性有着重要的影响,使得人们重新考虑已发展建立的自由基活度模型(free ion activity model, FIAM);深入理解生物体内胶态物质的吸收和相关的生理过程将有助于海洋胶态物质的生态效应以及生物可利用性等方面的研究.     

基于原位生物测试的水生态风险评估技术研究

我国流域水环境呈现典型的复合污染特征,亟需发展基于生物效应的生态风险评估方法,以实现环境管理和生态修复的精准化.在野外原位暴露下受试生物受到多种污染物的共同胁迫,可以准确表征研究位点复合污染所产生的生态风险.原位生物测试较传统实验室生物测试具有更高的环境真实性和生态相关性,较野外生物监测对生物体承受的外源污染压力更清晰、可控.综述了基于原位生物测试的水生态风险评估技术,旨在促进该技术在我国水环境监测中的应用,提高生态风险评估的准确度.总结了国内外近年来原位生物测试的研究特色,详细阐述了实施过程中受试生物选择、暴露装置设计和研究位点选择的原则,以及原位生物测试方法在水环境生态风险评估中的应用案例.结果表明:①对原位生物测试实施要素进行规范化形成标准,将有利于该方法在环境管理中的推广应用.②利用原位生物效应、原位生物体内浓度以及二者与环境浓度相结合进行风险评估,是原位生物测试在生态风险评估中的三类应用类型.③原位生物暴露与被动采样的联合应用可同步获取原位生物效应和污染物生物可利用浓度,有利于实现全面准确的风险评估,应用潜力较大.研究表明,选用本土模式生物,采用多层次的毒性终点,设计简单有效的暴露装置,并同时考虑原位生物效应和环境浓度将有利于原位生物测试方法在我国的发展.      

海洋重金属生物地球化学与海洋环境保护

一、引言 当前,海洋污染的主要研究方向为以下三个方面: 污染物的生物地球化学:研究污染物的来源及其输入海洋环境的途径,污染物在生态系统的生物和非生物组份中的累积形式、污染物的迁移速率和机理,以及生物对污染物的海洋地球化学过程和途径的效应。 海洋生态毒理学:研究毒物对海洋中主要生物种群结构和生产特性,生物生殖、生长、     

美国生态毒理数据库(ECOTOX)对中国数据库构建的启示

生态毒性数据库对于环境保护科学研究特别是环境基准研究具有非常重要的作用.目前,尚缺乏能够支撑我国环境管理工作的基础毒性数据库和平台,已成为制约我国开展环境基准、生态风险评估、环境质量评价、污染治理、毒理学等方面研究的瓶颈之一,因此亟需建立具有中国本土生物的毒性数据库和平台.ECOTOX（Ecotoxicology Knowledgebase,美国生态毒理数据库）的技术和经验对中国同类数据库构建有重要的启示作用.该研究系统综述了ECOTOX构建的核心内容:文献收集条件、数据来源、数据采集过程和数据收集元素,并与国内目前的毒性数据库和与生态调查数据密切相关的数据库进行了对比研究.ECOTOX存在数据收集内容有待增加、数据库构建方法落后、非英文文献中的毒性数据收集较少、与生态毒理学相关研究链接不够紧密的问题,同时我国毒性数据库的实用性和可靠性也有待进一步提高.从开展环境基准、生态风险评估和毒理学深入研究的角度,提出构建中国生态毒性数据库的建议,如提供完整、有效和共享的生态毒性数据资源,形成毒理数据整编标准和规范,衔接国内现有数据库,采用大数据云计算技术,注重中国本土生物和新型污染物毒性数据收集等.      

Prospects for the continued development of environmentally-realistic toxicity test susing microorganisms

The focus of environmental regulations has changed significantly since the introduction of the bioassay as a standard means of assessing environmental impact. Prominent in this change is an increasing emphasis on protecting the integrity of natural ecosystems, which incorporate community- and system-level properties as well as organismal and population processes. Consequently, support for the use of multispecies testing has widened to include not only ecologists in academia but environmental scientists in the regulatory and industrial sector as well. The reason for this trend is clear: the additional environmental realism gained from tests utilizing communities of organisms allows for greater insight into the potential hazard of chemicals and other forms of human activity to natural ecosystems that cannot be obtained from single species tests alone. Many of the problems cited for multispecies testing early in their evolution as a hazard assessment tool have been refuted or overcome. In particular, the u     

Application of Neomysis awatschensis as a standard marine toxicity test organism in China

The small mysid crustacean Neomysis awatschensis was collected in the west coast of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China in 1992 and acclimated and cultured in laboratory conditions since then. Standard acute toxicity tests using 4--6 d juvenile mysids of this species were conducted and the results were compared with Mysidopsis bahia, a standard toxicity test organism used in the US in terms of their sensitivities to reference toxins, as well as their taxonomy, morphology and geographic distributions. Because of its wide distribution along the Chinese coast, similar sensitivity to pollutants as M. bahia, short life history, small size and the ease of handling, this study intended to use N-awatschensis as one of the standard marine organisms for toxicity testing in China. The species were applied to acute toxicity evaluations of drilling fluid and its additives, organotin TPT and toxic algae, and to chronic (life cycle) toxicity assays of organotin TPT and a toxic dinofalgellate Alexandrium tamarense, respectively. Using N. awatschensis as a standard toxicity testing organism in marine pollution assment in China is suegested.     

排水综合评价中的生物毒性测试技术

随着工业化和城市化的发展,工业废水和城市污水成为环境水体的主要污染源. 发达国家在实施基于BAT(the best applicable technology,最佳可行技术)的排放政策后,针对成分复杂的有毒排放废水,以排水生物毒性测试为基础,分别建立了WET(whole effluent toxicity,排水综合毒性)评价技术体系,将生态毒理学测试和毒性指标应用于排放废水的管理. 各国和区域组织选用的排放废水生物毒性测试方法存在较大差异: 美国、加拿大和澳大利亚国土面积大、气候类型复杂、生物物种差异大,开发了许多本土生物的毒性测试方法;德国、OSPAR(欧洲大陆国家组织《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》15国)和COHIBA(波罗的海有害物质控制项目8国)则重视开发标准受试生物的测试方法,并且开发了遗传毒性和内分泌干扰性等新型测试方法,便于不同国家采用统一测试方法和排放限值;英国和新西兰是岛国,河流较短,更加关注海岸带生态系统. 我国从20世纪80年代开始开展排水生物毒性测试技术研究,相关测试标准门类和数量不足,应充分借鉴发达国家的经验,分步、分区建立排水综合毒性测试标准体系.      

Pollutant toxicology with respect to microalgae and cyanobacteria

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are fundamental components of aquatic ecosystems. Pollution in aquatic environment is a worldwide problem. Toxicological research on microalgae and cyanobacteria can help to establish a solid foundation for aquatic ecotoxicological assessments. Algae and cyanobacteria occupy a large proportion of the biomass in aquatic environments; thus, their toxicological responses have been investigated extensively. However, the depth of toxic mechanisms and breadth of toxicological investigations need to be improved. While existing pollutants are being discharged into the environment daily, new ones are also being produced continuously. As a result, the phenomenon of water pollution has become unprecedentedly complex. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on five kinds of aquatic pollutants, namely, metals, nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Further, we present information on emerging pollutants such as graphene, microplastics, and ionic liquids. Efforts in studying the toxicological effects of pollutants on microalgae and cyanobacteria must be increased in order to better predict the potential risks posed by these materials to aquatic ecosystems as well as human health.     

Ecotoxicological assessment of diffuse pollution using biomonitoring tool for sustainable land use in Thailand

As a developing country, Thailand has a significant issue with diffuse pollution of the soil ecosystem due to an indiscriminate use of agrichemicals and poorly regulated disposal of a wide variety of hazardous wastes. Practical risk assessment tools based on locally-occurring species are needed to assess the effects of diffuse pollutants on the soil ecosystem in Thailand because reliance on soil criteria developed for overseas conditions may provide inadequate protection. Native soil organisms in Thailand may be more or less sensitive to contaminants compared to overseas test species. This article described a biological indicator approach for ecological risk assessment of diffuse pollution in the soil ecosystem of Thailand from pesticide application with the aim of developing standardized protocols using native species and locally generated data to better evaluate the ecological risks of non-point source soil pollution. It was found that ecotoxicological assessment provided a better understanding of the ecological impacts that diffuse pollution induced on Thai environmental conditions. Thai soil biota species were more sensitive to soil contaminants than similar species overseas. Soil series also had an influence on the ecotoxicology of contaminants to soil biota. Collembolan, Cyphoderus sp., was demonstrated as a useful alternative test species to Folsomia Candida (international test species) for terrestrial ecotoxicological testing of Thai soils. In addition, the soil biota activities such as soil respiration and earthworm avoidance including soil biodiversity and the litter bag decomposition technique are also good tools to assess the effects of diffuse pollution by pesticides on the soil ecosystem of Thailand.     

北部湾涠洲岛原油污染物的海水环境质量基准研究

选择9种我国本土海洋生物对北部湾涠洲岛原油污染物的急性生物毒性进行测试,并基于测试获得的毒性数据,利用美国水生生物基准推算方法,对该原油污染物的海水环境基准阈值进行推导,结果表明:原油样品对卤虫、褶皱臂尾轮虫、太平洋纺锤水蚤、中国对虾、三疣梭子蟹、彩虹明樱蛤、牙鲆、半滑舌鳎、青岛大扁藻的LC50(或EC50)分别为10.28, 2.37, 4.88, 0.31, 0.81, 65.88, 19.02, 9.10, 0.23mg/L;涠洲岛原油污染物的急性和慢性海水质量基准阈值分别为0.06,0.012mg/L.研究结果可为我国海上溢油事故损害评估提供科学依据.     

Ecotoxicological assessment of di use pollution using biomonitoring tool for sustainable land use in Thailand

As a developing country, Thailand has a significant issue with di use pollution of the soil ecosystem due to an indiscriminate use of agrichemicals and poorly regulated disposal of a wide variety of hazardous wastes. Practical risk assessment tools based on locallyoccurring species are needed to assess the e ects of di use pollutants on the soil ecosystem in Thailand because reliance on soil criteria developed for overseas conditions may provide inadequate protection. Native soil organisms in Thailand may be more or less sensitive to contaminants compared to overseas test species. This article described a biological indicator approach for ecological risk assessment of di use pollution in the soil ecosystem of Thailand from pesticide application with the aim of developing standardized protocols using native species and locally generated data to better evaluate the ecological risks of non-point source soil pollution. It was found that ecotoxicological assessment provided a better understanding of the ecological impacts that di use pollution induced on Thai environmental conditions. Thai soil biota species were more sensitive to soil contaminants than similar species overseas. Soil series also had an influence on the ecotoxicology of contaminants to soil biota. Collembolan, Cyphoderus sp., was demonstrated as a useful alternative test species to Folsomia candida (international test species) for terrestrial ecotoxicological testing of Thai soils. In addition, the soil biota activities such as soil respiration and earthworm avoidance including soil biodiversity and the litter bag decomposition technique are also good tools to assess the e ects of di use pollution by pesticides on the soil ecosystem of Thailand.     

Pollution monitoring of marine organisms grown in the Zhoushan Sea of China

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