我国自然保护区生态旅游存在问题分析

通过对2006年自然保护区建设管理基本情况调查和2008年自然保护区生态旅游专项问卷调查得到的数据进行分析,立足我国自然保护区生态旅游发展现状,从自然保护区生态旅游涉及的宏观决策管理,保护区管理机构,保护区与社区、旅游经营者、游客、生态环境的关系6个方面,系统地分析目前我国自然保护区生态旅游存在问题,并提出相应对策.     

自然保护区生态旅游开发与规划研究

在论述生态旅游定义、本质特征以及自然保护区概念与建立意义基础上，探讨了自然保护区生态旅游开发程序及规划内容。认为：生态安全原则是自然保护区生态旅游开发的首要原则，生态安全影响评价是自然保护区生态旅游开发的重要环节，社区参与、主管部门的监管以及有关专家的指导是自然保护区生态旅游成功开发的保证；功能分区、生态旅游容量确定、生态旅游项目规划、解说教育系统规划、生态化旅游基础设施规划、社区参与规划是自然保护区生态旅游规划的关键内容。     

自然保护区生态旅游开发与管理对策研究

充分利用自然保护区的旅游资源优势开展生态旅游,目前已得到国内外的共识,但旅游开发对自然保护区的影响问题同样也引起了人们的广泛关注。本文在分析我国自然保护区生态旅游发展现状的基础上,针对旅游开发中存在的问题,就如何正确处理自然保护和旅游开发的矛盾进行了探讨,并提出了我国自然保护区生态旅游发展的战略和管理对策。     

自然保护区生态旅游开发与管理对策研究

充分利用自然保护区的旅游资源优势开展生态旅游 ,目前已得到国内外的共识 ,但旅游开发对自然保护区的影响问题同样也引起了人们的广泛关注。本文在分析我国自然保护区生态旅游发展现状的基础上 ,针对旅游开发中存在的问题 ,就如何正确处理自然保护和旅游开发的矛盾进行了探讨 ,并提出了我国自然保护区生态旅游发展的战略和管理对策。     

我国自然保护区生态旅游发展的存在问题及对策

我国自然保护区目前正处于高速发展过程中,同时由于人口众多、环境压力巨大等因素,我国保护区也面临了资金投入不足等问题,而合理地开展自然保护区生态旅游则是解决保护区发展存在问题的重要手段之一。文章通过详细分析我国自然保护区生态旅游概念、功能、特点及开展方式,总结了目前存在的不足和问题,提出了具体的建议对策。     

自然保护区生态旅游开发与规划研究

在论述生态旅游定义、本质特征以及自然保护区概念与建立意义基础上,探讨了自然保护区生态旅游开发程序及规划内容。认为:生态安全原则是自然保护区生态旅游开发的首要原则,生态安全影响评价是自然保护区生态旅游开发的重要环节,社区参与、主管部门的监管以及有关专家的指导是自然保护区生态旅游成功开发的保证;功能分区、生态旅游容量确定、生态旅游项目规划、解说教育系统规划、生态化旅游基础设施规划、社区参与规划是自然保护区生态旅游规划的关键内容。     

生态旅游与自然保护区关系的探讨

阐述了生态旅游和自然保护区的概念，特点，意义以及生态旅游与一般旅游的区别，分析了生态旅自然保护区的各种影响。     

我国自然保护区生态旅游资源价值实现方式研究

从我国自然保护区所面临的经费困难和开展生态旅游的现状入手，概述了生态旅游资源的价值评估法和加拿大国家公园使用者收费情况，并探讨了我国自然保护区生态旅游资源价值实现的若干方式。     

中国自然保护区生态旅游活动现状

在问卷调查的基础上,对中国自然保护区开展生态旅游活动的数量、规模和分布格局等现状进行研究。结果表明,有563个自然保护区开展了生态旅游活动,其中国家级自然保护区有141个,地方级自然保护区有422个。不同省级行政区域和不同地理片区间生态旅游的开展状况有明显差异。开展生态旅游保护区数量最多的3个省级行政区域分别为江西省、云南省和山东省;开展生态旅游数量最多的前10个省级行政区域共有352个保护区,占我国开展生态旅游保护区总数的62.5%。生态旅游规模开展最大的3个地理区域分别为西南、中南和华北地区,其中西南地区生态旅游规模和收入远高于其他区域,分别占全国生态旅游总规模和总收入的34.7%和64.3%。     

我国自然保护区生态旅游资源价值实现方式研究

从我国自然保护区所面临的经费困难和开展生态旅游的现状入手 ,概述了生态旅游资源的价值评估法和加拿大国家公园使用者收费情况 ,并探讨了我国自然保护区生态旅游资源价值实现的若干方式     

The Importance of the Water Conservation Areas in the Everglades to the Endangered Wood Stork (Mycteria americana)

During 1985–1989, numbers of the endangered Wood Stork ( Mycteria americana ) in the Water Conservation Areas of the Everglades, Florida, showed an annual peak in February or March of 1233 to 7874 birds. The annual maxima are significantly greater in dry years than in wet years (P < 0.05). Most storks are nonbreeders and are found foraging in open habitats along the eastern and southern parts of Conservation Area 1 and Conservation Area 2A and along the west-central side of Conservation Area 3A. In dry years, large numbers move into the southern half of Conservation Area 3A. We estimated that in spring, the total southeastern United States population of Wood Storks is between 14,000 and 20,000 individuals. The annual maxima of the water conservation areas were at least 8% to 10% of the total southeastern U.S. population in wet years and possibly as much as 55% in dry years. The Water Conservation Areas appear to be critical foraging habitat for wintering storks, especially during drought years when most of the rest of south Florida is dry. Changes in the management of these areas could have a major impact on the status of storks throughout the southeastern United States.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Managing Protected Areas in the Tropics. MacKinnon, John; MacKinnon, Kathy; Child, Graham; and Thorsell, Jim
Jaguar: One Man's Struggle To Establish the Worlds First Jaguar Preserve. Rabinowitz, A.
Bird Conservation     

The development and application of remote sensing to monitor sand dune habitats

Sand dunes are complex systems that contain several habitats, often as mosaics or transitions between types. Several of these habitats are afforded protection under European Legislation and in the UK nationally within Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Natural England has a statutory duty to report to Europe on the conservation status and condition of sand dunes; and is required to report to the UK Government on designated sites. To achieve this we have sought ways of capturing, analysing and interpreting data on the extent and location of sand dune habitats. This requires an ability to be able to obtain data over large areas of coastline in an efficient way. Natural England and Environment Agency Geomatics have worked collaboratively for over 16 years, sharing data and ecological knowledge. In 2012 work started to evaluate the use of remote sensing to map UK BAP and Annex I sand dune habitats. A methodology has now been developed and tested to map sand dune habitats. The key objective was to provide an operational tool that will help to map these habitats and understand change on sites around England. This has been achieved through analysis of LIDAR and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data using Object Orientated Image Analysis. Quality Control (QC) and accuracy assessments have shown this approach to be successful and 11 sites have been mapped to date. These techniques are providing a new approach to monitoring change in coastal vegetation communities and informing management of protected sites.     

Transboundary conservation: Development implications for communities in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

Conservation is increasingly promoted as a sustainable development instrument in Southern Africa, particularly for remote rural communities. Conservation and development schemes are marketed as community-based projects providing local empowerment through the creation of jobs and cash stemming from protected areas, as well as increased biodiversity protection by local communities whose jobs are dependent on the resource. Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs), mega Peace Parks that cross international borders, are one of the latest conservation and development paradigms in Southern Africa. TFCAs have gained broad support, including government recognition as a development tool. However, there has been minimal research on the impact of TFCAs on local communities. This paper seeks to provide an empirical case study of a South African community bordering the Lubombo TFCA (South Africa, Swaziland, Mozambique). Results are presented that indicate the Mbangweni community in KwaZulu-Natal could experience decreased access to social, natural, and economic resources as a result of the Peace Park.     

Conservation Biology in Historical Perspective

Book reviewed in this article:
The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy . Fox, S.
Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work. Meine, C.
An Overview of Biodiversity
Biodiversity. Wilson, E. O., editor.
Value of Biodiversity
Why Preserve Natural Variety? Norton, B.G.
Management of Common Property Resources
Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management. Panel on Common Property Resource Management (Bromley, D. W., chair).
Conservation and Management of Bird Populations
The Pheasant: Ecology, Management and Conservation. Hill, D., and Robertson, P.
Ecology and Conservation of Grassland Birds. Goriup, P. D., editor.
Mammal Populations
Mammal Populations Mammal Population Studies. Harris, S., editor.
Taking a Stand for Forests
Last Stand of the Red Spruce . Mello, R. A.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
A Morally Deep World: An Essay on Moral Significance and Environmental Ethics. Johnson, L. E.
Discordant Harmonies. Botkin, D. B.
The Preservation and Valuation of Biological Resources. Orians, G. H., Brown, G. M., Kunin, W. E., and Swierzbinski, J. E., editors.
Seabirds of Hawaii: Natural History and Conservation. Harrison, C. S.
Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation. Robinson, J.G., and Redford, K. H., editors.     

25 years of salt marsh erosion in Essex: Implications for coastal defence and nature conservation

This paper presents the results from a study which was undertaken to monitor, map and quantify salt marsh change along 440 km of shoreline within the county of Essex, south-east England, between 1973 and 1998. Results indicate that during this 25-yr period, 1000 ha of salt marsh has been lost in Essex, primarily due to coastal erosion. This figure represents ca. 25% of the total salt-marsh area originally present in Essex in 1973. The salt marshes of Essex are important nature conservation areas, with many sites designated as Special Protection Areas under the EC Birds Directive (79/409/EEC) and as Special Areas of Conservation under the EC Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Salt marshes are also natural features which significantly dissipate wave and tidal energy, thereby playing an important role in contributing to effective coastal defence. The large-scale loss of salt marsh in Essex has, therefore, implications for both nature conservation and flood defence. Potential hypotheses for, and implications of such losses are discussed in this paper, together with the identification of potential management approaches to alleviate the losses.     

The distribution of,and relation among,mercury and methylmercury,organic carbon,carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus,in periphyton of the South Florida ecosystem

Periphyton samples from Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park in south Florida were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Concentrations of total mercury in periphyton decrease slightly along a gradient from north‐to‐south. Both total mercury and methylmercury are positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in periphyton. In horizontal sections of periphyton mats, total mercury concentrations tend to be largest at the tops and bottoms of the mats. Methylmercury concentrations tend to be the largest near the bottom of mats. These localized elevated concentrations of methylmercury suggest that there are “hot spots”; of methylmercury in periphyton.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this artcle:
The Fall of a Sparrow. Ali, Salim. 1987.
Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Animal and Plant Sciences-Supplement. Rao, C.N., ed. 1986.
Concise Flowers of the Himalaya Polunin, O., and Stainton, A. 1987.
Conservation for Productive Agriculture. Chopra, V. L., and T. N. Khoshoo, eds. 1986.
Encyclopedia of Indian Natural History. Centenary Publication of the Bombay Natural History Society, 1883–1983. Hawkins, R. E., ed. 1986.
The Ecology of Sumatra. Whitten A. J., Damanik, S. J., Anwar, J., and Hisyam, N. 1987.
The Ecology of Sulawesi. Whitten, A. J., Mustafa, M., and Henderson, G. S. 1987.