柔性散粒材料静力及动力学性能实验研究

战场环境下单兵防常规炸弹爆炸抗震减震技术装备及器材,由于受经费投入、战场环境等因素影响,一直没有成功研制并得到装备.通过室内砂箱振动台震动模拟试验,测试了不同柔性散粒材料在震动条件下的加速度值,对其减震性能作了一些初步的探讨.通过研究,可以看到柔性散粒材料在隔震方面具有其他材料所不具有的优越性能,可以作为制造隔震器材的首选.     

基于LCA的稻秸合成甲醇的环境-经济成本分析

以年产5万t甲醇的稻秸气化合成甲醇系统为研究对象,采用生命周期评价方法,对该系统进行了环境-经济成本分析.结果表明,稻秸合成甲醇系统的环境影响成本是284.99元/t(以甲醇计),且主要集中在生产转化过程和下游甲醇燃料消费2个单元阶段.在不同环境影响类型中,温室效应是生命周期最主要的环境影响因素,由于稻秸固碳作用产生的环境成本是-152.79元/t,生产上游温室效应影响负荷为负、总环境影响负荷为负.每t稻秸甲醇的真实成本比煤基甲醇低76.84元.     

温和水热预处理促进秸秆产沼气的条件优化研究

以水稻秸秆为原料,在前期单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验研究不同水热预处理条件对稻秸理化特性及产沼气效果的影响.结果表明,预浸时间、初始含水率和热处理时间3个因素对稻秸厌氧发酵20d累积TS产气率的影响程度各不相同,各因素对厌氧发酵累积TS产气率的影响大小顺序为初始含水率 >预浸时间 >热处理时间;得出的最佳水热预处理条件为：初始含水率为55%,预浸时间为2h,热处理时间为6h;与处理CK相比,最佳预处理条件下稻秸20d容积产气率提高29.79%,产气量达总产气量60%和80%时间可提前5d;结合预处理前后稻秸理化特性变化规律分析,表明温和水热预处理促进了纤维素和半纤维素的降解溶出,并促使其更多转化为挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）,从而有利于稻秸快速产沼气.     

武器装备伪装毯研究

伪装器材是提高己方武器装备、设施及参战人员战时生存能力,保存有效战斗力的重要技术手段。采用来源广、价格低廉、伪装效果好的普通材料为选择依据,设计了一种武器装备伪装毯,其在从红外到雷达波波段内都有良好的伪装隐身效果。     

静水与流水条件下沉水植物生长对上覆水和沉积物磷迁移的影响

沉水植物生长可有效降低河湖内源磷污染. 为探究沉水植物在静水(v=0 m/s)和流水(v=0.10 m/s)条件下对上覆水和沉积物磷迁移影响,选取苦草(Vallisneria natans)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)为研究对象,测定其生长期间上覆水、沉积物中各形态磷含量和沉水植物生物量,并监测环境因子变化. 结果表明:①苦草和黑藻生长期间上覆水和沉积物中各形态磷含量总体呈下降趋势,并在一定时期维持在较低水平. 相同流速下黑藻对上覆水磷的吸收效果优于苦草,苦草能抑制沉积物表面磷释放. ②试验20 d后,苦草和黑藻组上覆水各形态磷浓度显著低于对照组,试验结束时静水苦草组、静水黑藻组、流水苦草组和流水黑藻组上覆水TP(总磷)浓度相比对照组分别下降了0.13、0.15、0.19和0.25 mg/L. 静水条件下沉水植物以降低上覆水中DTP(溶解性总磷)为主,流水条件下以减少DTP和PP(颗粒磷)为主. ③试验结束时,苦草组和黑藻组沉积物TP含量在静水条件下分别下降了91.78、93.25 mg/kg,流水条件下分别下降了83.51、81.03 mg/kg;NaOH-P(NaOH提取磷)含量在静水条件下分别下降了57.76、55.86 mg/kg,流水条件下分别下降了24.52、19.24 mg/kg,沉积物从轻度污染逐步转为未受污染. ④试验50 d,苦草生物量在静水和流水条件下分别增加了353.08和402.03 g,黑藻生物量分别增加了415.00和477.08 g,沉水植物生物增长量在流水条件下显著高于静水组. 研究显示,苦草、黑藻生长均能有效吸收磷,在流水条件下可促进沉水植物生长和磷的吸收,同时改变了上覆水溶解氧(DO)浓度和pH等环境因子,从而影响磷在上覆水和沉积物的迁移及磷形态的转变.      

简讯

石油工业部石油勘探开发科学研究院从美国进口一台D399型柴油发电机发电,机组运行时,噪声级一般达102分贝,严重危害作业人员的身体健康。该单位委托北京市环保局器材站代为治理,由器材站负责设计并安装一套BHB型组合式隔声罩,使室内平均噪声级降至77分贝,改善了操作间的环境,达到用户的要求。     

沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放过程及规律

在实验室模拟条件下研究了常见沉水植物苦草、金鱼藻在自然衰亡过程中主要营养盐氮、磷的释放过程,探索沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放规律. 结果表明:秋、冬季低温条件下,苦草、金鱼藻逐渐衰亡腐败,该过程向水体中释放的氮、磷很少,大部分氮、磷保留在植物残体中. 至次年天气回暖后,植物体的腐败分解有所加快,向水体释放氮、磷并有部分氮、磷沉积进入底泥. 苦草、金鱼藻具有较低的分解速度,有利于降低系统中氮、磷的循环速度. 残留植物体的生物量可影响植物体的分解速度和程度,较大的生物残留量会引起水体缺氧,植物残体分解加剧,导致水质严重恶化.      

空心莲子草净化污水的作用

空心莲子草,又名水花生、空心苋。曾作为饲料从日本引进培植,其适应性强、繁殖快、吸收环境化合物能力强。空心莲子草目前在我国有广泛的分布,具有很大的利用潜力。本文对空心莲子草净化Cr、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的作用进行实验比较,并对Cu、Zn并存环境中,该草吸收Cu、Zn的效     

自然环境条件下精密器材的失效机理及其对策研究

研究了精密器材在各种自然环境条件下的失效机理,改善其“内包装”微环境条件,避免精密器材由于受到各种自然环境因素的影响而造成损坏或失效,确保精密器材的性能和各项技术指标始终处于完好状态,对于提高精密器材储存的经济效益和军事效益,具有十分重要的意义。     

富营养化湖泊开敞水域水质净化的生态工程试验研究

通过生态工程的方法,可以在短时间内迅速改善富营养化湖泊水源地的水质,这在全流域很难实现控源截污和全湖水质难以在短时间内迅速改善的情况下,具有快速见效的作用.以往之所以在开敞水域鲜有湖泊生态恢复成功的例子,原因是过于强调水生植物种植本身,而忽视水生植物及草型生态系统与外部环境条件的关系.影响水生植物恢复和草型生态系统培植的因素,既有物理方面的因素,也有化学和生物方面的因素.只有消除那些对水生植物生长不利的影响,创造有利的环境条件,才能够培植一个具有净化能力的草型生态系统.因此,生态修复应该遵循"先诊断,后治理"和"先环境改善,后生态修复"的技术路线.太湖梅梁湾水源地水质改善生态工程试验正是在这样的思想指导下实施的.本专栏所选录的论文就是这项工作的部分内容.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.