柔性散粒材料静力及动力学性能实验研究

战场环境下单兵防常规炸弹爆炸抗震减震技术装备及器材,由于受经费投入、战场环境等因素影响,一直没有成功研制并得到装备.通过室内砂箱振动台震动模拟试验,测试了不同柔性散粒材料在震动条件下的加速度值,对其减震性能作了一些初步的探讨.通过研究,可以看到柔性散粒材料在隔震方面具有其他材料所不具有的优越性能,可以作为制造隔震器材的首选.     

基于LCA的稻秸合成甲醇的环境-经济成本分析

以年产5万t甲醇的稻秸气化合成甲醇系统为研究对象,采用生命周期评价方法,对该系统进行了环境-经济成本分析.结果表明,稻秸合成甲醇系统的环境影响成本是284.99元/t(以甲醇计),且主要集中在生产转化过程和下游甲醇燃料消费2个单元阶段.在不同环境影响类型中,温室效应是生命周期最主要的环境影响因素,由于稻秸固碳作用产生的环境成本是-152.79元/t,生产上游温室效应影响负荷为负、总环境影响负荷为负.每t稻秸甲醇的真实成本比煤基甲醇低76.84元.     

稻秸对Pb2+的吸附特性

为探讨稻秸对废水中Pb2+的吸附特性,通过静态试验研究了吸附时间、离子浓度、吸附剂用量、初始pH和温度对稻秸吸附Pb2+的影响,并分析了其吸附动力学、等温吸附平衡及热力学特征.结果表明:稻秸吸附Pb2+的过程进行得很快,60 min时去除率达到85.64%,其吸附动力学过程以准二级动力学方程拟合效果最好;吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型,其中以Freundlich模型为最优,与吸附强度有关的常数在2～10之间,吸附容易发生,而使用Langmuir模型拟合最大吸附量的理论值可达13.67 mg/g;随着稻秸投加量的增加,Pb2+的去除率逐渐增加,单位吸附量逐渐减小;溶液初始pH对稻秸吸附Pb2+的影响较大,pH在4～6时去除率可达92%以上;稻秸对Pb2+的吸附受温度影响较小,吸附过程具有自发性、放热性和熵增特性.     

自然环境条件下精密器材的失效机理及其对策研究

研究了精密器材在各种自然环境条件下的失效机理,改善其“内包装”微环境条件,避免精密器材由于受到各种自然环境因素的影响而造成损坏或失效,确保精密器材的性能和各项技术指标始终处于完好状态,对于提高精密器材储存的经济效益和军事效益,具有十分重要的意义。     

光电侦察装备高原环境试验研究

目的保证光电侦察装备高原环境的使用和长期存放要求,满足军用光电器材高原环境适应性,提高光电侦察装备在高原条件下的应用效能,保障武器系统的作战效能。方法基于光电侦察装备的高原试验需求,分析高原环境的特点以及对参试人员、测试保障装备和光电侦察装备的影响,提出光电侦察装备高原试验的保障思路,设计高原试验的评估方法,并进行理论分析、高原环境模拟试验和高原实地试验验证。结果 5 km以下海拔高度,每上升1 km,气压下降约100 kPa;5000～20 000 m,随着海拔高度的上升,气压变化速度变缓,光电装备内部高压的绝缘强度有随之下降的趋势。结论光电侦察装备高原环境试验通过高原环境模拟试验条件可以提前暴露高原实地应用存在的问题,高原环境模拟试验结合高原实地实际条件试验,可以高效解决光电侦察装备的高原环境试验问题。     

稻秸添加对两种水稻土产甲烷古菌及细菌的影响

稻秸还田对水稻土CH4排放有重要影响.本研究通过微宇宙厌氧培养,研究了两种水稻土[江西(JX)和广东雷州半岛(GD)]在稻秸(RS)添加条件下经相对较长时间的厌氧培养后产甲烷古菌及细菌菌群的响应.结果表明,不同RS添加量对JX水稻土产甲烷古菌群落结构有一定的影响,而对GD水稻土产甲烷古菌群落的影响不大. RS添加量与mcr A基因拷贝数之间存在显著正相关关系,JX水稻土的mcr A基因拷贝数变化对RS添加量的响应更敏感.相同RS添加条件下,JX水稻土mcr A基因拷贝数大于GD水稻土.相同稻秸量添加条件下两种水稻土的产甲烷古菌群落结构也有差异. JX水稻土共检测到的产甲烷古菌有Methanosarcinaceae、Methanocellaceae、Methanomicrobiaceae、Methanobacteriaceae以及未知菌群(494 bp). GD水稻土中仅有3大类产甲烷古菌,分别为Methanobacteriaceae、Methanosarcinaceae和Methanocellaceae.对2%RS处理培养第270 d的细菌菌群进行了测序,发现两种水稻土的细菌菌群明显不同,GD水稻土的细菌多样性高于JX水稻土,而其优势细菌数量(共有Longilinea、Acidobacteria/Gp6、Bellilinea及Thermosporothrix)低于JX水稻土(共有Bacillus、Desulfovirgula、Thermosporothrix、Acidobacteria/Gp1、Acidobacteria/Gp3及Ktedonobacter). RS作为底物促进产甲烷古菌的生长.不同类型的水稻土经相对较长时间的厌氧培养后其产甲烷古菌及细菌菌群结构也不同.     

基于秸秆后发酵产沼气的一次发酵时间优化

采用"一次发酵+NaOH处理+二次发酵"工艺,以稻秸为原料,研究一次发酵时间对稻秸沼气发酵的影响.结果表明,一次发酵后的稻秸仍有一定的产气能力,干物质(TS)产气量为28.11～50.73mL/g TS,产气量大小与一次发酵时间成反比;一次发酵后的稻秸经NaOH处理后,稻秸物质结构受到明显破坏,有机物大量溶出,稻秸浸提...     

甘蔗渣和稻草秸在亚/超临界水中液化的初探

采用亚/超临界水解方法进行了甘蔗渣和稻草秸液化的实验研究,考察了反应温度、质量比(秸秆/水)对纤维素液化转化所得还原糖产率的影响.研究结果表明:(1)反应温度为350℃,固液比为1∶4时,甘蔗渣转化为还原糖的产率与浓度最大,产率达31.8%,浓度为127 g/L;(2)稻草秸在333℃,固液比为1∶3.6时,还原糖产率...     

香根草人工湿地处理生活污水的试验研究

通过建立香根草人工湿地系统,研究该系统对生活污水的COD、TP、TN的处理效果以及系统的耐污性。在水力停留时间（HRT）为6h的条件下,COD、TP、TN的去除率分别为63.5%、88.3%、72.4%。研究表明,香根草人工湿地系统对城镇生活污水具有较好的净化效果,且系统在该试验条件下耐污性良好。     

稻秸沼渣矿化特征及对青菜生长和品质的影响

以稻秸沼渣和商品有机肥为原料,采用室内培养和盆栽实验方法,研究了稻秸沼渣中碳、氮等养分释放特性以及对蔬菜产量和品质的影响.结果表明,稻秸沼渣施入土壤后可明显提高土壤有机碳矿化速率和微生物生物量碳,秸秆发酵半年的沼渣的矿化特性优于发酵一年的秸秆沼渣.秸秆沼渣有机氮的矿化特性主要表现为氮的固定,秸秆厌氧发酵越充分,沼渣矿化时有机氮越不容易被固定.相比商品有机肥,添加稻秸沼渣青菜的产量略低,但显著提高了青菜中维生素C和水溶性糖含量,降低了硝酸盐含量,提高了青菜品质.因此,秸秆沼渣农肥化对提高蔬菜产量和品质有很好的效果.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.