Can California coastal managers plan for sea-level rise in a cost-effective way?

This paper examines five representative sites on the California coast to illustrate a cost-effective methodology using tools and data that local decision makers can apply to analyse the economics of sea level rise (SLR) adaptation. We estimate the costs/benefits of selected responses (e.g. no action, nourishment, seawalls) to future flooding and erosion risks exacerbated by SLR. We estimate the economic value of changes to public/private property, recreational and habitat value, and beach related spending/tax revenues. Our findings indicate that the costs of SLR are significant but uneven across communities, and there is no single best strategy for adaptation. For example, Los Angeles's Venice Beach could lose $450 million in tourism revenue by 2100 with a 1.4 m SLR scenario while San Francisco's Ocean Beach would lose $80 million, but the impacts to structures could total nearly $560 million at Ocean Beach compared to $50 million at Venice Beach.     

冀东油田污水处理工艺研究

冀东油田于2002年相继完成了两座联合站污水处理系统的改造扩建工程后,日处理能力均达到10000m3。2个污水处理系统的工艺基本相同,主要采用沉降隔油、过滤和生化处理等方法。处理后外排水水质指标全部达到国家GB8978-1996一级排放标准。经济效益显著,大幅降低了运行成本,一年即可为油田节约成本1670万元。同时,对运行中存在的外输污水中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)含量超标以及药剂的匹配性和过滤罐性能不很稳定的问题提出了改进意见和建议。     

AN APPROACH TO MARGINAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF HYDROMETRIC DATA COLLECTION1

ABSTRACT: A procedure for computing the benefit/cost ratio of a hydrometric network is outlined. It consists of two steps: firstly, establishing a relationship between hydrometric station density and error in hydrologic parameters and, secondly, relating hydrologic eror to changes in project cost. The procedure was applied to both the whole Canadian hydrometric network and the provincial networks.     

悬浮及附着生物厌氧-好氧污水生化处理技术的应用

冀东油田采用悬浮与附着生物厌氧-好氧污水生化处理技术对污水进行了处理,使污水中的有机物有效降解,实现了污水达标外排,取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益。污水处理成本由回灌时的3.5元/m3下降到0.5元/m3。文章详细介绍了污水生化处理技术的原理、工艺设施及对污水处理的效果,分析了影响微生物生长的主要因素,。     

AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION CONTROL: IMPLICATIONS FROM THE RURAL CLEAN WATER PROGRAM1

ABSTRACT: The Rural Clean Water Program has provided a unique opportunity to study the economics of agricultural nonpoint source pollution control. Several implications for improving the economic efficiency of future agricultural nonpoint source pollution control programs can be drawn from the results. First, individual projects should be targeted towards water bodies that have water quality problems causing economic damages. Considerable variation can exist among areas in the magnitude of economic damages, which may not be proportional to physical impacts. Second, the relative costs and effectiveness of the practices selected to reduce the delivery of pollutants can vary dramatically from one location to another. Early identification and emphasis on cost-effective BMPs can substantially reduce project costs and may make a project economically justifiable that would not otherwise be so. Finally, some projects that do not hive potential economic benefits from water quality improvements exceeding government cost may have on-farm benefits from reduced costs and increased long-term yields that are sufficient to make total benefits (water quality and on-farm) exceed costs.     

SOCIAL WELL-BEING AND WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: For many years, Federal water resources projects have been subjected to benefit-cost analysis to establish their economic feasibility. Several years ago social well-being was added as a consideration. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art in analyzing and evaluating aspects of social well-being. It stresses current short-falls and advocates a direction for further efforts.     

HYDRAULIC AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF DOWNSPOUT DWERSION1

ABSTRACT: A downspout diversion program in an urban area is evaluated to assess the impacts on sanitary sewer flow volumes and cost effectiveness. Sanitary sewer flows and wastewater treatment cost data are compared for the five years before and 1.25 years after the downspout diversion was completed. In order to establish a cause and effect relationship between flow volumes and downspout diversion, measurements of precipitation, consumption patterns, and system loss (maintenance, fire flows, main ruptures) for the before and after time periods were obtained. The results indicate the downspout diversion contributed to a reduction of over 25 percent in the mean flow volumes within the sanitary sewer collection network during all rainfall events, with flow reductions ranging from 25 percent to 62 percent for rainfall depths between 6 mm (0.25 inches) and 25.4 mm (1.0 inches). Costs incurred for wastewater treatment were also reduced significantly, as overtime for overflow maintenance was eliminated. Downspout diversion is a viable nonstructural alternative for sthrmwater flow reduction in highly urbanized communities which may lack available space for large scale detention facilities.     

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING APPLIED TO WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1

ABSTRACT The growing social consciousness and concern with human well-being has resulted in numerous water resource use and control programs, the results of which must be measured not in the customary monetary terms, but rather in terms of social and human welfare. Interdisciplinary research offers the greatest promise of yielding fruitful results in establishing planning methodology that would result in a maximum utilization of funds available for water resource programs. Working with the various social science disciplines, accountants have begun research in social measurement thus opening the door to a new field of accountancy known as socio-economic accounting. The development of social accounting systems will improve water resource management by projecting heretofore unmeasureable social values into the management decision making process.     

QUALITY STUDY OF GRAYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: A residential single family dwelling was retrofitted to recycle graywater for landscape irrigation and toilet flushing. The objective of this study was to determine improvements in graywater quality by evaluating five simple graywater treatment systems that were easily adapted to the household plumbing. The treatment systems consisted of (1) water hyacinths and sand filtration, (2) water hyacinths, copper ion disinfection, and sand filtration, (3) copper ion disinfection and sand filtration, (4) copper/silver ion disinfection and sand filtration, and (5) 20–μm cartridge filtration. Water quality parameters measured were fecal and total coliform indicator bacteria, nitrates, suspended solids, and turbidity. Reductions in bacterial concentration, suspended solids and turbidity were achieved by all systems tested. Treatment reduced nitrate concentrations to an average of 2.6 mg/liter. Reductions in suspended solids, and turbidity were influenced more by the quality of the graywater entering the treatment system than the efficiency of the systems themselves. The water hyacinths and sand filtration system provided the best graywater quality in terms of the concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria. The system providing the best water quality in regard to average suspended solids after treatment was the water hyacinths, copper ion, and sand filtration system, and the best average turbidity was achieved by the copper/silver ion generating unit with sand filtration. All systems were capable of significant reductions in fecal indicator bacteria, suspended solids, and turbidity; however, additional treatment or disinfection would be necessary to further reduce the level of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria to achieve regulatory standards in the State of Arizona.     

浅论经济、社会与环境三效益的矛盾与统一

阐述了经济效益、社会效益与环境效益之间的相互对立统一的辨证关系,从概念和内涵对其矛盾与统一进行了分析,从其相互关系及综合评价中说明了存在的矛盾问题及解决的方法,只有运用可持续发展的理论改变传统的发展观、自然观,人类就一定能够与环境和谐共存,达到经济、社会与环境三效益的结合与统一。     

江汉油田污水处理系统经济效益分析

根据对江汉油田历年来污水处理设施的投资和运行结果的详细调查,采用工程经济分析方法,分析江汉油田污水处理取得的经济效益,指出治理设施中存在的问题及解决办法,提出江汉油田污水治理的方向和建议。     

化学氧化—混凝沉淀法处理油田作业废液

采用化学氧化—混凝沉淀法对油田作业废液进行处理,筛选出最佳的混凝条件及氧化条件。实验结果表明,与产出水混合处理后可使原水的悬浮物从500～1000 mg/L降至<3 mg/L、总铁<0.5 mg/L。处理后的污水由处理前的黑浆状变为清澈透明,淡黄色,基本达到了注水水质标准。该方法具有投资小、净化效果好、设备简单、占地面积小、操作方便、不产生二次污染等优点。     

污水的人工湿地系统处理技术

本文通过了人工湿地系统处理技术及其发展、应用的综述介绍，并以深圳白泥坑人工湿地处理系统工程与二级生化污水处理厂相比较。结果表明，用人工湿地系统处理污水具有投资少，耗能低，运行简便等优点，提出研究、推广应用湿地系统技术处理污水的建议，可供环境保护科研及管理人员参考。     

国家级生态示范区阆中市森林生态效益评估

森林生态效益是一种间接的经济利益。本文通过水土保持,水源涵养,减免旱涝灾害,环境保护等各方面的效益评估。将阆中市森林生态效益用货币体现,科学直观地反映了阆中森林生态工程的经济价值。     

炼油厂含硫污水处理副产品──氨水的综合利用

通过叙述炼油厂常减压装置“三顶”、催化裂化装置分馏塔顶注入氨水以代替烧碱的工艺流程、操作条件。并结合数据分析说明注氨后对油品质量、设备防腐所起到的效果。说明该项技术合理、安全可靠。同时阐述了该项“三废”处理及环保技术的综合利用价值,给企业带来一定的经济效益和环境效益。