涉及电动振动台选型的结构与技术的评价和分析

通过振动台系统组成部分（振动台体，磁场电源和功率放大器）涉及的结构与技术的分析，对振动台系统技术指标的先进性，结构设计的合理性及振动台用于振动试验的准确性和安全性的评价提供依据，可供选择振动台系统参考。     

THE POLITICS OF RESOURCE NEGOTIATION: THE TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION AND THE JAMAICAN BAUXITE LEVY

Analysts examining disputes between transnational corporations and national governments over apportionment of benefits and rights of control in exploiting natural resources tend to confine themselves to structural characteristics of such conflicts. Such approaches assume that conflict resolution is final and traditionally place a major emphasis on control issues. This research explores the dominant issues in conflict in resource industries through use of a behavioural model. It looks at the strategies that both a major bauxite producing nation and the aluminium transnational corporations used to resolve the conflicts which arose as a result of the unilateral imposition of a bauxite levy by Jamaica. This article argues that the values, expectations and preferences of parties to a conflict situation are crucial to understanding its resolution. It further suggests that resource control is not necessarily a desirable goal for the host country but that it should acknowledge competing considerations of revenue maximization, revenue stability and lessening dependence on a natural resource base need to be considered. It shows further that settlement of such situations is always open to disturbance. Les analystes qui étudient les désaccords entre les sociétés transnationales et les gouvernements au sujet de la répartition des bénéfices et du droit de contrôle de l'exploitation des ressources naturelles ont tendance à ne considérer que les caractéristiques structurales de tels conflits. Cette attitude suppose que le conflit est résolu une fois pour toute et traditionnellement met l'accent principal sur les questions de contrôle. Cette étude examine les questions principales qui sont en conflit dans ces industries au moyen d'un modèle de relation. El le examine les stratégies utilisées à la fois par une des principales nations productrices de bauxite et par une compagnie transnationale productrice d'aluminium pour résoudre les conflits qui se sont élevés en conséquence de la fixation unilatérale d'une taxe sur la bauxite par la Jamaïque. Cet article prétend que les valeurs, espérances et préférences des parties en conflit doivent être parfaitement comprises pour pouvoir résoudre celui-ci. De plus, l'article suggère que le contrôle des ressources n'est pas nécessairement un but souhaitable pour le pays hôte mais que celui-ci devrait reconnaître qu'il faut tenir compte des considérations de maximisation des revenus, de la stabilité des revenus et d'une moindre dépendance vis-à-vis de la ressource naturelle. Cet article montre de plus que le règlement de telles situations est toujours sujet à des troubles. Los analistas que examinan las disputas entre empresas multinacionales y los gobiernos sobre la distribución de beneficios y derechos de control en la explotación de recursos naturales, tienden a limitarse a las características estructurales de dichos conflictos. Tal enfoque asume que la solución del conflicto es definitiva y ponen normalmente el mayor énfasis al aspecto de control. Esta investigación explora los elementos dominantes en conflicto en la explotación de recursos a través de modelos de comportamiento. Examina las estrategias que se usaron por los países productores mayores de bauxita y las transnacionales de la industria del aluminio para resolver los conflictos que resultaron como consecuencia de la imposición unilateral tributaria sobre la bauxita por Jamaica. Este artículo sostiene que los valores, expectativas y preferencias de las partes en conflicto son importantes para entender las soluciones. Se sugiere además que el aspecto de control del recurso no es necesariamente un objetivo deseable para el país dueño del recurso sino que éste debe considerar objetivos alternativos tales como maximización del ingreso, estabilidad de ingreso y disminución de la dependencia del país de los recursos naturales. El artículo muestra además que las soluciones de tales situaciones están siempre expuestos a alteraciones.     

INTERDISCIPLINARY MODELING IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE SALINITY PROBLEMS OF THE SAFFORD VALLEY1

ABSTRACT: A groundwater quality change of +0.13 millimhos electrical conductivity was documented between 1940 and 1 972 in the Safford Valley. The change is attributable to four principal mechanisms: pumping-encouraged saline artesian aquifer leakage, natural recharge of the water table aquifer by saline waters, leaching of agricultural waters into the aquifer and the lateral flow of groundwater through saline lacustrine beds. A hydrologic study of the area has shown the first of these mechanisms to be predominant. Salinity modeling has shown three regions of salinity change, and salinity increase projections for each are determined. An economic analysis and an economic model are then combined with the physical model, yielding information as to when certain economic conditions are reached with respect to the salinity increase. This combined model shows that, based on projected salinity trends, cotton, the principal agricultural crop of the valley, will remain economical to cultivate for a significant time beyond the model's limit of prediction. Alfalfa, on the other hand, should go out of production in large areas of the valley by 1990, and not be under economical cultivation by 2040. A sociologic model, based on the cluster analysis of questionnaire data, shows an awareness of the salinity problems of the area but little concern over them. Interdisciplinary model based salinity control regulations are made.     

THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IN THE DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DECADE

The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, which was inaugurated in November of 1980 is intended to focus attention and development efforts on the implementation of national drinking water supply and sanitation plans. This article briefly describes the background and goals of the Decade and analyses the findings and recommendations of a seminar on rural water supply held in Uppsala, Sweden in October of 1980. The meeting, which was jointly sponsored by the Government of Sweden, Uppsala University and the United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development examined – among other issues – appropriate technology; operation and maintenance; monitoring and evaluation; and consumer-producer-donor relationships. La Décennie internationale de l'eau potable et de l'assainissement qui a été inaugurée en novembre 1980 a pour but d'attirer l'attention et de centraliser les efforts sur les plans nationaux pour la fourniture d'eau potable et pour l'assainissement. Cet article décrit brièvement les raisons et les objectifs de la Décennie. Il analyse les résultats et les recommandations d'un séminaire sur la fourniture de l'eau rurale qui s'est tenue à Uppsala, en Suède, en octobre 1980. La réunion qui a été organisée conjointement par le Gouvernement de la Suède, l'Université d'Uppsala et le Département des Nations Unies de la coopération technique pour le développement a étudié, entre autres, la technologie nécessaire, le mode opératoire et l'entretien, la supervision et les estimations, et les rapports entre consommateur, producteur et donateur. El Decenio Internacional del Agua Potable y del Saneamiento Ambiental que se inauguró en noviembre de 1980 enfocará la atención y los esfuerzos de desarrollo en la implementación de los planes nacionales de suministro de agua potable y saneamiento. Este artículo describe brevemente los antecedentes y metas del Decenio y analiza los resultados y recomendaciones de un seminario sobre suministro de agua en zonas rurales realizado en Suecia en octubre de 1980. La reunión que fue organizada en forma conjunta por el Gobierno Sueco, la Universidad de Uppsala y el Departamento de Cooperación Técnica para el Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas examinó – entre otros temas – la tecnología apropiada, operación y mantenimiento, seguimiento y evaluación, y las relaciones entre productor y consumidor.     

THE ENERGY SITUATION IN THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT

This article reviews the present energy situation in the Arab Republic of Egypt and planning for future development. The article presents energy demand and supply statistics reviewing current and past consumption and production as well as projections through the year 2000. Institutional changes introduced to enhance Egypt's capabilities in the fields of analysis, assessment and programming of energy are described, including the establishment of the Supreme Council of Energy and the regrouping of several ministries. The major constraints affecting Egyptian energy policies are reviewed, including the difficulty of changing the heavily subsidized price of fuel without affecting the overall social balance, limits on indigenous resources and rapid growth of demand. The article examines the critical energy issues that are being addressed in the context of a broad national energy planning effort. Cet article passe en revue la situation énergétique actuelle en République arabe d'Egypte et al planification pour la mise en valeur des ressources dans ce domaine. II présente des statistiques sur l'offre et la demande en énergie tout en examinant la production et la consommation actuelles et antérieures ainsi que les projections jusqu'à l'an 2000. L'article décrit les changements institutionnels qui ont été entroduits afin de mettre en valeur les capacités de l'Egypte dans les domaines de l'analyse, l'évaluation et la programmation en matière d'énergie, y compris la création d'un Conseil suprême de l'énergie et le regroupement de plusieurs ministères. Les contraintes majeures qui affectent l'Egypte dans le domaine de la politique énergétique sont examinées, y compris la difficulté de reconsidérer le prix du pétrole déjà fortement subventionné sans affecter l'équilibré social général, les limites des ressources indigènes et la croissance accélérée de la demande. L'article examine également, dans le domaine de l'énergie, les aspects critiques qui se situent dans le cadre d'un effort de planification énergétique au niveau national. Este articulo examine la situación de la energía y la planifcación de su futuro desarrollo en la República Arabe de Egipto. Las estadisticas sobre demanda y oferta de energía y su proyección al año 2000 son presentados. Se describe los cambios institucionales introducidos para acrecentar la capacidad del pais en analisar y programmar el desarrollo energético incluyendo el establecimiento del Consejo Supremo de Energia. Políticas de energía relacionadas con el subsidio de combustibles, el rápido crecimiento de la demanda y los limitados recursos son examinados. El artículo termina con la revisión de problemas críticos enfrentados en la planificación energética del país.     

THE STATE PETROLEUM ENTERPRISE AND THE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

This article examines the potential of State Petroleum Enterprises in the developing countries for taking a lead in transfer of technology. After examining the reasons behind the growing demands for technology transfer, the paper defines the content of this technology and the means by which it can be transferred. In spite of reluctance on the part of the developed nations and the multinational oil companies to part with petroleum technology without an economic or political concession from the developing countries, much of this technology is either in the public domain or for sale by small speciality companies. The Enterprises can buy this technology and they can contract with specialty firms for operation with their countries. Of foremost importance is the education of nationals and development of indigenous group familiar with the scientific basis and specific techniques of petroleum technology.     

DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ON THE DANUBE AND THE PLATTE1

ABSTRACT: Two case studies highlighting the institutional arrangements and decision-making processes used to attempt to allocate water on large scale river systems in two countries are presented. In both cases the implementation of river plans has been blocked by conflicts between those who wish to use water for irrigation, hydropower, or municipal purposes and those who wish to maintain instream flows for fish and wildlife. To date conflict has blocked the implementation of a large hydropower scheme on the Danube River, downstream from Vienna, Austria, and the construction of municipal and agricultural projects, as well as the relicensing of an existing hydropower facility on the Platte River in Nebraska. Analysis of the decision-making processes and institutional settings of both cases led to the identification of problem areas and development of recommendations that would support the achievement of compromise solutions for management.     

THE COMMON FUND IN THE INTEGRATED PROGRAMME FOR COMMODITIES

Despite the lack of full agreement on all aspects of a Common Fund, negotiations have clarified the issues involved and created conditions in which there is a basis for agreement. The extent of financial resources required for a Common Fund has been established, involving a once-for-all contribution of US$500 million, and supporting a Common Fund that would provide 75 per cent of the stock financing requirements under international commodity agreements. Given the changes in the concept of a Common Fund from that envisaged in earlier discussions, there should now be no substantive barrier to the conclusion of an appropriate international agreement. Malgré l'absence d'un consensus sur tous les aspects d'un fonds commun, des pourparlers ont permis d'éclaircir les questions en débat et de créer des conditions favorables à un accord. La portée des ressources financières requises pour la création d'un fonds commun a été établie: celles-ci comprendraient un versement définitif de 500 millions de dollars des E.U. et alimenteraient un fonds commun qui fournirait 75 pour cent des exigences financières des stocks prévus par les accords internationaux sur les produits de base. Compte tenu des modifications apportées au concept d'un fonds commun depuis les derniers débats, il ne devrait pas exister d'obstacles de fond à la conclusion d'un accord international acceptable. A pesar de que no hay completo acuerdo sobre todos los aspectos del Fondo Común, las negociaciones han aclarado varios de ellos y han creado las condiciones que darían base para un acuerdo. Se ha establecido la magnitud de los recursos financieros para el Fondo Común - se contempla una contribución en una sola vez de US$500 millones que mantendría un Fondo Común capaz de proveer 75 por ciento de las necesidades del financiamiento de existencias bajo acuerdos mercantiles internacionales. En vista de los cambios ocurridos en el concepto de Fondo Común en relación a lo que se proponía inicialmente, no debería haber una dificultad substancial en la conclusión de un acuerdo internacional apropiado.     

A STUDY OF THE SURFACE SYNOPTIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE DROUGHT OF THE 1960's IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1

A comparative evaluation is made of the frequency of air mass and frontal types during a 4-year representative portion of the drought as opposed to an equivalent non-drought period. Selection of the non-drought period is based on the Palmer Drought Index. Results indicate a statistically significant increase in the occurrence of continental polar air during the drought. Other conclusions concerning conditions during the drought, not statistically significant but worth further study, are: lower frequency of maritime tropical air in the summer months, more occurrences of cold and occluded fronts, and fewer occurrences of stationary fronts.     

THE EFFECTS OF RECENT CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ON THE HYDROLOGY OF THE KANKAKEE RIVER1

ABSTRACT: In North America the four successive winters from 1974-1975 through 1977–1978 were very different from each other in terms of atmospheric circulation and resulting surface weather conditions. The first year of the sequence there was a near normal circulation pattern. The following years were characterized by the gradual amplification of an upper atmosphere ridge over the West Coast coupled with an eastward displacement of a long-wave trough east of the Rocky Mountains. These changes in circulation brought below normal temperatures to the Midwest, below normal precipition and increasing snowfall which reached record levels in February 1978. These atmospheric changes brought about changes in the flow of the Kankakee River-Total runoff in the winter half-year dropped as precipitation and temperatures dropped; there was a marked retarding of winter runoff and the yield of the watershed increased.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NILE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL FORECAST SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is developing a river forecast system for the Nile River in Egypt. The river forecast system operates on scientific work stations using hydrometeorological models and software to predict inflows into the high Aswan Dam and forecast flow hydrographs at selected gaging locations above the dam The Nile Forecasting System (NFS) utilizes satellite imagery from the METEOSAT satellite as the input to the forecast system. Satellite imagery is used to estimate precipitation over the Blue Nile Basin using five different techniques. Observed precipitation data and climatic statistics are used to improve precipitation estimation. Precipitation data for grid locations are input to a distributed water balance model, a hill slope routing model, and a channel routing model. A customized Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed to show political boundaries, rivers, terrain elevation, and gaging network. The GIS was used to develop hydrologic parameters for the basin and is used for multiple display features.     

THE CONTINUING DEBATE OVER THE EXHAUSTION OF NONFUEL MINERAL RESOURCES

The author examines the various views of mineral scarcity, distinguishing between the physical view and the economic view of exhaustion, with the aim of clarifying where the debate stands now and why.     

人体防电磁辐照的安全限值

电磁场对人体的影响是何等的复杂，以致不少专家或学者将不妥的量值作为标准。作者在大量调测，亲身体验和界面研究之后，为了去伪存真，还科技之本来，推出了符合系统工程之要求的防电磁辐照安全限值。     

INCREASE THE PRACTICALITY OF THE SAFE THRESHOLD OF ELECTROMAGNETIC IRRADIATION

电磁场对人体的影响是何等的复杂,以致不少专家或学者将不妥的量值作为标准。作者在大量调测,亲身体验和界面研究之后,为了去伪存真,还科技之本来,推出了符合系统工程之要求的防电磁辐照安全限值。     

RESOLVING INTERSTATE WATER CONFLICTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES: THE RE-EMERGENCE OF THE FEDERAL-INTERSTATE COMPACT1

ABSTRACT: As population growth occurs in regions of the eastern United States that do not have abundant water supplies, new transbasin diversions may be required. Such diversions are exceptionally politically divisive and are at the core of most of the interstate water conflicts that presently exist in the eastern states. This study examines alternative means by which these conflicts might be resolved. The strengths and weaknesses of these alternatives are examined. The study concludes that the federal-interstate compact should be the preferred alternative by which interstate water conflicts in the eastern United States are resolved.