浅析城市生活垃圾分类回收

城市生活垃圾分类回收有别于混合收集,是垃圾收集的一种新趋势.结合我国垃圾的特点,阐明了当前垃圾分类收集的现状,并指出了我国垃圾分类回收的意义;根据当前垃圾收集存在的问题,提出了一些具体化的对策.通过垃圾的分类回收,减少了垃圾的最终处置量,提高垃圾资源化率.     

城市生活垃圾预处理和资源化研究

分析了国内外近期生活垃圾资源化技术的处理模式和存在的缺点,指出了我国城市生活垃圾资源化的有效途径是加强对垃圾的预处理,提出了基于垃圾预处理的城市生活垃圾资源化综合处理系统,介绍了废塑料制作建筑板材的工艺和技术指标.     

我国城市生活垃圾产业最优模式设计

通过对垃圾产业市场的分析,阐述了我国城市生活垃圾产业的历史、现状和存在的问题.在此基础上,根据我国的实际情况,提出了适合于我国城市生活垃圾产业系统的最优模式:垃圾生产子系统、垃圾分类收集子系统和垃圾最终处理与资源化利用子系统.提出居民初步分类与政府组织下的"拾荒者合作社"精细分类相结合,按照处理技术的不同,将城市生活垃圾分成 5种类型.通过对各类型生活垃圾流向的系统设计,保证了城市生活垃圾处理的减量化、资源化和无害化.最后讨论了政府在垃圾产业最优模式形成过程中的作用,并提出政府可以借鉴的城市生活垃圾产业管理措施 12项.     

城市生活垃圾的生物工程堆肥化利用

在建立节约型社会、发展循环经济时代,通过对城市生活垃圾3种处理方法的比较得出,以堆肥方式通过生物工程技术对城市生活垃圾进行科学合理处置,是达到城市生活垃圾无害化、资源化、减量化、规模化处理的最佳选择。     

德国城市生活垃圾管理现状及启示

德国是城市生活垃圾管理最为成功的国家之一。从德国垃圾处理的发展过程、法律法规框架、管理体系、管理措施及实施成果等方面介绍了德国城市生活垃圾的管理现状,从而为解决我国现有的城市垃圾管理问题提供管理思路和方法。     

长株潭城市生活垃圾资源化综合利用政策研究

城市生活垃圾处理是一个世界性的问题。目前,长株潭城市生活垃圾每天约有4500～4900t,主要通过填埋来处理,这种方法有利有弊,而且弊大于利,主要是垃圾资源未得到利用,污染比较严重,存在安全隐患。长沙安基环保高科技开发有限公司全体科研人员经过8年的艰苦探索,提出了一种新的资源化处理垃圾的方法。此法能使垃圾全量资源化,实现“零排放”的目标。阐述了资源化法的产生过程和内涵,提出了长株潭城市生活垃圾资源化规模构想,重点探讨了长株潭城市生活垃圾资源化政策。     

城市生活垃圾分类体系建设实践及启示

生活垃圾分类处理是一个庞大的系统工程,由很多个子系统构成。在诸多的子系统中,我们需要将其中起主要作用的系统组合起来,有效推动生活垃圾分类有组织、有保障地进行。介绍了城市生活垃圾分类体系建设的基本内容和关键点,以及构建垃圾分类全流程体系的探索实践,从构建组织领导、长效管理和分类保障等3方面机制提出启示建议。     

城市生活垃圾分类政策执行中的问题与对策分析

随着城镇化进程的持续加快,全国各地生活垃圾产量持续走向新高,且依旧呈现上升的趋势,各地生活垃圾末端处理压力巨大。此外,随着生活水平的不断提高,市民普遍对周边生活环境的质量有了更高的需求,促使政府必须构建更加完善的城市生活垃圾治理系统。生活垃圾分类处理被视为解决生活垃圾污染环境、促进生活垃圾资源化利用的关键之举,在我国已有几十年的发展历程,但始终没有取得良好的效果,究其原因,政策工具的选择及其执行过程是关键因素。为此,以我国政策工具视角出发,对现行政策工具进行了梳理,系统分析了我国垃圾分类政策工具及政策执行过程中存在的问题,并提出针对性解决对策,对构建城市生活垃圾分类管理新模式,促进生活垃圾减量和资源回收是非常有必要的。     

对中国城市生活垃圾分类的思考及建议

城市生活垃圾已成为许多城市当前面临的极为严峻的问题,而城市生活垃圾的分类是实现垃圾减量化、无害化、资源化的基础。主要针对中国目前多数城市未进行垃圾分类的现状进行分析,并就实行垃圾分类提出建议。     

An environmentally sustainable decision model for urban solid waste management

The aim of this work is to present the structure and the application of a decision support system (DSS) designed to help decision makers of a municipality in the development of incineration, disposal, treatment and recycling integrated programs. Specifically, within a MSW management system, several treatment plants and facilities can generally be found: separators, plants for production of refuse derived fuel (RDF), incinerators with energy recovery, plants for treatment of organic material, and sanitary landfills. The main goal of the DSS is to plan the MSW management, defining the refuse flows that have to be sent to recycling or to different treatment or disposal plants, and suggesting the optimal number, the kinds, and the localization of the plants that have to be active. The DSS is based on a decision model that requires the solution of a constrained non-linear optimization problem, where some decision variables are binary and other ones are continuous. The objective function takes into account all possible economic costs, whereas constraints arise from technical, normative, and environmental issues. Specifically, pollution and impacts, induced by the overall solid waste management system, are considered through the formalization of constraints on incineration emissions and on negative effects produced by disposal or other particular treatments.     

城市垃圾处理方法综述

综述了目前我国城市垃圾的处理方法，并分析比较了各处理方法的化缺点以及对我国的适宜性，重点介绍了垃圾焚烧发电在我国的发展前景以及存在的有关问题。     

A goal-oriented characterization of urban waste

More stringent requirements for the protection of the environment coupled with new incentives for materials recovery, lead modern waste management practice on the line of a more differentiated approach. Separation, or more precisely, non-mixing at the source, is one of the most promising strategies. However, before deciding which categories of urban waste should be collected separately, it is useful to have more detailed knowledge regarding the characteristics of waste. A 5-year investigation has produced enough information to answer such questions as “if one decides to convert food and garden waste to compost instead of burning them, how much less cadmium would be released into the atmosphere?” or, “if the quantities of mercury released into the environment should be drastically reduced, which categories of waste should be collected and treated separately?” This paper discusses sampling and analytical techniques and defines what is a representative sample. It presents the methods applied to determine the annual flow of various chemical elements from 52 waste categories from a European urban area. The results determined through this approach are compared to the total outputs in the gas, wastewater, cinders and fly ashes of the incinerator which currently burns these wastes.     

Recycling, landfill consumption, and CO2 emission: analysis by waste input–output model

The emission of waste in an economy, including landfill, is to a large extent determined by its patterns of technology, institutions, and lifestyle. A mathematical model (the waste input–output model) is presented that gives a simple analytical representation of this interdependence. The model was used to evaluate the effects of alternative waste disposal and recycling options on the levels of industrial production, landfill consumption, and the emission of carbon dioxide, and also to analyze the overall dependence on landfill of individual industries. It was found that a systematic combination of the options could be effective in reducing the overall landfill consumption and carbon dioxide emission. Received: November 4, 2000 / Accepted: August 2, 2001     

LCA for household waste management when planning a new urban settlement

When planning for a new urban settlement, industrial ecology tools like scenario building and life cycle assessment can be used to assess the environmental quality of different infrastructure solutions. In Trondheim, a new greenfield settlement with carbon-neutral ambitions is being planned and five different scenarios for the waste management system of the new settlement have been compared. The results show small differences among the scenarios, however, some benefits from increased source separation of paper and metal could be found. The settlement should connect to the existing waste management system of the city, and not resort to decentralised waste treatment or recovery methods. However, as this is an urban development project with ambitious goals for lifestyle changes, effort should be put into research and initiatives for proactive waste prevention and reuse issues.     

生活垃圾中废旧塑料的二次分选技术

由于城市垃圾中塑料品种繁杂、质量差,回收利用十分困难,国内外对于垃圾中的废旧塑料回收利用甚少。通过技术比选,确定采用多种分选技术的优势组合,以风力分选-X射线分选-光电分选相结合的组合工艺技术,实现对主要塑料品种PO,PS,PVC,PET等的有效分离,以加大废旧塑料的回收利用,减少环境污染,提高资源利用效率。     

A dynamic optimization model for solid waste recycling

Recycling is an important part of waste management (that includes different kinds of issues: environmental, technological, economic, legislative, social, etc.). Differently from many works in literature, this paper is focused on recycling management and on the dynamic optimization of materials collection. The developed dynamic decision model is characterized by state variables, corresponding to the quantity of waste in each bin per each day, and control variables determining the quantity of material that is collected in the area each day and the routes for collecting vehicles. The objective function minimizes the sum of costs minus benefits. The developed decision model is integrated in a GIS-based Decision Support System (DSS). A case study related to the Cogoleto municipality is presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed model. From optimal results, it has been found that the net benefits of the optimized collection are about 2.5 times greater than the estimated current policy.     

Comparing urban solid waste recycling from the viewpoint of urban metabolism based on physical input-output model: A case of Suzhou in China

Investigating impacts of urban solid waste recycling on urban metabolism contributes to sustainable urban solid waste management and urban sustainability. Using a physical input-output model and scenario analysis, urban metabolism of Suzhou in 2015 is predicted and impacts of four categories of solid waste recycling on urban metabolism are illustrated: scrap tire recycling, food waste recycling, fly ash recycling and sludge recycling. Sludge recycling has positive effects on reducing all material flows. Thus, sludge recycling for biogas is regarded as an accepted method. Moreover, technical levels of scrap tire recycling and food waste recycling should be improved to produce positive effects on reducing more material flows. Fly ash recycling for cement production has negative effects on reducing all material flows except solid wastes. Thus, other fly ash utilization methods should be exploited. In addition, the utilization and treatment of secondary wastes from food waste recycling and sludge recycling should be concerned.     

A model for quantifying construction waste in projects according to the European waste list

The new EU challenge is to recover 70% by weight of C&D waste in 2020. Literature reveals that one major barrier is the lack of data. Therefore, this paper presents a model which allows technicians to estimate C&D waste during the design stage in order to promote prevention and recovery. The types and quantities of CW are estimated and managed according to EU guidelines, by building elements and specifically for each project. The model would allow detection of the source of the waste and to adopt other alternative procedures which delete hazardous waste and reduce CW. Likewise, it develops a systematic structure of the construction process, a waste classification system and some analytical expressions which are based on factors. These factors depend on technology and represent a standard on site. It would allow to develop a database of waste anywhere. A Spanish case study is covered. Factors were obtained by studying over 20 dwellings. The source and types of packaging waste, remains, soil and hazardous waste were estimated in detail and were compared with other studies. Results reveal that the model can be implemented in projects and the chances of reducing and recovery C&D waste could be increased, well above the EU challenge.