水环境中微塑料表面细菌群落特征研究进展

微塑料因其比表面积大、难降解等特点,在水环境中长期存在,可作为水环境中微生物的独特栖息地。以细菌群落为主的微生物可定殖在微塑料表面,对生态系统和人类健康产生潜在风险。本文综述了国内外海水、淡水环境中微塑料表面细菌群落特征的研究进展,阐述了微塑料表面细菌群落的研究方法和结构多样性,分析了暴露时间、地点及塑料理化性质对微塑料表面细菌群落多样性的影响,探讨了水环境中微塑料表面细菌群落的生态效应和健康风险。后续研究应采用宏基因组学全面地探究水环境中的“微塑料圈”,并关注远洋、入海口和内陆地表水微塑料表面微生物群落,从全球尺度上探索水环境中微塑料表面微生物群落的定殖规律及其生态效应。此外,鉴于微塑料表面存在降解菌,需进一步明确定殖在微塑料表面的微生物参与微塑料降解的效率及其机制,可为了解微塑料在水环境中的归宿问题提供科学依据。     

云南玉溪烟区轮作与连作土壤细菌群落多样性比较研究

为评价云南玉溪烟区轮作和连作对土壤细菌群落多样性影响,从土壤中直接提取土壤细菌总DNA,用细菌16S rDNA特异性引物进行PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE),每个处理样品3次重复,在DGGE图谱中相似性较高,基本聚在一起,从整体证明了试验操作方法较为精确.从泳道分析图可知,轮作土壤细菌群落各泳道条带数量13～29条不等,平均为21条.连作土壤细菌群落各泳道条带数量从4～20条不等,平均为12条.从每条泳道的条带数方面和光密度值分别进行细菌群落多样性各指标的比较,结果表明,轮作处理细菌群落丰富度指数均大于连作处理,轮作香农-威纳和辛普森指数(1/D)均大于连作,表明轮作微生物多样性较连作高,轮作方式可以提高植烟土壤细菌群落的多样性.     

骨炭、过磷酸钙对稀土矿区停耕稻田土壤细菌群落的影响

磷是农作物生长和高产必不可少的元素，细菌是揭示土壤生态环境演变的重要指示剂。运用盆栽实验探讨骨炭、过磷酸钙对稀土矿区土壤细菌群落的影响。研究表明，含磷材料对稀土矿区停耕土壤细菌群落的影响与P含量、pH、稀土元素离子浓度，时间、温度等因素相关。过磷酸钙添加40 d后、骨炭添加80 d后，稀土矿区停耕稻田土壤细菌群落Chao、Ace指数均有升高，土壤细菌群落多样性增大；pH是影响细菌群落结构和功能的关键因子，酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)与pH显著负相关，疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)与pH显著正相关；骨炭、过磷酸钙中的P促进变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的生长，无论是40 d,还是80 d时，骨炭处理与过磷酸钙处理的土壤变形菌门(Proteobacteria)所占比例均大于对照处理；骨炭、过磷酸钙中的磷酸根离子与土壤中的稀土元素反应形成磷酸稀土沉淀，减少了溶液中的稀土元素浓度，导致骨炭、过磷酸钙处理的土壤柯氏假丝酵母菌(Candidatus＿koribacter)丰度低于对照处理；土壤细菌群落结构受时间、温度等因素的影响，骨炭、过磷酸钙、对照处理40～80 d时，随着时间、温度的变化，疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)丰度发生了显著变化。研究表明，骨炭、过磷酸钙对稀土矿区停耕稻田均有一定的修复效果。     

基于16S rDNA-DGGE和FDC技术对富营养化湖泊不同生态修复工程区细菌群落结构的研究

于2005年10月在太湖梅梁湾水体生态修复工程区中采集不同生物净化区水样,直接提取水样中的总DNA,以细菌16SrDNA通用引物进行V3区PCR扩增,PCR产物经DGGE(变性凝胶梯度电泳)分离后,获得水体细菌群落的16S rDNA指纹图谱;并运用FDC(表面荧光直接计数)方法对不同生物净化区的细菌丰度进行了测定.结果表明,随着净化处理程度的增加,细菌群落多样性呈现上升趋势,DGGE条带从未实施生态修复的梅梁湾中的13条上升到沉水植物恢复区的25条;细菌数量的变化则呈现显著下降趋势,由工程区外围(重富营养区)的5.36×106cells/mL下降到生态修复区的2.06×106cells/mL.生态修复工程的实施改善了水体的生境条件,提高了水体的自净能力,促进了细菌多样性的恢复.图6表1参40     

不同培养温度对大曲微生物群落结构、酶活及挥发性化合物的影响

为分析不同发酵温度对大曲品质的影响,以同一批制曲原料进行中温和高温发酵,将两类成品大曲作为研究对象,全面比较微生物群落结构、酶活及挥发性化合物差异.利用高通量测序技术测定大曲细菌和真菌群落结构,并利用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)测定大曲挥发性化合物.结果表明,发酵温度对大曲细菌群落影响...     

用ERIC-PCR技术分析炼油废水生物强化处理菌剂及其抗负荷冲击能力

运用ERIC-PCR技术,分析研究了炼油废水处理菌剂的组成,以及炼油废水处理系统在受到高负荷冲击时,投加高效炼油废水处理菌剂的生物强化系统和对照系统中污泥微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,投加高效菌剂的处理系统抗高负荷冲击和恢复系统稳定的能力明显高于对照系统;并且,投加高效菌剂的处理系统在受到高负荷冲击时污泥微生物群落结构变化甚微,在短时间内污泥微生物群落结构即能够恢复正常.图5表2参14     

黄土高原土壤中细菌群落结构多样性的PCR-DGGE分析

利用细菌通用引物,对从黄土高原5个地区土壤样品以及西峰剖面26个土壤样品中提取的总DNA进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对PCR产物进行分析,以揭示黄土高原土壤中细菌群落结构的多样性.针对黄土高原土壤微生物特点进行DGGE试验条件优化,获得最佳变性梯度为40%～70%,最佳电泳时间为17 h(100 V).对不同深度土壤细菌DGGE图谱的聚类分析表明,不同深度土壤细菌呈现2种不同的群落结构,推测其成因可能与季风性气候引起的温湿环境变化及冰期有关.在夏季风加强而冬季风减弱的时期,气候温暖潮湿,风化成壤作用强烈,在DGGE图谱中表现为土壤样品条带多而密;反之,风化成壤作用较弱,在DGGE图谱中表现为条带少而疏.对洛川、西峰等5个地区土壤细菌Shannon-Weiner指数的测定结果表明,Shannon-Weiner指数受条带亮度及迁移率的影响.     

城市污水厂（A／O工艺）微生物群落结构及其动态变化

为了研究城市污水厂(A/O工艺)活性污泥中微生物群落结构及其动态变化,分别在运行不同时期从曝气池中提取活性污泥,通过细胞裂解直接提取活性污泥中的细菌基因组DNA,以细菌16S rDNA通用引物F357/R518,对活性污泥中提取的细菌基因组进行扩增,长约230 bp的扩增产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分离,获得微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱.结果显示,城市污水厂(A/O工艺)活性污泥中的微生物群落非常丰富,在不同时期存在一些各自的特有种属和共有种属,细菌群落结构的演替与系统负荷存在一定的相关性.整体来说,微生物群落演替不明显,微生物群落相似性较高,群落结构较为稳定.     

磺胺甲恶唑胁迫对2种微塑料上细菌群落和抗性基因影响的初步研究

微塑料异质性生物膜成为抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)传播扩散的潜在汇。抗生素胁迫浓度以及微塑料种类对其生物膜上ARGs时间动态演化特征的影响目前尚不明确。本研究以聚乙烯和聚苯乙烯作为代表性的微塑料,研究低(10μg·L^-1)、中(100μg·L^-1)、高浓度(1 000μg·L^-1)磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole, SMX)胁迫下,微塑料生物膜上磺胺类抗性基因(sul1和sul2)、Ⅰ类整合子整合酶基因(intI1)和细菌群落的动态演化特征及其关联性。结果表明,2种不同微塑料上ARGs相对丰度无显著差异,但SMX胁迫作用明显提高ARGs丰度并促进ARGs的传播扩散,尤其是高浓度SMX具有最显著的胁迫作用;高浓度SMX胁迫下ARGs具有明显的时间序列演化特征,中浓度胁迫下ARGs无明显变化,低浓度胁迫仅在第60天对ARGs具有明显的促进作用;2种微塑料生物膜上细菌群落组成结构具有差异性特征,然而与ARGs强关联性的细菌在门水平无显著性差异。尽管2种微塑料上...     

烟区轮作与连作土壤细菌群落多样性比较

采用从土壤中直接提取土壤细菌总DNA,并用细菌16SrDNA特异性引物进行PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）的方法,对比研究了贵州福泉烟区轮作和连作对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响,每个处理样品3次重复在DGGE图谱中相似性较高,基本聚在一起,从整体证明了试验操作方法较为精确。由DGGE图谱可知,轮作土壤微生物条带数量15-31条不等,平均为23条。连作土壤微生物条带数量从7-25条不等,平均为18条。分别从每条泳道的条带数和光密度值两方面,对细菌群落多样性指标进行了比较。结果表明,轮作处理细菌群落丰富度指数均大于连作处理,轮作Shannon-wiener和辛普森指数（1/D）均大于连作,表明轮作微生物多样性较连作高,轮作方式可以提高植烟土壤细菌群落的多样性。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).