铁炭复配修复地下水中NO_3~--N的条件研究

采用了铁炭复配修复地下水中NO3--N,探讨了实验条件对修复效果的影响。结果表明,在pH值近中性条件(初始pH 6.42)下,反应时间为1 h时NO3--N修复率达到60.85%;Fe/C=1∶1时介质最佳用量分别为4~5 g;Fe/C=1/1.5时修复率为72.80%;反应速率在高振荡强度下大于低振荡强度;氧化铜的催化效果最好,可使修复率提高7.5个百分点。铁炭复配介质修复地下水中NO3--N是有效可行的,修复率随反应时间的增加而提高,在Fe/C=1∶1时修复率与介质用量呈正相关,无限减小Fe/C比并不能无限提高修复率,振荡强度对修复具有显著影响,低振荡强度下的修复过程较高强度存在滞后现象,并非所有金属氧化物催化剂对铁炭修复NO3--N均有促进作用。     

复配介质去除地下水中腐殖酸

以模拟地下水为研究对象,进行了复配介质去除地下水中腐殖酸的实验研究。探讨了配比、粒径、固液比、pH和温度对腐殖酸去除效果的影响。腐殖酸的浓度通过紫外分光光度法测定。结果表明:在不加活性炭的条件下,H物质∶X物质∶Q物质=1∶8∶8时,其硬度较好;在初始pH=6.34、反应时间为4 h时,去除率可达到95%以上;当反应时间≤1 h时,去除率随粒径增大而减小,而当反应时间为2～6 h时,小粒径和中等粒径复配介质对腐殖酸去除率略高于大粒径;一定浓度范围内,腐殖酸的去除率与固液比呈正相关,但固液比增大时,并不能无限提高去除率,当固液比为1∶200～1∶50时,去除率呈现平台;pH对复配介质去除效果影响不大,而温度对腐殖酸的去除有显著影响,较低温度(16.8℃)下的去除率比较高温度(35.0℃)下的去除率高5%。该复配介质去除地下水中腐殖酸是有效可行的,可作为PRB(permeable reactive barrier,渗透反应格栅)的潜在反应介质。     

铁炭微电解工艺处理采油废水的研究

随着采油废水产生量的逐渐增大以及排放标准的日益严格,寻找一种经济、高效的处理方法显得十分必要。采用铁炭微电解技术对冀东油田采油废水进行了处理。考察了铁屑粒径、pH值、Fe/C质量比和反应时间对COD去除率的影响并设计了正交实验,结果表明,影响微电解工艺的因素主次关系为:pH>Fe/C质量比>反应时间,在最佳条件pH=5,Fe/C质量比为7∶1,反应时间50 min下,原水COD由170 mg/L降至95.6 mg/L,去除率达43.85%,出水满足国家二级排放标准。     

铁炭微电解-H2O2法降解二甲基甲酰胺废水

采用铁炭微电解-H2O2法降解二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)废水,探讨了反应时间、pH、铁炭质量比(简写为Fe/C)以及H2O2投加量对DMF去除率的影响.结果表明:(1)当反应时间为60 min、pH为3、Fe/C为3:1时,DMF去除率为73.4％.(2)向反应体系中投加H2O2,DMF去除率明显提高.当H2O2投放量为0.20 mL/L时,DMF去除率达到95.2％.     

铁炭微电解-MAP沉淀法联合预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用铁炭微电解-磷酸氨镁(MAP)沉淀法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,实验结果表明,铁炭比为5∶1,pH值为3,反应时间为3 h时,铁炭微电解的COD的去除率为47.5%;在投加药剂n(Mg2+)∶n(PO43-)∶n(NH4+)为1.4∶1∶1,pH值为9,反应时间为1 h的条件下,垃圾渗滤液氨氮去除率达到79.7%。     

Box-Behnken响应曲面优化铁炭微电解降解结晶紫

在单因素实验的基础上,以结晶紫脱色率为评价指标,铁炭比、反应时间与曝气量为考察因素,采用Box-Be-hnken响应曲面法优化铁炭微电解降解结晶紫的工艺条件,同时得出相应的数学模型。实验表明,在结晶紫初始浓度为100mg/L和体积为300 mL,pH为3,反应时间为80 min,铁屑的投加量为20 g,铁炭质量比为2∶1,曝气量为20 L/h的条件下,铁炭微电解对结晶紫的脱色率可达到89.6%。通过Box-Behnken响应曲面可知,铁炭比、反应时间、曝气量以及铁炭比和反应时间的交互作用对结晶紫的脱色率均有显著影响,其中曝气量对脱色率的影响尤为显著;回归模型决定系数R2=0.9067,P=0.039,表明此模型拟合程度良好,且模型显著。铁炭微电解降解结晶紫最佳的工艺条件为:铁炭比为2.4∶1,反应时间为84 min、曝气量为40 L/h,脱色率为93.25%,回归模型的预测值与测定值偏差率为2.26%。     

Fe/C微电解-Fenton氧化-混凝沉淀-生化法处理染料母液废水

采用Fe/C微电解-Fenton氧化-混凝沉淀-生物接触氧化法处理强酸性染料生产母液废水。结果表明,组合工艺对该强酸性母液废水具有理想的处理效果。在铁炭处理单元,当铁炭比为2.5∶1,曝气量为90 L/h,HRT=80 min时,单级色度和COD去除率分别为77.2%和48.7%,BOD5/COD升高至0.30;Fenton氧化处理单元,当30%H2O2投加量为3 mL/L,pH=3.5,HRT=80 min时,单级色度和COD去除率分别为83.6%和77.4%,BOD5/COD升高至0.48。再经过混凝沉淀和生物接触氧化处理后,废水的色度和COD总去除率可分别高于99.8%和99.2%。     

Fe/Cu/C微电解深度处理钻井废水

以某油井钻井废水经高效混凝+吸附过滤处理后的出水为研究对象,采用Fe/Cu/C微电解对钻井废水进行深度处理研究。结果表明,Fe/Cu/C微电解的最佳工艺条件为:Fe/Cu/C质量比为7∶3∶10,Fe/Cu/C投加量为1 000 g/L,pH为3.0,气水比为54∶1,反应时间为180 min;Fe/Cu/C微电解对钻井废水深度处理的效能十分显著,在最佳工艺条件下,废水COD质量浓度由428.63 mg/L降至98.32 mg/L,COD去除率达到77.06%。     

Fe/C微电解 絮凝沉淀法处理电镀废水中铜的研究

利用Fe/C微电解-絮凝沉淀法去除青岛某电子有限公司电镀废水中Cu2+。通过正交与单因素实验,考察了废水初始pH,Fe/C,Fe投加量,反应时间对Cu2+处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:在初始pH=4、Fe/C(质量)=2/1、Fe投加量=60 g/L、反应时间=60 min的实验条件下,絮凝出水Cu2+含量由641.78 mg/L降至0.32 mg/L,还原率高达99.95%,同时COD去除率23.57%。出水Cu2+含量达到山东省半岛流域水污染物综合排放Ⅰ级标准。     

铁碳微电解预处理强酸高盐印染中间体废水

针对某工业园区混合类化工废水高色度、强酸性、高盐分和难降解且成分复杂的特点,采用以铁碳微电解技术对该混合类化工废水进行预处理。通过正交实验分析得出各因素对微电解出水处理效果的影响程度顺序分别为:铁炭形式搅拌强度反应时间。正交实验和单因素实验的结果表明,微电解实验水平中的最佳运行条件为:铁炭形式为铁炭混合填料、搅拌强度为350 r/min、反应时间为6 h、铁炭比为3∶1、铁炭总投加量为192 g/L。在优化的运行条件下,出水的色度和COD的去除率分别达到36.0%和22.9%。同时,废水的可生化性也有很大提高,B/C提高了44.4%。     

Fe/C微电解和Fenton氧化联合处理印刷电路板废水

研究了Fe/C微电解和Fenton氧化处理印刷电路板废水的最佳条件和联合工艺的处理效果。结果表明,Fe/C微电解最佳工艺条件为：pH=2,Fe/C质量比为2∶1,投加药剂量为30 g/L,停留时间为30 min;Fenton氧化最佳工艺条件为：pH=3,H2O2投加量为6 mL/L,停留时间为2 h。将2种方法联用并进行中试实验,结果表明,对原水的COD去除率可达80%,而且Fenton反应可利用微电解产生的Fe2＋,节约成本,运行稳定,效果良好。     

Catalytic amination and dechlorination of para-nitrochlorobenzene (p-NCB) in water over palladium-iron bimetallic catalyst

Chemical treatment of para-nitrochlorobenzene (p-NCB) by palladium/iron (Pd/Fe) bimetallic particles represents one of the latest innovative technologies for the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. The amination and dechlorination reaction is believed to take place predominantly on the surface site of the Pd/Fe catalysts. The p-NCB was first transformed to p-chloroaniline (p-CAN) then quickly reduced to aniline. 100% of p-NCB was removed in 30 min when bimetallic Pd/Fe particles with 0.03% Pd at the Pd/Fe mass concentration of 3g 75 ml(-1) were used. The p-NCB removal efficiency and the subsequent dechlorination rate increased with the increase of bulk loading of palladium and Pd/Fe. As expected, p-NCB removal efficiency increased with temperature as well. In particular, the removal efficiency of p-NCB was measured to be 67%, 79%, 80%, 90% and 100% for reaction temperature 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 degrees C, respectively. Our results show that no other intermediates were generated besides Cl(-), p-CAN and aniline during the catalytic amination and dechlorination of p-NCB.     

Effects of various ions on the dechlorination kinetics of hexachlorobenzene by nanoscale zero-valent iron

The effect of several anions and cations normally co-present in soil and groundwater contamination sites on the degradation kinetics and removal efficiency of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles was examined. The degradation kinetics was not influenced by the HCO(3)(-), Mg(2+), and Na(+) ions. It was enhanced in the presence of the Cl(-) and SO(4)(2-) ions due to their corrosion promotion. The NO(3)(-) competes with HCB so it inhibits the degradation reaction. The Fe(2+) ions would inhibit the degradation reaction due to passivation layer formed, while it was enhanced in the presence of Cu(2+) ions resulted from the reduced form of copper on NZVI surfaces. These observations lead to a better understanding of HCB dechlorination with NZVI particles and can facilitate the remediation design and prediction of treatment efficiency of HCB at remediation sites.     

Investigation of gas production and entrapment in granular iron medium

A method for measuring gas entrapment in granular iron (Fe0) was developed and used to estimate the impact of gas production on porosity loss during the treatment of a high NO3- groundwater (up to approximately 10 mM). Over the 400-d study period the trapped gas in laboratory columns was small, with a maximum measured at 1.3% pore volume. Low levels of dissolved H2(g) were measured (up to 0.07+/-0.02 M). Free moving gas bubbles were not observed. Thus, porosity loss, which was determined by tracer tests to be 25-30%, is not accounted for by residual gas trapped in the iron. The removal of aqueous species (i.e., NO3-, Ca, and carbonate alkalinity) indicates that mineral precipitation contributed more significantly to porosity loss than did the trapped gases. Using the stoichiometric reactions between Fe0 and NO3-, an average corrosion rate of 1.7 mmol kg-1 d-1 was derived for the test granular iron. This rate is 10 times greater than Fe0 oxidation by H2O alone, based on H2 gas production. NO3- ion rather than H2O was the major oxidant in the groundwater in the absence of molecular O2. The N-mass balance [e.g., N2g and NH4+ and NO3-] suggests that abiotic reduction of NO3- dominated at the start of Fe0 treatment, whereas N2 production became more important once the microbial activity began. These laboratory results closely predict N2 gas production in a separated large column experiment that was operated for approximately 2 yr in the field, where a maximum of approximately 600 ml d-1 gas volumes was detected, of which 99.5% (v/v) was N2. We conclude that NO3- suppressed the production of H2(g) by competing with water for Fe0 oxidation, especially at the beginning of water treatment when Fe0 is highly reactive. Depends on the groundwater composition, gas venting may be necessary in maintaining PRB performance in the field.     

Removal of added nitrate in the single, binary, and ternary systems of cotton burr compost, zerovalent iron, and sediment: Implications for groundwater nitrate remediation using permeable reactive barriers

Recent research has shown that carbonaceous solid materials and zerovalent iron (Fe(0)) may potentially be used as media in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) to degrade groundwater nitrate via heterotrophic denitrification in the solid carbon system, and via abiotic reduction and autotrophic denitrification in the Fe(0) system. Questions arise as whether the more expensive Fe(0) is more effective than the less expensive carbonaceous solid materials for groundwater nitrate remediation, and whether there is any synergistic effect of mixing the two different types of materials. We carried out batch tests to study the nature and rates of removal of added nitrate in the suspensions of single, binary, and ternary systems of cotton burr compost, Peerless Fe(0), and a sediment low in organic carbon. Cotton burr compost acted as both organic carbon source and supporting material for the growth of indigenous denitrifiers. Batch tests showed that cotton burr compost alone removed added nitrate at a greater rate than did Peerless Fe(0) alone on an equal mass basis with a pseudo-first-order rate constant k=0.0830+/-0.0031 h(-1) for cotton burr compost and a k=0.00223+/-0.00022 h(-1) for Peerless Fe(0); cotton burr compost also removed added nitrate at a faster rate than did cotton burr compost mixed with Peerless Fe(0) and/or the sediment. Furthermore, there was no substantial accumulation of ammonium ions in the cotton burr compost system, in contrast to the systems containing Peerless Fe(0) in which ammonium ions persisted as major products of nitrate reduction. It is concluded that cotton burr compost alone may be used as an excellent denitrification medium in a PRB for groundwater nitrate removal. Further study is needed to evaluate performance of its field applications.     

Sorption of triazoles to soil and iron minerals

Triazoles, additives in runway de-icers, are found in soil and groundwater at airport sites. To better understand the fate and transport of benzotriazole (BTA) and methylbenzotriazole (MeBTA) and to assess possible remediation options of contaminated groundwater, sorption to various soils and ferrous sorbents has been studied. In batch experiments, limited non-linear sorption of BTA to mineral subsoil from the Oslo International Airport, Gardermoen was observed. The sorption to soil could be described using a Freundlich isotherm. pH affected sorption of BTA to subsoil, although the effect was not strong. Increased sorption was observed to zerovalent iron (Fe(0)). MeBTA showed similar sorption behaviour as BTA although the sorption coefficient was generally higher. Sorption to Fe(0) seems to be controlled by multi-layer coverage. Our data suggest that sorption of triazoles to Fe(2)O(3) is negligible. However BTA sorption to 2-line and 6-line ferrihydrites showed strong sorption. The results demonstrate that triazoles are highly mobile in the subsurface environment, however zerovalent iron can be an effective medium for groundwater remediation. Without remediation, wide distribution of triazoles in the environment can be expected due to its extensive application and limited degradability.     

High-level arsenite removal from groundwater by zero-valent iron

The objectives of this study were to conduct batch and column studies to (i) assess the effectiveness of zero-valent iron for arsenic remediation in groundwater, (ii) determine removal mechanisms of arsenic, and (iii) evaluate implications of these processes with regard to the stability of arsenic and long-term remedial performance of the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology. A high concentration arsenic solution (50 mg l(-1)) was prepared by using sodium arsenite (arsenic (III)) to simulate groundwater at a heavily contaminated Superfund site in the USA. Batch studies indicate that the removal of arsenic is a two-step reaction with fast initial disappearance of arsenite followed by a slow subsequent removal process. Flow-through columns were conducted at a flow rate of 17 ml h(-1) under reducing conditions for 6.6 mo. Kinetic analysis suggested that arsenic removal behaves as a zero-order reaction at high arsenic concentrations. Arsenic removal rate constants decreased with time and arsenic breakthrough was observed in the column study. Arsenic removal capacity of zero-valent iron was determined to be approximately 7.5 mg As/g Fe. Carbonate green rust was identified from the analysis of surface precipitates; arsenite uptake by green rust may be a major mechanism responsible for arsenic remediation by zero-valent iron. Analysis of HCl-extractable arsenic from iron samples indicated that approximately 28% of arsenic was in the form of arsenate suggesting that a surface oxidation process was involved in the arsenic removal with zero-valent iron.     

内电解法处理含N,N-二甲基乙酰胺工业废水

用内电解法处理含N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)工业废水,研究pH、Fe∶C(体积比)、活性炭粒径和水力停留时间(HRT)等对该废水处理效果的影响,并确定最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明:在进水浓度维持在50 mg/L左右,最佳的工艺参数pH、Fe∶C和HRT分别为3.0、1∶1和60 min时,DMAC去除率高达到95%,处理水DMAC浓度小于5 mg/L。处理后废水的可生化性有明显的改善,BOD5/COD由0.21提高至0.66;而DMAC的去除基本符合二级动力学规律。