Benzo[b]fluoranthene,a Potential Alternative to Benzo[a]pyrene as an Indicator of Exposure to Airborne PAHs in the Vicinity of Söderberg Aluminum Smelters

ABSTRACT

Benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F) was used in relative abundance ratios (RARs), a parameter obtained by dividing the concentration of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in a given sample by the concentration of B[b]F in the same sample. The B[b]F RARs were derived for PAH concentrations measured at stacks and sampling stations in the vicinity of two Söderberg aluminum horizontal stud smelters (HSSs). The samples collected were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography using UV and fluorescence detection. A total of 15 PAHs were analyzed, but, due to the inefficiency of the sampling method used in collecting gaseous PAHs, only particulate PAHs were considered. Comparisons between the B[b]F RARs obtained simultaneously at the source (stack) and those obtained at sampling stations at the two smelters showed that B[b]F degrades more slowly than or at the same rate as most other particulate PAHs monitored. Twenty-three months of urban sampling in the vicinity of one of the aluminum HSSs are also presented, and the results indicate that B[b]F is more stable than all other particulate PAHs investigated. Sampling conducted during a smelter shutdown period confirmed that B[b]F was a much better marker of this source than was benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), the usual indicator. The remarkable stability of the benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F)/B[b]F ratio is also discussed.     

Use of benzo[a]pyrene relative abundance ratios to assess exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient atmosphere in the vicinity of a Söderberg aluminum smelter

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) relative abundance ratios (RARs) to assess exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban atmospheric air in the vicinity of a horizontal stud S?derberg aluminum reduction facility. The B[a]P RARs refer to the concentration of individual PAHs measured in a given sample divided by the concentration of B[a]P found in the same sample. This study compared the B[a]P RARs calculated for the facility stack and three sites near the S?derberg aluminum smelter for three different sampling periods. Interperiod differences were significant for many of the PAHs, and the differences between the stations proved insignificant at p < 0.05. The differences between each individual station and the facility stack were significant for all PAHs. B[a]P RARs increased in value at the stations compared with the stack, indicating that B[a]P may be degraded or removed from the atmosphere at a rate greater than that of the majority of the measured PAHs. It is concluded that B[a]P and B[a]P RARs may be poor markers of exposure to PAHs in the vicinity of this S?derberg aluminum refinery for the entire mixture of PAHs present in the ambient atmosphere.     

An oxygenated metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene increases hepatic β-oxidation of fatty acids in chick embryos

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-known carcinogens to humans and ecotoxicological effects have been shown in several studies. However, PAHs can also be oxidized into more water soluble-oxygenated metabolites (Oxy-PAHs). The first purpose of the present project was to (1) assess the effects of a mixture containing three parent PAHs: anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene versus a mixture of their oxygenated metabolites, namely: anthracene-9,10-dione, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, and 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene-7-(8H)-one on the hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation in chicken embryos (Gallus gallus domesticus) exposed in ovo. The second and also main purpose of the project was to (2) assess the effects of the parent PAHs versus their oxy-PAHs analogues when injected individually, followed by (3) additional testing of the individual oxy-PAHs. The hepatic β-oxidation was measured using a tritium release assay with [9,10-³H]-palmitic acid (16:0) as substrate. The result from the first part (1) showed reduced hepatic β-oxidation after exposure in ovo to a mixture of three PAHs, however, increased after exposure to the mixture of three oxy-PAHs compared to control. The result from the second part (2) and also the follow-up experiment (3) showed that 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene-7-(8H)-one was the causative oxy-PAH. The implication of this finding on the risk assessment of PAH metabolite exposure in avian wildlife remains to be determined. To the best of our knowledge, no similar studies have been reported.     

土壤中苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a，h]蒽的快速测定及其降解特性研究

建立了加速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测(ASE-HPLC-PAD)快速测定土壤中苯并[a]芘(BaP)和二苯并[a.h]葸(DBA)的方法.通过提取剂、提取方法的优化,检测波长(BaP、DBA的λmax分别为294.6、295.8 nm)的选择,减少了干扰物的影响,提高了检测灵敏度.土壤中添加BaP、DBA的质量浓度均为0.02～0.50 mg/kg时,其平均回收率均为77.26%～109.56%,相对标准偏差为0.60%～2.74%;土壤中BaP、DBA的最小检测质量浓度分别为2.15、1.10μg/kg.将ASE-HPLC-PAD方法应用于污染场地土壤中BaP与DBA的测定及其降解特性研究表明,BaP与DBA的降解半衰期分别达210、693 d.     

浅谈环境容量资源之配置[Ⅰ]

1环境容量的资源观1．1环境容量的概念自然资源可分为实物资源和环境资源两大类，在实物资源中，包括土壤资源、生物资源、水资源、矿产资源，而其中又可进一步细分，如生物资源可细分为森林、草原、野生动植物、海洋鱼类等。在环境资源中包括：环境容量资源、景观资源、生态平衡自调节资源、气候资源等；环境容量资源属非实物态的自然资源。环境容量是在人类生存和自然生态不致受害的前提下，某一环境所能容纳的污染物的最大负荷量。一般而言，自然界对外界侵入物（污染物）具有某种能使之无害的净化能力。自然界的这种净化能力是有一定限…     

Gene expression of heat shock protein 70, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α as tools to identify immunotoxic effects on Xenopus laevis: a dose-response study with benzo[a]pyrene and its degradation products

The exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) results in an alteration of immune function in mammals and fish, and the analysis of cytokine mRNA levels has been suggested for predicting the immunomodulatory potential of chemicals. To obtain evidence of the innate immune responses to B[a]P in Xenopus laevis, the present study monitored the mRNA expression of interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in a laboratorial exposure. Tadpoles exposed to 8.36, 14.64, 89.06 and 309.47 μg/L of B[a]P,were used for detecting hsp70, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA induction. A dose-response increase in the expression of hsp70 and IL-1β mRNA was found. The results of this study confirmed the use of hsp70 and IL-1β, but not TNF-α, as sensitive indicators of immunotoxic effect of B[a]P in X. laevis. Further research would be required for the validation of these endpoints.     

芘和苯并[a]芘复合污染土壤中的环糊精-微生物连续修复

人为制作芘(Pyr)和苯并[a]芘(Ba P)浓度分别为200 mg·kg~(-1)、100 mg·kg~(-1)的污染土样,通过羟丙基-β-环糊精(HPCD)和芘的降解菌,研究土壤中Pyr和Ba P的修复效果及对微生物群落结构的变化。通过添加10%(w/w)HPCD和5%(v/w)降解菌修复人为污染的土壤,研究发现添加HPCD和降解菌对两种多环芳烃的降解均有促进作用,且同时添加的效果依次强于单独添加HPCD、单独添加降解菌。培养14周后,和对照相比,所有处理的土样中3种酶(脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶以及荧光素二乙酸酯酶)活性均增强,且HPCD+降解菌处理效果使酶活性增强最为显著,与样品的降解效果趋势相似。通过对土壤中2种多环芳烃进行Tenax TA 6 h提取来表征生物有效性,得出土壤中Pyr的生物有效性依次为HPCD处理(M)对照处理(CK)(HPCD+降解菌)处理(MB)■降解菌处理(CKB);即HPCD可以显著增强土壤中Pyr的生物有效性,MB和CKB对土壤中Pyr的生物有效性具有减弱作用,且CKB处理的减弱效果最明显;Ba P的生物有效性依次为HPCD处理(M)■(HPCD+降解菌)处理(MB)对照处理(CK)降解菌处理(CKB);即不仅HPCD对土壤中Ba P的生物有效性增强作用,MB对Ba P的生物有效性也具有增强作用,而且CKB对土壤中Ba P的生物有效性同样具有减弱作用。高通量测序表明,培养10周后,M、MB、CK和CKB 4种样品的土壤细菌组成相似。外接种菌液会提高土壤中的细菌多样性,环糊精的添加会降低土样的细菌多样性,两者都会改变土壤的细菌群落结构。     

“Modern agriculture” transfers many pesticides to watercourses: a case study of a representative rural catchment of southern Brazil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The total cultivated area in Brazil reached to 62 million ha in 2018, with the predominance of genetically modified soybean and corn (36 and 17...     

表面活性剂对Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9降解苯并[a]芘的影响

研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100（TX-100）和Tween80（TW-80）对苯并[a]芘的增溶特性及对苯并[a]芘高效降解菌Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9生长的影响,结果表明,2种表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘均有良好的增溶效果,均能作为碳源和能源被菌株Bap9所利用,TX-100增溶能力和增殖能力相对更强;不同浓度的TX-100对菌株降解苯并[a]芘的影响不同,当浓度为1 000 mg/L时,对降解的促进作用最强,可将苯并[a]芘降解率提高20.8%;在苯并[a]芘降解过程中,TX-100亦能作为碳源被菌株Bap9利用,不产生二次污染,因此可用于苯并[a]芘污染环境的生物修复。     

基于AERSCREEN模式的山西省焦化企业苯并[a]芘防护距离估算及影响分析

以2012年山西省焦化企业为研究对象,采用AERSCREEN模式估算了249个焦化企业的苯并[a]芘(BAP)防护距离,并结合舆情数据分析了焦化企业BAP排放对周边人群的影响。结果显示,山西省11个地级市都有焦化企业分布,主要集中在中部和西南部地区,其中运城市焦化企业数最多、吕梁市BAP年排放量最大、太原市舆情条数最多。山西省土地总面积为15.98万km~2,其中焦化企业BAP防护距离内面积为1.79万km~2,占比为11.20%,其中太原市、临汾市、长治市、晋中市和吕梁市5个地级市的BAP防护距离内面积占比超过平均水平。舆情点位及条数不仅与本地焦化企业(包括BAP年排放量和BAP防护距离)分布有关,而且还与人群的环保意识以及周边地区的焦化企业(包括BAP年排放量和BAP防护距离)分布有关。此外,还对结果的不确定性进行了讨论。     

表面活性剂对Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9 降解苯并[a]芘的影响

研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX-100)和Tween80(TW-80)对苯并[a]芘的增溶特性及对苯并[a]芘高效降解菌Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9生长的影响,结果表明,2种表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘均有良好的增溶效果,均能作为碳源和能源被菌株Bap9所利用,TX-100增溶能力和增殖能力相对更强;不同浓度的TX-100对菌株降解苯并[a]芘的影响不同,当浓度为1 000 mg/L时,对降解的促进作用最强,可将苯并[a]芘降解率提高20.8%;在苯并[a]芘降解过程中,TX-100亦能作为碳源被菌株Bap9利用,不产生二次污染,因此可用于苯并[a]芘污染环境的生物修复。     

(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate: a supernormal stimulus of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] sex pheromone behavior

Males discriminate between the single most important individual component of the sex pheromone of the female cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac), and a mixture containing Z7-12:Ac and the other five putative components. The manifestation of discrimination is not an enhancement of captures by the mixture, rather, it is a reduction of captures in a paired trap baited with Z7-12:Ac by itself. Previous experiments showed that either or both of (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14:Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac) were responsible for this discrimination. This report provides evidence that Z7-14:Ac is more active than Z9-14:Ac, which appears to have no demonstrable effect on behavior. The results are discussed with reference to the behavior that is effected by the above three components, the composition of the native sex pheromone, and whether or not Z7-12:Ac might be a supernormal releaser of behavior.     

Response of microcystis to copper stress: do phenotypes of microcystis make a difference in stress tolerance?

To elucidate the role of phenotype in stress-tolerant bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis, two phenotypes of M. aeruginosa - unicellular and colonial strains were selected to investigate how they responded to copper stress. Flow cytometry (FCM) examination indicated that the percents of viable cells in unicellular and colonial Microcystis were 1.92-2.83% and 72.3-97.51%, respectively, under 0.25 mgl(-1) copper sulfate treatment for 24h. Upon exposure to 0.25 mgl(-1) copper sulfate, the activities of antioxidative enzyme, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were significantly increased in colonial Microcystis compared to unicellular Microcystis. Meanwhile, the values of the photosynthetic parameters (F(v)/F(m), ETR(max), and oxygen evolution rate) decreased more rapidly in unicellular Microcystis than in colonial Microcystis. The results indicate that colonial Microcystis has a higher endurance to copper than unicellular Microcystis. This suggests that the efficient treatment concentration of copper sulfate as algaecides will be dependent on the phenotypes of Microcystis.