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The Precautionary Principle has emerged in response to the need for an effective method for dealing with risks and uncertainties in environmental management. In essence, the Principle requires action to prevent serious and irreversible damage even before harm can be scientifically demonstrated or economically assessed. Proponents argue that the Principle should be applied in situations where both the probability and value of irreversible damage are unknown. The lack of these particular data prevent a full cost–benefit analysis, but permit application of the Principle through the defensive-expenditure approach. How much would the community be required to pay to fund alternatives to maintain the environment and so defend existing levels of utility? Through the application of risk analysis and the stochastic dominance technique, a range of options and outcomes can be examined incorporating the using available information within a framework consistent with economic rationality. An extended risk simulation is applied to an environmental issue where there is a risk of serious and irreversible damage to the environment, namely, protection of the Barmah-Millewa forest-wetland in Australia. 相似文献
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微生物传感器技术原理及其在水环境监测中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
微生物传感器技术产生于70年代,并且,已在水环境监测中得到应用,例如,BOD、NH3、NH4^+、NO2^-、NO3^-等项目分析;毒物测定和毒性评价;致突变物的筛选等。实践证明,该项技术具有快速、灵敏、易于自动控制、成本低廉等优点;可以相信,它必定会越来越多的应用于环境监测。 相似文献
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Tiziano Gomiero Maurizio G. Paoletti David Pimentel 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(5):403-434
Biofuels have lately been indicated as a promising source of cheap and sustainable energy. In this paper we argue that some
important ethical and environmental issues have also to be addressed: (1) the conflict between biofuels production and global
food security, particularly in developing countries, and (2) the limits of the Human Appropriation of ecosystem services and
Net Primary Productivity. We warn that large scale conversion of crops, grasslands, natural and semi-natural ecosystem, (such
as the conversion of grasslands to cellulosic ethanol production, or plantation of sugar cane and palm oil), may have detrimental
social and ecological consequences. Social effects may concern: (1) food security, especially in developing countries, leading
to an increase of the price of staple food, (2) transnational corporations and big landowners establishing larger and larger
landholdings in conflict with indigenous areas and the subsistence of small farmers. Ecological effects may concern: (1) competition
with grazing wild and domesticated animals (e.g., millions of grazing livestock in USA prairies), (2) an excessive appropriation
of Net Primary Production from ecosystems, (3) threatening biodiversity preservation and soil fertility. We claim that is
it well known how ecological and social issues are strictly interwoven and that large scale biofuels production, by putting
high pressure on both fronts, may trigger dangerous feedbacks, also considering the critical fact that 9 billion people are
expected to inhabit the planet by 2050. There is a need to conduct serious and deep analysis on the environmental and social
impact of large scale biofuels production before important energy policies are launched at global level. Biofuels will not
represent an energetic panacea and their role in the overall energy consumption will remain marginal in our present highly
energivorous society, while their effect on food security and environment preservation may have detrimental results. We should
also have the courage to face two key issues: (1) we cannot keep increasing resources consumption at present pace, and have
to change our life style accordingly, and (2) we have to deal with population growth; we cannot expect to have 9–10 billions
people inhabiting the earth by 2050, without this representing a major impact on its support system. 相似文献
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Increasingly government agencies are seeking to quantify the outcomes of proposed policy options in terms of ecosystem service
benefits, yet conflicting definitions and ad hoc approaches to measuring ecosystem services have created confusion regarding
how to rigorously link ecological change to changes in human well-being. Here, we describe a step-by-step framework for producing
ecological models and metrics that can effectively serve an economic-benefits assessment of a proposed change in policy or
management. A focus of the framework is developing comparable units of ecosystem goods and services to support decision-making,
even if outcomes cannot be monetized. Because the challenges to translating ecological changes to outcomes appropriate for
economic analyses are many, we discuss examples that demonstrate practical methods and approaches to overcoming data limitations.
The numerous difficult decisions that government agencies must make to fairly use and allocate natural resources provides
ample opportunity for interdisciplinary teams of natural and social scientists to improve methods for quantifying changes
in ecosystem services and their effects on human well-being. This framework is offered with the intent of promoting the success
of such teams as they support managers in evaluating the equivalency of ecosystem service offsets and trades, establishing
restoration and preservation priorities, and more generally, in developing environmental policy that effectively balances
multiple perspectives. 相似文献
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Biodiversity Conservation,Ecosystem Services and Livelihoods in Tropical Landscapes: Towards a Common Agenda 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Trade-offs between ecosystem conservation and agricultural production can more easily be addressed by shifting the view from
the plot scale to the scale of the landscape and integrating biodiversity friendly land use systems into development strategies.
The provision of ecosystem services such as watershed protection and carbon sequestration by natural and complex agro-ecosystems
can play an important role in making such integrated landscape approaches viable. This special issue brings together papers
that were presented at a symposium on agroforestry and landscape scale conservation at the Second World Agroforestry Congress
in Nairobi in August 2009. It is divided into two sections focusing on: (1) the biological mechanisms and implications of
landscape scale conservation strategies as influenced by land use, especially agroforestry; and (2) the economic drivers and
public policies that determine to a large extent the success of agroforestry-based landscape conservation strategies. The
contributions provide evidence both for the potential and limitations of agroforestry in landscape scale conservation and
development strategies and highlight the importance of economic incentives and policies to promote integrated landscape solutions.
This introductory paper summarizes and discusses the contributions and concludes with policy recommendations and research
needs. 相似文献
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Mattia Trabucchi Patrick J. O’Farrell Eduardo Notivol Francisco A. Comín 《Environmental management》2014,53(6):1132-1145
Semi-arid Mediterranean regions are highly susceptible to desertification processes which can reduce the benefits that people obtain from healthy ecosystems and thus threaten human wellbeing. The European Union Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 recognizes the need to incorporate ecosystem services into land-use management, conservation, and restoration actions. The inclusion of ecosystem services into restoration actions and plans is an emerging area of research, and there are few documented approaches and guidelines on how to undertake such an exercise. This paper responds to this need, and we demonstrate an approach for identifying both key ecosystem services provisioning areas and the spatial relationship between ecological processes and services. A degraded semi-arid Mediterranean river basin in north east Spain was used as a case study area. We show that the quantification and mapping of services are the first step required for both optimizing and targeting of specific local areas for restoration. Additionally, we provide guidelines for restoration planning at a watershed scale; establishing priorities for improving the delivery of ecosystem services at this scale; and prioritizing the sub-watersheds for restoration based on their potential for delivering a combination of key ecosystem services for the entire basin. 相似文献
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四个方面的情况表明,我国必须高度重视生态环境技术服务体系建设问题:一是随着污染防治攻坚战在向纵深推进过程中,地方政府"不会管"、企业"不会治"的问题比较普遍,且日益突出;二是目前各级生态环境部门,特别是市、县两级生态环境技术支持力量薄弱、专业化能力不足,难以支撑当地政府和企业治理环境污染的技术需求;三是目前的生态环境技术服务市场尚满足不了实际需求;四是无论是从结构还是从作用看,生态环境技术服务体系已成为生态环境治理体系和治理能力的短板。因此,构建生态环境技术服务体系是推进生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要内容,其作用是,在要求环境责任主体做什么的同时,帮助和指导他们怎么做,解决"不会管"和"不会治"的问题。现阶段,政府推动构建生态环境技术服务体系的重点任务:一是明确职能,系统谋划,做好顶层设计;二是强化相关能力建设;三是建立和完善生态环境标准和重大规划与行动计划的配套技术方案制度;四是培育、壮大和规范生态环境技术服务市场;五是以生态环境科技成果转化为抓手,牵引技术服务体系建设。 相似文献
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Felipe Bravo Osorio 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2017,30(1):121-134
Science has always been tightly associated with environmental ethics in a way traditional ethics has not. However, despite this proximity, science has had a merely informational role, where it must inform ethics but not intervene in ethical judgment. Science is seen as an amoral enterprise, requiring an ethics rather than recommending one. In this paper I try to go against this common view. First, I give a critique of the naturalistic fallacy following the lines of Frankena. Then I go on to describe the two possible roles science can have in ethical though, and in environmental ethics in particular. As it turns out, science does not only inform ethics, but can actually have moral import and intervene in moral judgment. Finally, from an ecocentric point of view, I try to illustrate this last point by construing the ecological notion of resilience as a moral boundary—a scientifically determined boundary between right and wrong. 相似文献
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Rudolf S. de Groot 《The Environmentalist》1987,7(2):105-109
Summary In spite of the increased awareness about many environmental problems, degradation and pollution of the natural environment by human actions still continue on a large scale. Some of the main reasons for man's continued abuse of the natural environment are the short-term nature of the economic planning process, which largely ignores the negative long-term effects of economic production on the environment (e.g. pollution), and the fact that the pricing system mainly concentrates on man-made goods and services while considering most natural resources to be free goods.This paper argues that environmental functions (i.e. natural goods are services) are at least as important to human welfare as man-made goods and services and should, therefore, be included in economic accounting procedures. To this end, it is suggested to replace the term natural resources by the concept of environmental functions and, efforts should be undertaken to increase our understanding of the ecological and socio-economic benefits of environmental functions to human society. Only when ecological principles become an integral part of economic planning and political decision-making is there a chance of achieving a happy global village based on harmony between man and nature.Rudolf S. de Groot is an environmental consultant and a Ph.D candidate in environmental planning and management in the Nature Conservation Department of the Agricultural University Wageningen. As a member of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Planning he is involved in the activities of the European Committee for National Conservation Strategies, to implement, monitor and update National and European Conservation Strategies. 相似文献
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Colleen E. Bronner Amy M. Bartlett Sarah L. Whiteway Douglas C. Lambert Sean J. Bennett Alan J. Rabideau 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(2):449-462
Compensatory mitigation of impacted streams and wetlands has increased over the past two decades, with the associated industry spending over US$2.9 billion in aquatic restoration annually. Despite these expenditures, evaluations by the National Research Council and U.S. Government Accountability Office have provided evidence that compensatory mitigation practices are failing to protect aquatic resource functions and services, and vague federal policy and inadequate evaluation of compensatory mitigation projects are to blame. To address these weaknesses, an update to federal regulations on compensatory mitigation was released in 2008. Additionally, the 2012 Reissuance of Nationwide Permits, some of which affects compensatory stream mitigation, was recently published. Current policy, as reflected in these documents, still uses nonspecific language to direct compensatory stream mitigation leaving most implementation decisions to the local U.S. Army Corps of Engineers district. The majority of federal mitigation policy has focused on wetland compensation, with other aquatic resources receiving less attention (e.g., streams). In this article, weaknesses of current policy are discussed, as are suggested policy changes to minimize the loss of stream ecosystem functions and services. Compensatory mitigation policy should clearly define key terms, incorporate adaptive management procedures, and provide guidelines for determining mitigation costs and compensation ratio requirements. 相似文献
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HydroShare: Sharing Diverse Environmental Data Types and Models as Social Objects with Application to the Hydrology Domain 下载免费PDF全文
Jeffery S. Horsburgh Mohamed M. Morsy Anthony M. Castronova Jonathan L. Goodall Tian Gan Hong Yi Michael J. Stealey David G. Tarboton 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(4):873-889
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The patterns of living, planning, and resource utilization as practiced in Western countries for decades are not sustainable; change of some sort is essential. But what changes are appropriate, and, perhaps more important, will people accept them? The small experiment framework provides a strategy for meeting the challenge of change. By encouraging participation, limiting the scale of initial change, and incorporating some aspects of the familiar, many of the difficulties that make change so problematic can be mitigated or even eliminated. An exploration, from a psychological perspective, of the characteristic difficulties surrounding potential change provides the context for a discussion of the components of the small experiment and an analysis of how these elements address these characteristic challenges. A comparison to adaptive management is drawn, and several concrete examples illustrate how the strategy has been used successfully to address a variety of environmental problems. 相似文献
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The ability of an organisation to recognise the value of new external information, acquire it, assimilate it, transform, and
exploit it, namely its absorptive capacity (AC), has been much researched in the context of commercial organisations and even
applied to national innovation. This paper considers four key AC-related concepts and their relevance to public sector organisations
with mandates to manage and conserve freshwater ecosystems for the common good. The concepts are the importance of in-house
prior related knowledge, the importance of informal knowledge transfer, the need for motivation and intensity of effort, and
the importance of gatekeepers. These concepts are used to synthesise guidance for a way forward in respect of such freshwater
management and conservation, using the imminent release of a specific scientific conservation planning and management tool
in South Africa as a case study. The tool comprises a comprehensive series of maps that depict national freshwater ecosystem
priority areas for South Africa. Insights for implementing agencies relate to maintaining an internal science, rather than
research capacity; making unpublished and especially tacit knowledge available through informal knowledge transfer; not underestimating
the importance of intensity of effort required to create AC, driven by focussed motivation; and the potential use of a gatekeeper
at national level (external to the implementing organisations), possibly playing a more general ‘bridging’ role, and multiple
internal (organisational) gatekeepers playing the more limited role of ‘knowledge translators’. The role of AC as a unifying
framework is also proposed. 相似文献
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Fred Ellerbusch David M. Gute Anne Marie Desmarais Mark Woodin 《Local Environment》2006,11(5):515-535
Community involvement has been identified as an important factor in the successful redevelopment of contaminated land, and access to technical resources has been a barrier for some communities. This paper describes how the US Environmental Protection Agency funded Technical Outreach Services to Communities programme was used to support four communities involved in land revitalization. The four New England case studies were used to retrospectively draw lessons learned that could be useful to others interested in similar community work. We suggest that the broad lessons point to four factors for success, namely, where there is: (1) a common vision in the community; (2) a cohesive community; (3) an opportunity for co-learning; and (4) a commitment among the parties for long-term engagement. We conclude that technical support can serve as a useful framework for developing trustful and long-term relationships with communities. 相似文献
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近年来,我国大气污染防治工作取得了一定成效,但大气环境整体形势仍然十分严峻,如何防治大气污染成为政府和人民高度重视的问题。兰州市在大气污染治理工作取得了瞩目的效果并在治理活动中形成了丰富的经验,大气污染治理的"兰州经验"为环境治理以及国家治理现代化树立了一个可资借鉴的样板。针对生态文明建设过程中的难题,兰州市在大气污染治理过程中较好地了协调经济发展和环境保护之间的关系,抓住了完善能源结构和产业结构调整这一核心环节。更为重要的是,"兰州经验"体现了国家治理现代化的公共性、共治性以及有效性的核心价值理念,突显了国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要价值。在切实有效的权力运行机制保障下,兰州市在环境治理工作中运用了法治思维和法治方法,以坚强的执行力确保工作实效,同时还实现了广泛的社会参与,使得治理模式更为科学与民主。 相似文献
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Ching-Ho Chen Ray-Shyan Wu Wei-Lin Liu Wen-Ray Su Yu-Min Chang 《Environmental management》2009,43(1):166-188
Some countries, including Taiwan, have adopted strategic environmental assessment (SEA) to assess and modify proposed policies,
plans, and programs (PPPs) in the planning phase for pursuing sustainable development. However, there were only some sketchy
steps focusing on policy assessment in the system of Taiwan. This study aims to develop a methodology for SEA in Taiwan to
enhance the effectiveness associated with PPPs. The proposed methodology comprises an SEA procedure involving PPP management
and assessment in various phases, a sustainable assessment framework, and an SEA management system. The SEA procedure is devised
based on the theoretical considerations by systems thinking and the regulative requirements in Taiwan. The positive and negative
impacts on ecology, society, and economy are simultaneously considered in the planning (including policy generation and evaluation),
implementation, and control phases of the procedure. This study used the analytic hierarchy process, Delphi technique, and
systems analysis to develop a sustainable assessment framework. An SEA management system was built based on geographic information
system software to process spatial, attribute, and satellite image data during the assessment procedure. The proposed methodology
was applied in the SEA of golf course installation policy in 2001 as a case study, which was the first SEA in Taiwan. Most
of the 82 existing golf courses in 2001 were installed on slope lands and caused a serious ecological impact. Assessment results
indicated that 15 future golf courses installed on marginal lands (including buffer zones, remedied lands, and wastelands)
were acceptable because the comprehensive environmental (ecological, social, and economic) assessment value was better based
on environmental characteristics and management regulations of Taiwan. The SEA procedure in the planning phase for this policy
was completed but the implementation phase of this policy was not begun because the related legislation procedure could not
be arranged due to a few senators’ resistance. A self-review of the control phase was carried out in 2006 using this methodology.
Installation permits for 12 courses on slope lands were terminated after 2001 and then 27 future courses could be installed
on marginal lands. The assessment value of this policy using the data on ecological, social, and economic conditions from
2006 was higher than that using the data from 2001. The analytical results illustrate that the proposed methodology can be
used to effectively and efficiently assist the related authorities for SEA. 相似文献