美国恶臭污染管理及测试方法

介绍了美国目前的恶臭法规和政策问题。在最近几年中,恶臭标准化问题已经取得了令人瞩目的进展。在美国,大气和废物管理协会(A＆WMA)的EE-6恶臭委员会向美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)转交了关于美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)E-679-91方法的建议性替代方案。另外,该方案推荐对嗅觉计使用最小的流量速率3L/min。然而美国大量的恶臭实验室采用了接近20L/min流量速率的欧洲标准。作者提出疑问:美国标准中调整后的嗅觉测量法中采用较低的流量速率和测定值是否与欧洲标准中采用的较高的流量速率和较高的恶臭测定值存在矛盾呢?     

恶臭污染评价分级方法

恶臭污染的定量评价分级是评价恶臭污染状况的重要依据,但目前我国还没有成熟的恶臭污染分级标准.在分析了国外臭气强度标准的基础上,结合韦伯-费希纳公式,计算臭气浓度与臭气强度的对应值,以臭气强度的嗅觉感觉和丰富的实验经验为依据,将恶臭污染程度初步划分为5级,并对分级结果的科学性和合理性进行实验验证.     

访恶臭污染控制专家——邹克华

邹克华 1974年生,1999年毕业于天津大学化学工程专业,工学硕士,现为天津市环境保护科学研究院国家环境保护恶臭污染控制重点实验室常务副主任,正高级工程师,天津工业大学硕士生导师。研究方向为恶臭污染控制、环境标准、水污染控制、嗅觉测试仪器开发。     

浅议恶臭污染的健康风险研究

恶臭兼有感官污染和有害气体污染的两重性。开展恶臭健康风险评价研究对恶臭基准/标准的制定、污染控制和风险管理有着重要意义。本文简述了恶臭污染的特殊性和健康危害,分析了恶臭污染的健康风险评价方法,最后就如何开展恶臭健康风险研究提出4点建议。     

嗅觉标准液的人群测试

嗅觉标准液是可使人的嗅觉阈值测试标准化,科学化,数量化,应用嗅觉标准液对人群的嗅觉阈值测试,可以了解我国人群嗅觉状及特点,以便应用标准液筛选嗅觉试验员和鼻科临床无创伤检验等方面。     

臭气强度与臭气浓度间的定量关系研究

臭气强度和臭气浓度是恶臭感官评价的两个重要指标。臭气强度和臭气浓度的对应关系研究在恶臭基准值研究、恶臭标准制订等方面具有重要的参考价值。通过规范的臭气强度和臭气浓度测试法,分析了679个恶臭样品的臭气强度和臭气浓度数值,得出臭气强度与臭气浓度的关系式,根据恶臭感官测试的特殊性划分臭气强度对应的臭气浓度区间,并与日本公布的浓强度对应区间进行了比对,为国内开展恶臭预测、评价等方面的研究提供了基础数据。     

畜禽养殖恶臭物质组成与测定及评估方法研究进展

随着我国畜禽养殖业的迅速发展,恶臭已成为引发周边居民投诉和纠纷的主要环境问题,严重制约了畜禽养殖业的可持续发展。因此,识别畜禽养殖恶臭来源及物质组成、总结恶臭测定技术和了解恶臭表征与评估方法,对于科学评估恶臭危害进而针对性地提出控制措施具有重要意义。系统梳理了畜禽恶臭物质的主要组成与特征,对比分析了畜禽恶臭主要测定技术的优缺点,讨论了主要的恶臭表征评估方法。畜禽恶臭中起关键作用的物质主要是挥发性脂肪酸类、含硫化合物、芳香族化合物(主要是酚类和吲哚)以及氨和挥发性胺类4类物质。畜禽恶臭的测定方法大致分为仪器分析法和嗅觉法2类,2类方法各有优劣。在分析现有恶臭成分的基础上,判别畜禽恶臭的关键物质,实现畜禽恶臭的现场连续监测是今后研究的热点。针对恶臭成分的复杂性,构建恶臭物质浓度与恶臭强度间的合理转化关系是进行恶臭评估的一种可行方法。     

畜禽粪便恶臭控制研究及应用进展

随着我国养殖业迅速发展,畜禽粪便污染日益凸显,其中恶臭已成为目前畜禽养殖场主要环境污染之一.因此,畜禽粪便恶臭污染控制和管理,对实现规模化养殖场可持续健康发展具有重要意义.本文重点介绍了恶臭产生的微生物过程、成分以及恶臭气体污染治理技术的研究与应用进展,讨论了恶臭异位控制和原位控制去除技术的优缺点;从安全、经济和可持续发展出发,认为恶臭原位控制技术中的微生物除臭、植物除臭和酶法除臭是今后研究的热点,并指出针对恶臭成分的复杂性,在提高单一方法除臭效率的同时可以利用多种方法组合使用,以达到更好的除臭效果.     

臭气浓度标准的制定方法

本文首先介绍了天津市恶臭污染物排放标准中臭气浓度标准制定的程序、方法、步骤及有关参数确定要素。并将天津市的臭气浓度排放标准与日本、美国及我国台湾省的同类标准进行了分析比较。     

纳米银污染对蚕豆根尖微核率影响及评价研究

近年来国际上对银系抗菌材料的研究非常活跃,甚至提倡用纳米粒子净化水源。但水体中纳米银浓度达到何种程度会对生物细胞产生危害至今未见相关研究报道。本文利用蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)根尖微核技术研究水体中纳米银的遗传毒性,以期为纳米银的生态安全评价提供理论依据。将不同浓度的纳米银溶液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率进行了多重比较,以P0.01作为差异有显著统计学意义的判断标准来确定纳米银浓度差异的显著性。并根据《全国生物技术监测规范——蚕豆根尖微核技术》所规定的污染指数划分标准,就蚕豆根尖对水体中纳米银污染程度进行评价。当水体中纳米银质量浓度为5μg·m L~(-1)时,微核率3.33‰,污染指数1.11,该纳米银质量浓度与空白对照组无极显著性差别,参考污染指数划分标准和评价方法,为基本无污染;当水体中纳米银质量浓度为50μg·mL~(-1)时,微核率为4.67‰,污染指数1.56,污染程度为轻度污染。随水体纳米银含量的增加,蚕豆根尖微核率和污染指数逐渐加大。当纳米银质量浓度为100和150μg·mL~(-1)时,微核率分别为6.67‰和10.67‰,污染指数分别为2.22和3.56,污染程度分别为中度污染和重度污染。多重比较显示,虽然纳米银质量浓度分别为5和50μg·mL~(-1)在微核率上差异未达极显著水平,但纳米银质量浓度50μg·mL~(-1)与空白对照组相比差异已经达极显著了。据此推断,当水体中纳米银质量浓度超出50μg·mL~(-1)时,会对生物细胞产生毒性效应。     

A Framework for Developing Objective and Measurable Recovery Criteria for Threatened and Endangered Species

For species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service are tasked with writing recovery plans that include “objective, measurable criteria” that define when a species is no longer at risk of extinction, but neither the act itself nor agency guidelines provide an explicit definition of objective, measurable criteria. Past reviews of recovery plans, including one published in 2012, show that many criteria lack quantitative metrics with clear biological rationale and are not meeting the measureable and objective mandate. I reviewed how objective, measureable criteria have been defined implicitly and explicitly in peer‐reviewed literature, the ESA, other U.S. statutes, and legal decisions. Based on a synthesis of these sources, I propose the following 6 standards be used as minimum requirements for objective, measurable criteria: contain a quantitative threshold with calculable units, stipulate a timeframe over which they must be met, explicitly define the spatial extent or population to which they apply, specify a sampling procedure that includes sample size, specify a statistical significance level, and include justification by providing scientific evidence that the criteria define a species whose extinction risk has been reduced to the desired level. To meet these 6 standards, I suggest that recovery plans be explicitly guided by and organized around a population viability modeling framework even if data or agency resources are too limited to complete a viability model. When data and resources are available, recovery criteria can be developed from the population viability model results, but when data and resources are insufficient for model implementation, extinction risk thresholds can be used as criteria. A recovery‐planning approach centered on viability modeling will also yield appropriately focused data‐acquisition and monitoring plans and will facilitate a seamless transition from recovery planning to delisting. Un Marco de Referencia para Desarrollar Criterios de Recuperación Objetivos y Medibles para Especies Amenazadas y en Peligro     

Threat-sensitive learning of predators by larval mosquitoes <Emphasis Type="Italic">Culex restuans</Emphasis>

A prerequisite for prey to show adaptive behavioural responses to predators is that the prey has the ability to recognise predators as threats. While predator recognition can be innate in many situations, learning is often essential. For many aquatic species, one common way to learn about predators is through the pairing of a novel predator odour with alarm cues released from injured conspecifics. One study with fish demonstrated that this mode of learning not only allows the prey to recognise the predatory cues as a threat, but also mediates the level of threat associated with the predator cues (i.e. threat-sensitive learning). When the prey is exposed to the novel predator with a high concentration of alarm cues, they subsequently show a high intensity of antipredator response to the predator cues alone. When exposed to the predator with a low concentration of alarm cues, they subsequently show a low-intensity response to the predator cues. Here, we investigated whether larval mosquitoes Culex restuans have the ability to learn to recognise salamanders as a threat through a single pairing of alarm cues and salamander odour and also whether they would learn to respond to salamander cues in a threat-sensitive manner. We conditioned individual mosquitoes with water or a low, medium or high concentration of crushed conspecific cues (alarm cues) paired with salamander odour. Mosquitoes exposed to salamander odour paired with alarm cues and subsequently exposed to salamander odour alone responded to the salamander as a threat. Moreover, the intensity of antipredator response displayed during the conditioning phase matched the response intensity during the testing phase. This is the first demonstration of threat-sensitive learning in an aquatic invertebrate.     

水质恶臭的评价及测定方法

我国水污染状况日益严重,而水质的恶臭问题逐渐成为关注的焦点,国内外关于水体恶臭测定尚无统一的评价方法和标准.通过对国内外水质恶臭评价方法的探讨和测定方法的对比分析,认为日本的三点比较式烧瓶法更适用于我国水质恶臭监测,建议在我国水污染控制指标中增加水质恶臭指标,并建立水质恶臭评价标准体系.     

The impact of shoreline stabilization on economic growth in small island developing states

This paper assesses the economic growth impact of shoreline stabilization policy in Small Island Developing States. Concentrating on the Barbadian efforts to stem shoreline retreat, it explores whether investments in shoreline stabilization and beach amenity enhancement have beneficial effects on medium-term economic growth. The analysis relies on the synthetic control method as a way to systematically choose comparison units (beach sites), which allows for precise quantitative inference in small-sample studies. Our results indicate that in the first three years after shoreline stabilization works were completed, local economic effects, as measured by nighttime lights data, are positive and indicate a positive trend. Confidence bounds obtained by a bootstrapping method suggest that the positive trend is robust in the last two years post-treatment. Shoreline stabilization works may therefore not only help preserve fragile ecological conditions, but further lead to sustainable growth in the local economy.     

Use of standardized methods to improve extinction-risk classification

Standardized classification methods based on quantifiable risk metrics are critical for evaluating extinction threats because they increase objectivity, consistency, and transparency of listing decisions. Yet, in the United States, neither federal nor state agencies use standardized methods for listing species for legal protection, which could put listing decisions at odds with the magnitude of the risk. We used a recently developed set of quantitative risk metrics for California herpetofauna as a case study to highlight discrepancies in listing decisions made without standardized methods. We also combined such quantitative metrics with classification tree analysis to attempt to increase the transparency of previous listing decisions by identifying the criteria that had inherently been given the most weight. Federally listed herpetofauna in California scored significantly higher on the risk-metric spectrum than those not federally listed, whereas state-listed species did not score any higher than species that were not state listed. Based on classification trees, state endemism was the most important predictor of listing status at the state level and distribution trend (decline in a species’ range size) and population trend (decline in a species’ abundance at localized sites) were the most important predictors at the federal level. Our results emphasize the need for governing bodies to adopt standardized methods for assessing conservation risk that are based on quantitative criteria. Such methods allow decision makers to identify criteria inherently given the most weight in determining listing status, thus increasing the transparency of previous listing decisions, and produce an unbiased comparison of conservation threat across all species to promote consistency, efficiency, and effectiveness of the listing process.     

Ozon in Waldökosystemen aus atmosphärenchemischer und pflanzenphysiologischer Sicht

The trend of rising ozone concentrations in forest ecosystems and the phytotoxicity of ozone demand a realistic risk assessment according to an internationally accepted and flux-based quality standard. Ozone fluxes within the canopy are influenced by chemical gas-phase reactions with nitrogen oxide and biogenic hydrocarbons and by surface deposition processes. Therefore, a differentiation of the ozone flux within the canopy is needed between stomatal uptake and other transport pathways. The Eddy Covariance technique is the method of choice for the determination of trace gas fluxes relevant for ozone chemistry. This method is also used for stomatal conductance measurements based on evapotranspiration fluxes and for emission measurements of biogenic hydrocarbons by PTR-MS. Although considerably research efforts were directed to canopy measurements in recent years, the underlying processes are not fully understood yet. Thus, major differences occur in the ratios of stomatal ozone uptake, non-stomatal deposition and gas-phase chemistry between different studies. Furthermore, the vertical concentration gradients within the canopy measured at several forest sites are rather inconsistent and the existing deposition models do rarely account for chemical transformation and detoxification processes. Only a simultaneous measurement of all photochemically relevant trace gases, plant physiological parameters at different sites and forest species over entire vegetation periods, and model parameterization according to the measurement results from the experimental sites will contribute to the clarification of the canopy processes and will ensure realistic risk assessments.     

Multi‐phase non‐steady state equilibrium model for evaluation of environmental fate of organic chemicals

A simple mathematical fate model, Multi‐Phase Non‐Steady State Equilibrium Model (MNSEM) is proposed to evaluate distribution, persistence, and concentrations of chemicals in a model environment consisting of air, water, soil and sediment phases. The model is applied to evaluation of environmental fate and concentration of trichloroethylene and 1,4‐dichlorobenzene under generic conditions representative of Japan.

Evaluated chemical concentrations in air are within a factor of 3 of average values in Japanese atmosphere, and evaluated concentrations in water, sediment, or fish are greater than an order of magnitude below detection limits in real environments, so that evaluated concentrations are in reasonable agreement with environmental measurement data in Japan.

Although MNSEM is not a model for site‐specific evaluation of environmental fate, results suggested that this model is an adequate method to aid in evaluation of fate of chemicals under generic environment conditions. Evaluated concentration‐profiles may be used to estimate average chemical exposure concentrations for humans and the environment.     

街道峡谷内汽车排放污染物浓度分布的观测与数值模拟

在上海某典型街道峡谷内按一定的空间布点,在一定时段内同时对各布点进行采样并做一氧化碳浓度分析,同时记录车辆种类、车流量、气象条件等,分析街道峡谷内污染物浓度的分布.运用风向频率加权(WDFW)方法,结合大气流动和污染物扩散的CFD模型进行数值模拟计算.结果表明,数值模拟结果和现场观测结果较吻合,建筑物低的一侧污染物浓度远高于建筑物高的一侧污染物浓度,两侧的污染物浓度随着高度的增加而降低.     

Application of Rice’s theory to recurrence statistics of concentration fluctuations in dispersing plumes

Rice’s theory for the statistical properties of random noise currents has been employed in the context of concentration fluctuations in dispersing plumes. Within this context, the theory has been extended to calculate the distribution of excursion times above a small threshold for arbitrary spacings between an up-crossing and the successive down-crossing. This approach has then been applied to a second-order stochastic model for the evolution of odour concentrations and their time derivative (simple model), and to the superstatistics extension of this model [Reynolds (2007) Phys. Fluids]. In agreement with the measurements of Yee and coworkers [Yee et al. (1993) Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 65, Yee et al. (1994) J. Appl. Meteorol. 33 ], both formulations predict a distribution of excursion times that can be well approximated by a power-law profile with exponent close to −3/2. For the superstatistical model the power-law profile extends over approximately three or more decades, for the simple model this range is smaller. Compared to the simple model, predictions for the superstatistical model are in a better agreement with the measurements.