洞庭湖区洪涝灾情评估与分析

运用三因子联立评估法,评定了洞庭湖区洪灾、涝灾和洪涝灾的灾度,进行了相应的分析;构建了洪涝灾情指数,并运用联环替代法对各灾情因素的影响进行了分析。分析得出：洞庭湖区洪涝灾度具有阶段性和准周期性等特征;洪水灾情因素是综合灾情变化的主导影响因素;各灾情因素影响方向不完全一致,其中起放大作用的因素反映出洪涝灾害的新特点;涝灾日趋严重,应加强涝灾治理。     

山东省旱,涝,地震灾害的时序特征及其相互关系

分析了山东地区历史干旱、洪涝和地震灾害时间分布特征及其相互关系，发现旱涝与地震灾害一样具有不同时间尺度的准周期活动特征，且地震与旱涝具有一定相关关系．如内陆大地震多与干旱活动相继发生，海域地震多发生在洪涝活动时期；破坏性地震前多发生干旱，震后又常有洪涝相随等。进而对山东旱涝活动进行了初步分期。文中还对上述现象的成因作了简单分析。     

淮河流域洪涝变化的信息维研究

以一定洪涝指标建立的淮河流域近五百年洪涝变化序列为基础，采用分形理论和方法，分析了淮河流域洪涝变化的分形结构特征；计算了淮河流域不同等级洪涝序列的信息分维及其随时间的变化。结果表明，淮河流域洪涝序列是一种极不规则的Ｃａｎｔｏｒ集合；信息分维与洪涝发生的频度呈反相关关系，即洪涝程度越重，信息分维值越低，所反映的气候层次相对越高。信息分维及其变化有望成为时间序列变化趋势和气候层次的诊断指标。     

中国七大流域水系与洪涝的分维及其关系研究

本文在GIS技术的支持下，应用分形理论首先系统地计算了中国七大流域水系以及各流域洪涝的分维，其次对七大流域水系分维与各流域洪涝分维之间的可能关系进行了探讨。主要结论如下：（1）分维是表征洪涝发生特征的较好的参量，其蕴涵着洪涝发生次数，周期等丰富信息。（2）一般而言，在研究时段某流域洪涝发生的次数较多，则相应该流域洪涝的分维较大，反之亦然；（3）一般而言，当某一流域水系分维相对较小时，则相应该流域洪涝的分维相对较大，反之亦然。     

中国暴雨洪涝灾害的统计分析

根据近４０多年来的资料，对我国暴雨洪涝灾害进行了统计分析。分析表明，我国暴雨洪涝灾害面积大，且有随时间而增加的趋势；年均受涝面积最大的地区主要位于江淮流域；暴雨洪涝发生的基本规律，南方早，北方迟，６～８月为暴雨洪涝主要多发期。     

1996年我国主要气象灾害综述

1996年，我国气象灾害十分频繁，特别是暴雨洪涝范围广、灾情重，给工农业生产和人民生命财产造成了巨大损失。本文就年内所发生的洪涝、干旱、台风、风雹、雪灾、冻害等几种主要气象灾害的发生特点和影响进行了分析和评述。     

长江下游地区近五百年洪涝序列的R／S分析

根据一定洪涝指标建立了长江下游地区近五百年洪涝序列，对该序列的Ｈｕｒｓｔ指数的计算以及滑动序列和滑动定长序列Ｈｕｒｓｔ指数谱的分析，表明：长江下游地区洪涝序列是分数布朗噪声序列，具有较明显的Ｈｕｒｓｔ效应；其Ｈｕｒｓｔ指数Ｈ及Ｈ指数谱离Ｈ＝１／２的白噪声序列较近，具有较强的随机性和较弱的持续性。Ｒ／Ｓ分析要求较长的序列长度，长江下游地区洪涝序列稳定的序列长度在４００个样本量以上     

洞庭湖区农户洪涝灾害脆弱性评价

以湖南省洞庭湖区为研究区域,20个县市区为基本研究单元,筛选出能直接反映农户生产生活状况的6个因素作为计算指标,并考虑不同洪涝风险程度对各区域的影响差异,就农户的脆弱性进行了定量评价.结果表明,一半左右区域的农户在洪涝灾害面前表现出较高的脆弱性,说明洞庭湖区洪涝灾害严重.同时,农户脆弱性存在着明显的空间差异,南洞庭与西洞庭的农户要高于东洞庭;分布在南洞庭湖区和四水尾闾县市区的农户要高于沿湖经济较为发达的中心城市郊区农户.由此可见,洪涝灾害问题不仅是一个自然和生态问题,它更是一个社会和经济问题.     

云娜台风灾害特点与浙江省台风灾害初步研究

从云娜台风造成的灾害入手，系统地分析了浙江台风灾害发生的基本特点和规律，主要结论为台风灾害主要表现为罕见的强降水、创纪录的风力、部分地区的洪涝和多发的次生灾害。影响浙江的台风（或热带低压）的时间在5—11月，主要在7—9月，其影响可分为直接影响和间接影响两类。直接影响主要表现为台风暴雨引起洪涝灾害、地质灾害，强风造成房屋倒塌，有时遇到“三碰头”导致严重风暴潮灾害；间接影响主要是在浙江地区产生强降水，进而引发洪涝灾害，诱发地质灾害，沿海地区常会因为东风波或东风系统中的云团“登陆”而产生强降水，并引发洪涝和地质灾害。     

我国重大气候灾害特征、形成机理和预测研究

简要地介绍了我国气候灾害的种类、时空分布特征及其造成的经济损失；并从东亚气候系统海一陆- 气相互作用的观点，结合１９９８年夏季长江、松花江和嫩江流域特大洪涝发生的具体实例分析了我国气候灾害发生的主要原因；此外，还回顾了目前我国气候预测的实际情况。提出了关于气候灾害预测研究中急待解决的几个问题．     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。