Tourism and its impact on livelihood in Manaslu conservation area,Nepal

Tourism is an activity of a person which includes traveling and staying in places that are outside of their location for business, vacation and other purpose. Large-scale tourism in developed and developing countries has positive and negative effects on the regional and national economies, local culture, physical infrastructure and environment. There are considerable gaps in research regarding tourism and livelihood in developing countries like Nepal. This research work aims at fulfilling such gap by assessing the impact of tourism on livelihood in Manaslu conservation area (MCA) of Nepal. We interviewed 76 household followed by three focus group discussions and five key informant interviews. The first-hand information collected at the site is complimented by socioeconomic and tourism-related secondary information. Socioeconomic variables such as marital status, size of household, education and landholding status had positive effect on tourism participation while livestock-holding status and occupation of the household had negative effect on tourism participation. Number of visitors is increasing in MCA in recent years, and tourism participation is helping local people to earn more money and improve their living standard. So, awareness and education related to tourism, gender empowerment of women, advertisement and publicity on tourism promotion, adequate subsidy and training on ecotourism and skill development trainings on handicraft are recommended.     

南水北调中线工程水源区水土保持治理成效

为评估南水北调中线工程水源区的水土保持治理成效,从而为现阶段制定水土保护措施提供科学依据,利用遥感数据分析了水源区39个区县2010～2015年的生态系统变化,基于InVEST模型研究了水源区的土壤保持功能及时空分布.结果 表明,通过实施水土保持林草措施、小流域综合治理等方式,2010～2015年水源区的自然生态空间面积、格局得到了提升优化,水土保持治理成效明显,主要表现在:(1)水源区湿地、灌丛、森林等减缓泥沙流失的“汇”景观类型的面积增幅分别为11.49％、0.29％、0.11％,同时连通性升高,破碎化降低;农田、裸地等促进泥沙流失的“源”景观类型面积减幅分别为2.24％、2.39％,同时连通性下降,破碎化增强;(2)整体上植被恢复显著,植被覆盖度均值从63.06％提高到72.33％;(3)单位面积生态系统土壤保持能力增加了2.74t/hm2,增幅为0.73％,总体上79.34％的区域土壤保持能力提升.值得重视的是,在人口分布较密集汉中盆地、丹江口库周、淅川中部和南部等农田平原地区,还需加强土壤保持治理,可通过在农业景观区域实施植物篱、栽植经济果林等措施,降低耕地、裸地的空间连接度,从而增强土壤保持能力.     

湖南双季稻区耕作模式的环境影响评价

以湖南双季稻区双季稻-马铃薯(CT1)、双季稻-黑麦草(CT2)、双季稻-紫云英(CT3)、双季稻-油菜(CT4)、双季稻双免栽培(CT5)5种保护性耕作模式为例,应用生命周期评价方法,从单位面积投入、单位面积产量、单位经济效益的环境影响三个角度评价不同保护性耕作模式的环境潜在影响.结果表明:从单位面积物质投入的角度评价结果显示,CT3模式的潜在环境影响综合指数较对照模式(双季稻-冬闲,CK)低4.72％,而其他模式则比CK高出11.95％-45.20％,平均增加了29.02％;从单位面积产量的角度评价结果显示,CT5模式的潜在环境影响综合指数比CK高34.55％,两其他模式则比CK低1.57-45.93％,平均降低24.29％;从单位经济效益的角度评价结果显示,CT5模式的潜在环境影响综合指数比CK高23.93％,而其他模式则比CK低29.07-49.06％,平均增加了24.88％.综合考虑,与CK对比,CT3和CT4模式对环境的潜在影响较小,CT2居中,CT5和CT1模式则较大.     

All that glitters is not gold: the effect of top-down participation on conservation knowledge,attitudes and institutional trust in a Central Indian tiger reserve

Researchers and policymakers emphasize that people’s involvement in forest management can secure their support of conservation initiatives. However, the evidence on the effectiveness of top-down participation is weak. This study uses cross-sectional household data from 16 villages in the buffer zone of Pench Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) in India to contribute to the evidence base of such assumption. Using a propensity score matching to control for observable bias, we evaluate the effects of two state-driven incentive-based participatory projects, i.e. the Joint Forest Management and Ecodevelopment, on selected social outcomes. Specifically, we measured local people conservation knowledge, biodiversity attitudes as well as trust in and satisfaction with the tiger reserve management authorities. We found that the effects of participatory management on conservation knowledge were positive, but negligible. We found no significant effects on local people’s biodiversity attitudes, trust and satisfaction with the tiger reserve management authorities. Top-down and externally induced participation may explain our results. Our findings clearly indicate that the effectiveness of participatory conservation interventions is conditional on the level and nature of local participation. Top-down participatory projects may not be sufficient to generate local support of conservation and in some cases, they may even exacerbate local conflicts.     

IFAD中国项目精准脱贫绩效评价:基于农民人均收入视角

基于课题组在7省区1 356农户的调查问卷数据,采用双差分析模型对IFAD项目的扶贫绩效进行了测度;选用人均纯收入作为贫困代理指标,并采用倾向得分匹配法对项目干预的净效应进行了分析,分别采用核匹配和半径匹配(0.001)方法测算了项目的干预效果,定量评价了联合国IFAD中国项目对项目区受益人精准脱贫的实际贡献。研究结果显示:1IFAD项目脱贫效果显著:IFAD项目的实施对项目区贫困农户脱贫率的净贡献为18.71%,由于IFAD项目实施而摆脱贫困的受益人总数达到80.746万人,其中直接受益人46.113 7万人,间接受益人为34.632 3万人;2从收入结构来看,IFAD项目干预对贫困农户种植业收入增长的影响最大:采用Di D、包含控制变量的Di D、加权最小二乘Di D和PSM方法分析的结果显示,IFAD项目实施使项目受益人的种植业收入人均增长了1 031.15元,且在0.05的水平上显著;3从家庭特征来看,市场便捷程度和户主学历对IFAD项目干预效果的影响最大。基于以上研究结论,本文提出了旨在提高IFAD中国项目脱贫绩效的政策建议:1应充分发挥联合国IFAD项目精准脱贫的示范效应;2加快贫困地区农业产业结构升级以优化贫困户的收入结构;3进一步加强贫困地区道路和教育等基础设施建设。     

Protection of urban features during urbanization based on the roles of springs in Jinan

Thirty-seven years since reform and opening up, China has sustained rapid economic growth and urbanization. However, there was inadequate protection of natural, historical, and cultural heritage, especially in the past 17 years, which led to the outcome that urban and rural construction lacked features. To rebuild our urban features during urbanization, and avoid destroying them, we should probe into the reason of lacking features and how to protect them. Therefore, taking Jinan City as an example, this paper explored the crisis and its causes of urban characteristics during the period of rapid urbanization based on discussing roles of spring features, including economic effects, social effects, ecological effects and so on. What is more, this paper listed and analyzed those protection measures taken by Jinan. The results showed that spring groups spewed again and kept for 8 years through those measures, which meant that urban characteristics restored. Thus, Jinan City provides successful and significant reference for other cities in restoring urban features during urbanization construction. Also, the author deemed that cities could recollect their urban features as long as they take reasonable measures.     

武汉城市圈城镇化生态环境响应的时空演变研究

城镇化与生态环境这一交互关系,是两者彼此响应的耦合产物。研究城镇化发展与生态环境间的响应胁迫关系,具有重要的理论与实际意义。本文以武汉城市圈为研究对象,通过建立城镇化与生态环境的综合评价指标体系,构建生态环境响应模型,对"两型社会"战略提出后武汉城市圈城镇化生态环境响应的时空演变进行分析。主要结论如下:12008-2013年,武汉城市圈城镇化发展态势良好,整个城市圈城镇化综合水平逐年稳步上升,增长速度加快。生态环境综合指数呈现先下降,后维持稳定,再上升的"U型"变化曲线,符合环境库兹涅茨曲线。2武汉城市圈生态环境对城镇化的响应,呈现出由负响应向正响应转化的特征,生态环境对城镇化发展总体上呈现出由"胁迫"到"促进"的转变。A值越来越大,由2008年的-0.9上升到2013年的1.66。H值则呈现先降低后上升的变化特征,由2008年的0.9降低到2010年的0.09,2013年迅速提升到1.71,表明生态环境对城镇化发展总体上呈现由"胁迫"到"促进"变化的发展趋势。资源环境压力、资源环境载荷对城镇化的发展呈现出由负响应向正响应转变的特征,资源环境绩效对城镇化的发展具有正响应的特征。3武汉城市圈生态环境综合响应指数的空间分异特征,由以正响应为主的"凹陷"结构向分化的"板块"结构演化,生态环境综合响应指数的区域差异呈先扩大、后缩小趋势,城镇化的发展对生态环境的影响程度为"弱促进"向"强胁迫"变化。资源环境载荷响应指数和绩效响应指数表现出"向心性"的发展特征。     

Determination of appropriate service quality attributes for household toilets in rural settlements of India based on user perception

In many developing countries, including India, governments have implemented programs for improvement of environment and health in rural settlements through the provision of a subsidized household toilet with specifications selected and benchmarked from the experts’ perspective with only partial consideration of users’ perception. Provision of household toilets with specifications or service quality as perceived by users is a requirement for the sustainability and sustained use of toilet infrastructure. Users do not judge only the overall quality of a service but also base their judgment on a few attributes which are either perceived to be relatively more important or where there is a wider gap between expectation and perception . This paper presents a review of the service quality attributes of the household toilet as found in the relevant literature and provides a step-by-step approach for identifying appropriate attributes based on users’ perspective. While an initial list of attributes was developed based on literature review, initial selection and modifications of the attributes’ definition and units were carried out as per our judgment. This list was further modified through focus groups discussions and incorporating expert opinions. The final list of attributes is selected based on the stated importance level of attributes as perceived by users. The study finds that the attributes prioritized by the users are different from the experts. While government policies emphasize on the construction of toilet, maintenance of toilet is found an important issue for the users.     

西藏"一江两河"地区人口空间分布的动态演变

人口分布的空间演变是人口发展过程中在时间和空间上的表现形式,人口的集聚与扩散是诠释区域人口空间分布格局与形态的重要方面.对其研究有助于揭示人口分布现状的本质、理解区域空间结构特征及演变趋势.本研究运用局部空间自相关方法,并结合GIS技术,以县域为基本单元,人口密度为衡量指标,对西藏"一江两河"地区1990-2008年间人口分布空间格局的演变进行了分析.分析结果表明,"一江两河"地区各县市(区)人口总量和密度均有明显增长,人口分布总体上呈现出不断集中的态势.局部自相关分析揭示"一江两河"地区开始显现以拉萨市和日喀则市为中心的两个显著的人口高密度区,显示出该区域人口分布的多中心空间结构特征.对以拉萨市、日喀则市和乃东县为中心的区域密度函数进行拟合.多中心区域密度函数的估计结果显示,"一江两河"地区空间发展正逐步由20世纪90年代单中心(拉萨市城关区)阶段,向目前的多中心向心集聚阶段转变,除拉萨市城关区外,日喀则市和乃东县集聚能力开始显现.     

Impact on Mountainous Agricultural Development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area forced by Migrants of the Three Gorges Project

The Three Gorges Project attracts worldwide attention because of the Three Gorges migrants, and the agriculture of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a foundation for the development of the Three Gorges migrants. The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is situated at the mountainous area with bad agricultural development conditions and relatively low levels of development. As a result, the large-scale migration fias special influence on its agricultural development, which has attracted much attention. The paper analyzes influence that the migrants have forced on its agricultural development based on the scientific data, and makes some explorations on the models that are suitable for the development of mountainous agriculture in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.     

Effects of climate change on species distribution, community structure, and conservation of birds in protected areas in Colombia

Climate change is expected to cause shifts in species distributions worldwide, threatening their viability due to range reductions and altering their representation in protected areas. Biodiversity hotspots might be particularly vulnerable to climate change because they hold large numbers of species with small ranges which could contract even further as species track their optimal habitat. In this study, we assessed the extent to which climate change could cause distribution shifts in threatened and range-restricted birds in Colombia, a megadiverse region that includes the Tropical Andes and Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena hotspots. To evaluate how climate change might influence species in this region, we developed species distribution models using MAXENT. Species are projected to lose on average between 33 and 43 % of their total range under future climate, and up to 18 species may lose their climatically suitable range completely. Species whose suitable climate is projected to disappear occur in mountainous regions, particularly isolated ranges such as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Depending on the representation target considered, between 46 and 96 % of the species evaluated may be adequately represented in protected areas. In the future, the fraction of species potentially adequately represented is projected to decline to 30–95 %. Additional protected areas may help to retain representativeness of protected areas, but monitoring of species projected to have the largest potential declines in range size will be necessary to assess the need of implementing active management strategies to counteract the effects of climate change.     

Analysis and Countermeasures on Effective Land Use of Rural Residential Area in Jinan, Shandong Province

With the improvement of urbanization and the expansion of urban size, the cultivated land decreases gradually but the demand for urban land increases, thereby resulting in the conflict of land use. Analyzing the status quo of land use of rural residential area, this paper points out that two main problems, namely, the low degree of land use, and the waste of land resources that are prevalent in the rural residential area. Based on the above analysis, the author states that the emphasis on land use will be the plain regions in the future, and adoption of reasonable economic measures will be the new solution to the problems.     

武汉地区夏季和秋冬季大气污染的天气概念模型

利用2013～2019年武汉市生态环境局监测数据、L波段雷达探空资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,对夏季和秋冬季武汉地区污染日的大气污染特征、边界层结构、环流形势、物理量场进行研究,建立了武汉地区大气污染的天气概念模型.主要结论如下:(1)武汉市空气质量具有季节性变化特征,大气污染程度四季分布表现为冬＞秋＞春＞夏.夏季首要污染物是臭氧,冬季首要污染物是PM2.5.(2)比较挑选出的夏季清洁日和污染日的气象要素特征,污染日逆温的平均强度约为清洁日的一倍,逆温底高一般在600 m以下,空气质量一般为轻度-中度污染;静风频率(37.1％)明显高于清洁日的静风频率(2.9％);污染日平均风速小(0.8 m/s),边界层内相对湿度较低.同样比较秋冬季两类天气的气象要素特征,污染日逆温底高低、厚度小,不及清洁日的一半,不利于污染物的扩散,易出现重度污染天气.静风频率(20％)高于清洁日的静风频率(7.5％),风速小(1.6 m/s),污染日边界层内呈明显上千下湿的格局.(3)建立了夏季大气污染的天气概念模型,污染日副高偏弱位置偏东,长江流域易少雨干旱;地面我国东部大范围地区处于均压场中,武汉地区为偏东北异常小风,不利于大气污染物的扩散.(4)建立了秋冬季大气污染的天气概念模型,长江流域环流平直少波动,配合地面弱低压的天气形势和较强的逆温使得大气污染物聚集在近地面.蒙古冷高压强度偏弱,使得入侵我国的冷空气强度偏弱;武汉地区为偏北小风,对雾霾的移除和稀释扩散作用差.该研究结论可供大气污染预测预警研究和环境管理部门大气污染的联防联控参考.     

Distribution of plants differing in attitude toward thermal conditions in communities of the timberline ecotone on Mount Iremel’, the Southern Urals

Specific features in the distribution of plant species differing in their attitude toward thermal conditions have been studied in communities of the present-day timberline ecotone on Mount Iremel’ in the Southern Urals. It has been shown that the distribution of such species is characterized by significant spatial nonuniformity. Elevation above sea level, local conditions in habitats located at the same altitudinal level, and specific features of mountain slopes account for 13–84, 5–30, and 0.4–14% of the total variance of test parameters, respectively. The abundance of plants changes nonlinearly along the altitudinal gradient, whereas changes in the species diversity of different plant groups have an almost linear pattern. Marked differences between plant communities with respect to the proportions of species differently responding to changes in thermal conditions have been revealed on all slopes in the upper part of the timberline ecotone, upon transition from the slopes proper to the plateau-like areas of intermontane depressions.     

基于LCA的废旧资源循环利用节能减排效果评估模式与方法研究——以吉林省某钢铁企业为例

促进废旧资源循环利用是加快推进我国生态文明建设,完成节能减排目标的必然选择。本文基于生命周期评价模式,从微观企业层面入手,构建产品全生命周期基准流程,引入能量输入与环境输出参数,建立废旧资源循环利用节能减排效果量化核算模型,评估再生产品的节能减排经济成效,并以吉林省某钢铁企业为例,评估"废钢-电炉"短流程和"铁矿石-高炉-转炉"长流程的能源、环境、成本差异,辨识影响废钢再循环节能减排效果的主要因素和重要环节。结果显示,再生钢铁全生命周期与原生钢铁全生命周期相比,节能588.48kgce/t,节能率为84%;主要污染物中SO2减排率最高,达92%;CO2总减排1 180.92 kg/t,减排率为67%;总成本却高出198元/t。其中,炼铁工序的节能量和减碳量最大,烧结工序SO2、NOx和烟(粉)尘减排量最大,焦化工序COD和氨氮减排量最大,回收、加工处理、炼钢环节节能量和减碳量以及SO2、NOx和烟(粉)尘减排量均为负。成本方面,再生钢铁生产成本高于原生钢铁308元/t,虽然再生钢铁由于污染减排可节省56元/t的排污费并获取54元/t的碳交易收益,但都不足以扭转电炉炼钢费用较高的现状。因此,国家应在电炉炼钢方面给予钢企及相关企业适当的财税扶持政策,在电价方面给予钢企一定的优惠或补贴,并完善废钢回收加工体系等,以促进废钢循环利用。基于LCA的废旧资源循环利用节能减排效果评估可以实现对产品生命周期全过程的资源、环境、成本的优化管理。     

生态敏感区村域尺度土地生态经济系统的耦合协调发展研究——以重庆市江津区为例

评估土地生态经济系统的耦合协调发展状况,有助于揭示区域人地关系地域系统的动态演化规律,促进土地资源可持续利用.以三峡库区生态敏感区江津区为例,在剖析土地生态经济系统耦合机理的基础上,构建土地生态经济系统耦合协调发展的评价指标体系,通过土地综合评价和耦合协调度测度模型研究村域尺度土地生态经济系统的耦合协调发展特征.结果表明:(1)江津区土地生态系统发展逐渐变坏,总体表现出低等级村域空间挤压高等级村域空间的趋势,且土地生态系统发展表现出明显的空间分异;(2)江津区土地经济系统发展呈现向好趋势,但土地经济系统发展具有较大的空间差异,并呈现出显著的城乡分界;(3)江津区土地生态经济系统的耦合协调发展朝着子系统相互促进的方向演进,但全区整体的土地生态经济系统耦合协调水平还有待提升;(4)江津区村域土地生态经济系统的耦合协调发展具有显著的空间差异,高耦合协调的村域零星分布,中、低耦合协调的村域广泛分布,失调村域主要分布在城区范围之外.     

Decomposition of factors influencing carbon emissions in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,based on the perspective of terminal energy consumption

In order to analyze the factors influencing carbon emissions in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and to explore the pathways to developing a low-carbon economy,this paper begins with the terminal energy consumption of three industries and residential consumption,and constructs an identical equation which is composed of population size,level of economic development,energy intensity,the proportion of energy consumption,energy structure,and the coefficient of carbon emissions.Based on the data of terminal energy consumption during 2000-2012,various factors are analyzed and their contribution is measured by Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI).The results show that the levels of population and economy have a positive driving effect while energy intensity,energy structure,and carbon intensity have a negative driving effect;the proportion of energy consumption had a negative driving effect prior to 2006,then changed to positive.Among suggestions for a low-carbon economy are controlling population size,improving the quality of economic development,supporting research into new energy technology,accelerating regional integration and optimizing industrial structure,and enhancing environmental protection and spreading the concept of a low-carbon economy.     

Study on the Comprehensive Tourism Development Pattern in Periphery Minority Area： A Case Study of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province, China

The paper took the human-land relations as a basic point, and the theories of tourism industry system and sustainable development as the guidance, with Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture （Gannan） as the case study area. From microcosmic and macroscopic viewpoints, the author carded out function orientation and evaluation to the tourism industry development, and research on the comprehensive tourism industry development pattern of Gannan. Results show that the fragile ecological environment and the traditional economic growth pattern have restricted regional sustainable development, and made Gannan to become a representative of the periphery minority areas in Northwest China. Tourism development of Gannan is at the primary phase, with the characteristics of short industry chain and low economic efficiency. It is an inevitable choice to transform the way of regional economic growth and the development pattern of tourism industry from the traditional pattern to the pattern of sustainable development. Simultaneously, Gannan＇s natural, national and religious culture makes Gannan a broad prospect on the comprehensive tourism development. Gannan should choose the comprehensive tourism industry as its scientific pattern to realize sustainable development, promote harmonious social, economic and ecological development, alleviate the human-land contradictory, and realize dual goals in terms of ecology construction and economical development. For Gannan and the similar areas in China, studies on the sustainable development pattern of tourism have extremely important strategic sense with respect to tourism development and the sustainable development of regional economy.