黄河三角洲潮间带底栖动物群落结构分析及环境质量评价

2010年5月与8月对黄河三角洲湿地7个潮间带断面的大型底栖动物进行了定量调查,研究了其物种组成、生物量、栖息密度、优势种等群落结构特征,并采用大型底栖动物污染指数(MPI)对该区域环境质量进行了评价。调查中共获得大型底栖动物33种,隶属于软体动物(16种)、甲壳动物(9种)、多毛类环节动物(4种)、鱼类(2种)和腕足动物(1种);优势度指数较高,群落优势种较为集中,主要为光滑河蓝蛤、彩虹明樱蛤、泥螺、托氏昌螺、短文蛤、拟沼螺、双齿围沙蚕、日本刺沙蚕和四角蛤蜊;栖息密度和生物量分别为692.30/m2和658.94 g/m2,因季节及环境状况差异而不同;由MPI评价结果可知,黄河三角洲湿地潮间带总体为清洁和轻度污染,环境质量良好。     

辽东湾北部海域大型底栖动物研究：Ⅱ.生物多样性与群落结构

为深入了解辽东湾北部海域大型底栖动物的生态学特征及其与环境因子的相互作用,依据2007年7月下旬在辽东湾进行的大型底栖动物生态调查数据,论述了大型底栖动物的生物多样性与群落结构特点.调查区内大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0～3.40,平均值为2.41;Margalef物种丰富度指数为0～2.40,平均值为1.58.两指数的空间分布趋势较为一致,低值区主要位于调查区北部的沿岸浅水区,其他海域的生物多样性指数较高且无显著的空间差异.以20%的相似性程度划分,取样站可被划为7个大型底栖动物站组,各站组在调查区内呈斑块状分布.其中,有4个站组(站组Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅴ和Ⅵ)的生物量曲线始终在丰度曲线之上,且优势度明显,表明大型底栖动物群落尚未受到显著干扰;其他站组的生物量曲线与丰度曲线相互交叉或非常接近,显示大型底栖动物群落已受到中等程度干扰.统计分析表明,水深,底层水中的ρ(DO),ρ(总磷)共同构成了解释调查区内大型底栖动物群落结构的最佳环境因子组合,它们与栖息密度(R=0.484)和生物量(R=0.489)的相关关系均达到显著水平(P<0.01).     

环渤海潮间带秋季大型底栖动物生态学研究

对2008年9月在环渤海11个潮间带进行生态调查所获得的30个生物样品,以及对现场测定的温度,pH和ρ(DO)与沉积物样品分析的基础上,阐述了环渤海潮间带大型底栖动物群落的结构特点,并进一步分析了大型底栖动物与环境因子的关系. 调查共发现大型底栖动物76种,其中多毛类动物25种,软体动物24种,甲壳动物19种,其他类动物8种. 大型底栖动物的栖息密度和生物量分别为(367.40±187.30)m-2与(100.90±56.40)g/m2. 数据分析显示,环渤海潮间带大型底栖动物群落的优势种不明显,优势度大于1%的仅有4种,分别为托氏昌螺、四角蛤蜊、哈氏美人虾和中华近方蟹. 物种多样性指数则以位于渤海口的莱州湾最高,为1.909. 11个采样区域的大型底栖动物群落结构相似性总体较低,相似系数约为20%. 相关分析表明,大型底栖动物的种类数量、栖息密度和生物量与底质类型显著相关,而与温度,pH和ρ(DO)无明显的对应关系. 与历史资料相比,过去的30 a,环渤海潮间带大型底栖动物的种类数量因周围生存环境的变化以及污染等因素的影响而明显减少.      

互花米草入侵对广西北海光滩大型底栖动物群落的影响

为探讨互花米草入侵对广西北部湾光滩的生态影响,于2012年7月—2013年9月对北海市青山头地区的互花米草群丛和光滩2种生境分别连续进行5次大型底栖动物群落采样,分析不同采样时间和生境下大型底栖动物的物种组成、生物量、总栖息密度、群落生物多样性、群落结构等群落特征. 结果表明:①该区域内大型底栖动物共15种,隶属于4门5纲11科,其中中国绿螂(Glauconome chinensis)占互花米草群丛大型底栖动物个体总数的86.7%,为绝对优势物种;短指和尚蟹(Mictyris brevidactylus)为光滩的优势物种. ②双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA)结果显示,互花米草入侵光滩后大型底栖动物物种数量显著增加,并且互花米草群丛中中国绿螂个体数量的剧增也显著增加了大型底栖动物的生物量和总栖息密度,而采样时间对大型底栖动物物种数、生物量和总栖息密度的影响不显著;不同生境和采样时间均未对大型底栖动物的多样性指数产生显著影响. ③非度量多维度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)结果表明,互花米草群丛与光滩的大型底栖动物物种群落相似度较高,但与2012年10月相比,2013年9月互花米草和光滩大型底栖动物群落相似度降低,因此可能随着互花米草入侵时间的增加,其对大型底栖动物群落的影响也不同.      

辽东湾北部海域大型底栖动物研究:Ⅰ.种类组成与数量分布

于2007年7月下旬在辽东湾进行了29个站位的大型底栖动物调查,共发现大型底栖生物79种;其中包括多毛类18科24种,甲壳动物15科19种,软体动物13科24种,棘皮动物4科6种,其他类群5种.整个调查区内大型底栖动物的优势现象不明显,优势度指数大于1%的物种仅有5种,分别为光滑河篮蛤、日本倍棘蛇尾、日本浪漂水虱、纽虫和西格织纹螺.调查区内底栖动物种类数、栖息密度以及生物量的高值区与低值区呈斑块状互相嵌套.大型底柄动物的平均栖息密度为68.28 m-2,平均生物量为22.75 g/m2;其中软体动物的平均栖息密度为30.52 m-2,生物量为6.92 g/m2;多毛类的平均栖息密度为14.48m-2,生物量为4.15g/m2;甲壳类的平均栖息密度为12.76 m-2,生物量为1.86g/m2;棘皮动物平均栖息密度为6.38 m-2,生物量为8.64 g/m2.1959年渤海各分区大型底栖动物的平均牛物量为10.29～12.83 g/m2.与其相比,除莱州湾外,目前各分区的平均生物量(16.45～22.75 g/m2)均显著升高,变化幅度有所增大.     

渤海湾近岸海域春季大型底栖动物群落特征

2008年4月下旬在渤海湾近岸海域进行了21个站位的大型底栖动物调查,共发现大型底栖动物99种,其中包括多毛类24科45种,软体动物15科19种,棘皮动物3科3种,甲壳动物18科25种,其他类群7种. 调查区内大型底栖动物的优势现象不明显,优势度指数大于1%的物种仅有7种,分别为黄海埃刺梳鳞虫、深钩毛虫、不倒翁虫、豆形胡桃蛤、长尾虫、绒毛细足蟹和纽虫. 调查区内大型底栖动物的总栖息密度平均值为228.81 m-2,总生物量平均值为36.03 　g/m2,其中多毛类的平均栖息密度为71.43 m-2,生物量为2.95 　g/m2;软体动物的平均栖息密度为76.19 m-2,生物量为8.28 　g/m2;棘皮动物的平均栖息密度为6.90 m-2,生物量为16.69 　g/m2;甲壳动物的平均栖息密度为53.10 m-2,生物量为4.53 　g/m2. 调查区内大型底栖动物的香农-威纳多样性指数为0～4.18,平均值为2.99;丰富度指数为0～2.97,平均值为1.71;均匀度指数为0.51～1.00,平均值为0.84. 与1959年全国海洋综合调查的渤海底栖生物调查结果比较表明,近半个世纪以来渤海湾近岸海域大型底栖动物的平均生物量显著升高,群落结构有所改变.      

海南陵水新村港与黎安港海草特别保护区大型底栖动物群落结构与多样性

根据2004~2013年监测结果表明,陵水新村港与黎安港海草特别保护区内共记录到大型底栖动物53科95种,从种类组成来看,软体动物占优势。2009~2013年,保护区海草床大型底栖动物的平均丰度为137.53 ind/m2,平均生物量为167.57 g/m2;基于丰度进行的CLUSTER聚类分析和MDS标序图显示,2009~2013年间保护区内大型底栖动物分为2个组,与沉积物有机碳含量显著相关。多样性指数反映各年份生物多样性差异较大。通过BIOENV分析,影响其群落结构的主要环境因子有沉积物有机碳含量、中值粒径(Mdф)、四分位差(QDф)以及海草盖度。ABC曲线显示,除2011年的新村港没有受到扰动外,保护区内其他年份的大型底栖动物均受到不同程度的扰动或者倾向于受到中等程度的扰动。与2002年调查数据比较发现,保护区海草床大型底栖动物的丰度和生物量均显著下降。由此可知,保护区近年来受人类活动影响较大,出现了不同程度的污染,导致大型底栖动物群落结构发生变化。     

辽东湾潮间带夏季大型底栖动物群落结构研究

在对2014年8月辽东湾潮间带10个断面采集的生物样品进行鉴定分析的基础上,采用物种多样性指数、物种丰富度指数和物种均匀度指数分析该潮间带大型底栖动物的物种多样性,运用群落聚类、MDS排序和ABC曲线分析潮间带大型底栖动物群落的结构特点,并进一步分析阐述了大型底栖动物群落特征的分布原因。调查共发现大型底栖动物85种,其中软体动物门50种;节肢动物门20种;环节动物门8种;腔肠动物门2种;棘皮动物门1种;其他动物4种。平均栖息密度和平均生物量分别为321.07个/m2和62.47 g/m2。数据分析显示,辽东湾潮间带各断面大型底栖动物群落受到不同程度的干扰,其群落特征分布主要受底质、生境、季节和人为干扰等因素影响。     

澜沧江梯级水坝库区大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

梯级水电开发虽然可以最大程度地利用河流的水能资源,但同时也是对河流生态系统的大规模扰动.大型底栖动物被认为是开展梯级水坝水生态系统变化和演替研究的指示生物类群.本文选取澜沧江中下游水电基地为研究区,于2016年开展漫湾和大朝山梯级水坝库区大型底栖动物群落采样调查,分析梯级库区大型底栖动物的群落结构和分布格局,基于生物指数(BI)开展水质生物学评价.结果表明:大型底栖动物物种组成以寡毛纲、软体动物门及昆虫纲的摇蚊类为主,优势种则以软体动物门的河蚬占绝对优势;群落密度和生物量分布格局表现为静水区显著高于过渡区;静水区功能摄食群密度组成以收集者(GC)和滤食者(FC)占优势,生物量组成则以滤食者(FC)占优势;ABC曲线和生物指数分析表明,上游漫湾库区群落稳定性及水质优于下游大朝山库区,反映了梯级水坝沿着河流纵向梯度水环境逐渐变差的趋势,澜沧江梯级水坝库区大型底栖动物群落结构、分布格局和库区水质状况受梯级水坝运行影响表现为明显的累积效应和富营养化效应.     

大亚湾网箱养殖海域大型底栖动物的时空变化

2001年6月～2002年6月,对大亚湾大鹏澳海水鱼类网箱养殖区及其邻近海域(对照区)大型底栖动物和沉积环境按季节进行了周年5个航次的调查.结果表明,网箱养殖严重污染了养殖区沉积环境,沉积物有机碳和硫化物含量(超一类海洋沉积物质量标准)的超标率分别为88%和100%,硫化物含量约是对照区的3倍.大型底栖动物经鉴定有64种,其中优势种(优势度Y≥0.01)有21种,主要是多毛类的梳鳃虫(Terebellidesstroemii)、贝氏岩虫(Marphysabelli)和白色吻沙蚕(Glyceraalba)等,季节更替明显.底栖动物出现种数、生物量和个体数量秋、冬季高于春、夏季;空间分布养殖区明显低于对照区,且养殖区多毛类的生物量组成较对照区占优势.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.