Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Epiphytic Lichens Near a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (Central Italy)

The epiphytic lichen Parmelia caperata was usedas biomonitor in the area of a municipal solid wasteincinerator (Poggibonsi, central Italy) to investigatethe levels and the spatial distribution of the heavymetals Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb and Zn. Levels ofAl, Cu and Hg were similar to those in unpollutedareas, whereas high values were found for Cr, Zn andespecially Cd. The distribution pattern of the lastthree metals and the exponential relationship of theirconcentrations with distance from the incinerator,showed that the disposal plant is a local source ofatmospheric pollution due to Cd, Cr and Zn. For thesemetals, long-term hazard should be seriously taken into account.     

应用地积累指数法评价南通市内河沉积物中重金属污染

对南通市51个沉积物样品中重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、Hg、As、Cd的质量浓度进行了测试,并用地积累指数法评价了河流沉积物的重金属污染。结果表明:南通市沉积物重金属基本上未受污染,只有元素As受到轻度污染。     

江苏省不锈钢产业集聚区土壤重金属污染评价与分析

随着不锈钢产业的发展,其生产加工过程中产生的含重金属的废水、废气及固体废弃物对周围土壤及地表水环境的影响也日益显现。选择江苏省不锈钢产业集聚区内溱东镇土壤为研究对象,对区域内63个采样点进行分析,发现区域内土壤中Cr、Zn、Cd、Pb质量分数平均值均未超过国家土壤环境质量标准的二级标准要求,重金属污染程度由大到小的顺序为:CdNiCrMnZnPb,并且通过SPSS13.0统计软件对分析数据进行相关性分析,数据表明,土壤中重金属Cr、Fe、Cd、Ni、Mn来自不锈钢产业的可能性较大。     

乌鲁木齐市郊安宁渠区土壤重金属的污染调查

对乌鲁木齐产莱区安宁渠区的表层土壤及地表下40cm土壤中重金屑Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr进行了分析和测定，并对土壤中的重金属污染进行了环境质量评价。结果表明，安宁渠区土壤大部分为轻污染，但个别点已达重度污染，地表的污染较地表下40cm土壤为重。污染为外源性污染，与垃圾肥料的使用有关。     

Lichens as Bioindicators of Atmospheric Heavy Metal Pollution in Singapore

Lichens have been used as bioindicators in various atmospheric pollution assessments in several countries. This study presents the first data on levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in lichens at different locations in Singapore, Southeast Asia. Singapore is a fully industrialised island nation, with a prevailing tropical climate and a population of 4 million people within a confined land area of less than 700 km². The ubiquitous lichen species, Dirinaria picta was collected from six sample sites across Singapore and analysed for heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). No significant relationship existed between metal levels in lichen and soil, indicating that accumulated metals in lichen are primarily derived from the atmosphere. Peak concentrations of zinc (83.55 μg g⁻¹), copper (45.13 μg g⁻¹) and lead (16.59 μg g⁻¹) in lichens were found at Sembawang, Jurong and the National University of Singapore campus which are locations associated with heavy petroleum and shipping industries, and road traffic respectively. The mean heavy metal levels of lichen samples in Singapore were found to be at the upper range of values reported in the literature for temperate countries.     

白银矿区土壤重金属及可培养细菌重金属耐受性研究

对白银矿区土壤重金属进行分析研究,分离、筛选和鉴定了受污染土壤中的可培养细菌,并考察其对土壤中重金属胁迫的耐受性。结果表明：白银矿区王岘镇尾渣堆和东大沟河沟土壤重金属污染Pb＞Zn＞Cu;从污染最严重的土壤中分离、筛选出砖红色微杆菌（Microbacterium testaceum）、特基拉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus tequilensis）和解单端孢菌素微杆菌（Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum）3种细菌,其中菌株M1（Microbacterium testaceum）对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的胁迫具有明显的耐受性。     

Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Gastropod, Cetithium Scabridum L., from the Kuwait Coast

An in-depth study on various locations along the Kuwait Coastdifferentiated by the nature of coastal topography, humanhabitation and industrialization was made during the year1995–1997 in relation to the gills of the gastropod, Cerithium scabridum, a bio-indicator of heavy metal pollution.The maximum concentration of heavy metals in the gills of C. scabridum, seawater and particulate matter was observed inStations III when compared to the metal concentrations in theother seven stations. Co-efficient Variance (CV) revealed anincrease in the accumulation of Cu and Pb in gills, seawater andparticulate matter in winter than in summer. However, the CV wasnoted to be lower in winter than in summer in the case of Cr andV, in gills of C. scabridum and Ni in the case of seawatersamples. Further, by ANOVA, except V, significant relationshipswere noted between the heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb and Ni) andvarious locations in the gills of C. scabridum.     

某钢丝绳典型产业区土壤重金属含量现状调查

以钢丝绳产业集聚区内的土壤为研究对象,采集和分析产业区中心河两边淹水环境下的水稻田、少用受污染河水灌溉的棉花田及不用受污染河水灌溉的蔬菜地样本,结果表明,产业区内土壤中铅和锌的含量明显高于产业区外。产业区内除水稻田土壤中铅的质量比超过评价参比值外,其他灌溉方式下土壤中铅和锌的质量比均未超过《土壤环境质量标准》（GB 15618-1995）中的二级标准（pH值＞7）。统计分析表明,土壤中的重金属含量与废水灌溉方式有关,该产业区内土壤外源重金属来自钢丝绳产业的可能性很大。在不同的灌溉方式下,土壤剖面样品中的重金属含量随着土壤深度增加呈现降低的趋势,2010年和2011年的测定结果无显著差异。     

赣东北德兴矿区周边女性居民头发中重金属分布特征

应用ICP-MS/AFS测定江西德兴矿区(铜矿和铅锌矿)周边地区祝家村和戴村女性居民头发中重金属含量。探讨了河水、土壤、饮用水、人发中的重金属分布,着重分析了人发中重金属含量与年龄间的关系,指出最易受环境污染危害的人群。研究表明,人发中重金属含量与人所处的地质环境密切相关,人发中重金属含量主要受控于地质环境中某个(些)主导因素。不同年龄段人群重金属元素的分布对矿山开发环境的响应不同。人发中一些有害元素(Pb、Cd)在儿童组(15岁以下)普遍表现为高含量。这说明矿山开发释放的污染元素对儿童的危害最大。不同地区不同元素与年龄间的关系不同。人发重金属含量与年龄关系较为复杂,不存在统一的结论,应具体情况具体分析。     

Heavy Metal Transport in the Hindon River Basin, India

Total mass transfers of heavy metal in dissolved and particulate form has been determined in the downstream section of river Hindon, an important tributary of river Yamuna (India). The contribution of different point sources to the river Hindon has also been assessed. The river Kali has the largest contribution to the river Hindon. The highest metal loads were related to the highest flow of the river and thereby increased both by surface runoff and sediment resuspension. The contribution of monsoon months to the total transported load was also calculated and it was observed that monsoon months contributes more than 40% of total loading annually for all the metals. The metal fluxes from the river Hindon were compared with other rivers of Indian sub-continent.     

Soil Contribution to the Elemental Composition of Epiphytic Lichens (Tuscany, Central Italy)

Total concentrations of Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn in the epiphytic lichen Parmelia sulcata and superficial soils from 60 remote sampling sites in Tuscany (central Italy) were determined to evaluate the contribution of soil to the elemental composition of the lichen. The results showed that in the Mediterranean environment, the trace element content of unwashed lichen samples is greatly affected by soil contamination. However, despite the strong correlations between the concentrations of lithogene elements such as Al, Fe and Ti in P. sulcata, lichen levels of these elements were not at all linearly correlated with their concentrations in the soil, suggesting that dust contamination is highly variable and probably dependent on local site characteristics. All methods evaluated to minimize soil contamination indicated Cu, Pb and Zn as elements of atmospheric origin. However, while levels of Pb were similar to those reported for background areas, moderate pollution by Cu and Zn, probably from fertilizers used in agriculture, was revealed. For elements such as Cd and Mo, identified as atmophile, some uncertainty exists due to the fact that they are essential for lichen metabolism and accumulate intracellularly in lichens; they may therefore occur in soluble form in the lichen thallus.     

Heavy Metal Transport and Behavior in the Lower Columbia river, USA

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate temporal changes in heavy metal content of lower Columbia River sediment following terminated or reduced soluble heavy metal loading from the world's largest lead-zinc refinery and mining districts in the USA and Canada. Sediment cores were collected from two fine sediment depositional sites (∼600 km downstream) in August 1999 and were analyzed for total metal content, texture, and age/dating parameters. Zinc, cadmium and lead contents in 1999 declined by only a factor of two over their depth profile maxima (dated as between 1970 and 1980). In sharp contrast, more than a 10-fold decrease in dissolved metal loading occurred during this same period. Zinc in filtered Columbia River water at downstream locations also declined by > 10-fold, consistent with the reduced upper river solute-metal loading. Once soluble metal releases are reduced or terminated, the solute half-time in Columbia River water is months versus ∼20 yr for adsorbed metals on surficial (or resuspended) bed sediments. The much slower rate of decline for sediment, as compared to the solute phase, is attributed to resuspension, transport and redeposition of irreversibly bound metals from upstream sedimentary deposits. This implies downstream exposure of benthic or particle-ingesting biota can continue for years following source remediation and/or termination of soluble metal releases. Accordingly, contaminant contents of both particulate and solute phases of river water, as well as sediment core sections, are suggested for assessing long-term biotic exposure/response to mitigation activities in the Columbia River and similar fluvial ecosystems.     

重金属光谱分析仪与原子吸收光谱测定土壤中的重金属

采用重金属光谱分析仪与原子吸收光谱测定土壤中的Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和As六种金属,结果发现,重金属光谱分析仪对Cu、Pb、Zn和As四种金属的检测结果较为理想,与原子吸收光谱的检测数据接近,误差可满足现场检测的要求.重金属光谱分析仪测定方法简便,操作简单,省时省力,可满足大部分重金属检测的要求.     

环鄱阳湖区地表尘土重金属污染及健康风险评价

通过2010年4月采集环鄱阳湖区地表尘土样品,对其重金属污染物进行分析研究,并运用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对所引起的健康风险做了初步评价。结果表明,地表尘土中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为0.909、74.64、78.37、78.33、213.62 mg/kg,5种重金属平均含量均高于江西土壤背景值。重金属非致癌风险Pb>Cr>Cu>Cd>Zn,均小于非致癌风险阈值1,对人体不会造成健康危害;致癌重金属致癌风险Cr>Cd,均低于癌症风险阈值,表明不具有致癌风险。暴露模型计算表明,重金属慢性每日平均暴露量为手-口接触摄入量>皮肤吸收量>吸入空气量,经手-口直接摄入是地表尘土暴露风险的主要途径。     

南京市郊区基本农田保护区土壤重金属污染调查

为调查基本农田保护区土壤环境中重金属污染状况，江苏省农业环境监测站于1999年和2001年分别对南京市郊区基本农田土壤环境质量进行了监测，共计布设监测点14个，监项目为镉，铅，砷，汞，铬和pH，结果表明，1999年土壤样品的重金属检出率为97．1％，超标率为5．7％，2001年重金属检出率为100％，超标率为1．4％，1999年土壤样品中超标的重金属元素是镉，超标率为28．6％，2001年超标元素是汞，超标率为7．1％，1999年土壤综合污染指数为1．08，污染等级及污染水平均属轻污染；2001年土壤综合污染指数为0．76，污染等级为警戒线，污染水平达到尚清洁。     

Heavy Metal Uptake By Scirpus Littoralis Schrad. From Fly Ash Dosed and Metal Spiked Soils

Scirpus littoralis is a wetland plant commonly found in Yamuna flood plains of Delhi, India. The ability of Scirpus littoralis to take up and translocate five metals- Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb from fly ash dosed and metal spiked soils were studied under waterlogged and field conditions for 90 days. Scirpus littoralis accumulated Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb upto a maximum of 494.92, 56.37, 144.98, 207.95 and 93.08 ppm dry wt., respectively in below ground organs (BO) in 90 days time. The metal content ratios BO/soil (B/S) were higher than shoot/soil ratios (T/S) for all the metals, the highest being for Ni. Metal ratios BO/water (B/W) were also higher than shoot/water (T/W) ratios but the B/W ratio was maximum for Zn. The changes in nutrient status (N, P) in soil water and plants were also studied at interval of 30 days. The Pearson's correlation between metal uptake and N, P uptake were calculated. All the metals except Ni showed negative correlation with nitrogen but they were all non-significant. However, P uptake showed positive correlations with all the metals and all were significant at 1% confidence limit.     

电镀废水中重金属的回收处理技术

电镀企业产生的漂洗水中含有大量的重金属,处理后生成的电镀重金属污泥属于危废,国家有相关的处置规定,若处置不当,会对环境造成二次污染,并且造成重金属的流失。介绍了利用离子交换法、电解法、膜分离技术、电去离子法等相关方法回收电镀漂洗废水中重金属的国内外的研究进展;从源头抓起,减少了电镀企业重金属元素的排放量,同时对废水的合理回用提供一些可行性方案。     

农产品产地土壤重金属外源污染来源解析及防控策略研究

分析了工业生产排放、污水灌溉、矿产资源开发、农业投入品施用、大气颗粒物降尘及固体废弃物堆放等农产品产地土壤重金属主要外源污染来源,在此基础上构建了包括工业过程源、固定燃烧源、灌溉水源、废弃物堆放源、流动源和农业投入品源的来源清单,并从建立健全源头预防和强化过程控制2个方面,提出了加强农产品产地土壤重金属污染监管的相关建议。     

Heavy Metal Contents of the Karasu Creek Sediments, Nigde, Turkey

Heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Karasu spring was investigated in the presented study. In this respect, sediment samples were collected from contaminant sites along the spring starting from the spring water manifestation site, base of the Akkaya dam to the dam exit site. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. Cobalt, copper, arsenic, tin, nickel, zinc, cadmium, lead, aluminum, iron, titan, chromium and manganese contents of the Karasu creek sediments are found as 18.30–69.00, 12.40–595.0 5.50–345.3, 5.80–15.1, 10.9–64.1, 28.90–103,300, 4.1–356.2, 7.70–37,840, 13,460–109,400, 11,740–62,900, 22.18–59.04, 41.70–369 and 12.09–3,480 mg/kg, respectively. Results indicate the presence of a contamination in the Karasu creek. All the metal concentrations were found to be exceeding their acceptable limit values. Eutrophication is developed in the Karasu creek and the Akkaya dam. It is thought that heavy metal accumulation in the creek is originated from discharge from mine quarries, industrial and domestic wastes. Protection zones should be defined and all necessary measures must be taken along the Karasu creek.     

三峡库区重庆段淹没区土壤重金属分布及评价

三峡库区重庆段淹没区土壤重金属含量均低于国家土壤环境标准三级,其中铜含量范围为10.7~80.2mg/kg,均值为37.0 mg/kg;铅含量范围为14.6~51.8mg/kg,均值为29.3mg/kg;锌含量范围为47.5~93.3mg/kg,均值为72.7mg/kg;镉含量范围为0.084~0.765mg/kg,均值为0.321mg/kg;汞含量范围为0.032~0.204mg/kg,均值为0.059mg/kg;砷含量范围为4.63~12.7mg/kg,均值为8.65mg/kg。三峡库区淹没区土壤主要受镉铜污染和铅镉污染。