Isolation,identification and desulfurization mechanism of a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium with salt tolerance北大核心CSCD

Micro-organism with efficient desulfurization performance is a key factor in the biological desulfurization technology. This study aimed to seek such a sulfur-oxidizing strain and understand its desulfurization mechanism. Wastewater in a sewage station of natural gas purification plant was used to screen the sulfide-oxidizing strain, and to identify it based on sequence similarity analysis of 16S rDNA and the morphological characteristics. Thiosulfate was used as substrate for investigating the sulfur oxidation performance and salinity tolerance; the OD600, content change of thiosulfate, sulfate, sulfur, pH and total alkalinity in the cultural system were also investigated. The strain DS-B was found to share the highest sequence similarity with Thioalkalivibrio thiocyanoxidans ARh2, therefore determined as Thioalkalivibrio. At the optimum temperature of 35 °C for growth and degradation, the removal efficiency of thiosulfate could reach 98.7% after 7 days. Strain DS-B had strong resistance to thiosulfate, and the optimal concentration of S2O32- was 2 × 104 mg/L. The analysis for sulfur oxides showed that it could oxidize thiosulfate by the pathway of S2O32-→SO42- / S2O32- → S → SO42-. Therefore the strain DS-B is a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium with great application prospect for its strong salt tolerance and conspicuous removal capability for thiosulfate.     

Isolation,identification, and the degradation characteristics of a BDE-47 degrading strain北大核心CSCD

In an effort to remove BDE-47 residues from the environment, a bacterial strain that is capable of utilizing BDE-47 as the sole carbon source was isolated and screened from soil collected from an e-waste recycling area in Tianjin to analyze the degradation properties. The strain was preliminarily identified as Enterobacter sp. according to a 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The strain degraded 35.8% of 525 μg/L of BDE-47 in 35 d when the initial concentration of bacteria was 7.1 × 105 cells/ mL. The product of the biodegradation of BDE-47 was BDE-28. The biodegradation of BDE-47 fit well with first-order kinetics, and its degradation kinetics was ln Ct = - 0.104t + 6.22. With the addition of an electron acceptor, such as Fe3+, SO4 2- and NO3 -, the BDE-47 degradation rate was significantly increased to 49.8%, 59.1%, and 67.3%, respectively. The above results revealed that the strain could degrade BDE-47, which is of importance in the application of environmental bioremediation of BDE-47. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Screening and degradation characteristics of a tetracycline-degrading bacterial strain北大核心CSCD

Tetracycline is widely used in livestock and poultry breeding industry, which can cause serious problems to the environment. Antibiotic pollution has become an important environmental issue. This study aimed to isolate and identify a well-functioning tetracycline-degrading bacteria strain from activated sludge and to investigate its optimum degradation conditions. The strain was identified through morphological features, Gram staining, and the sequence analysis of 16S rRNA. Furthermore, the temperature, initial pH of the medium, inoculation amount, and type of metallic salt were analyzed to investigate the tetracycline degradation performance of the isolated strain. Based on the single factor test, the method of response surface analysis was adopted to optimize the degradation condition. The strain was named TTC-1 and identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae. The optimum condition for tetracycline degradation was determined as follows: temperature of 34.4 °C, pH of 7.22, and MnSO4 concentration of 0.32 g/L. Under this optimum condition, the predicted tetracycline degradation rate was 93.77%, whereas the observed value was 94.26%. The experimental results showed that the proposed model had high accuracy. TTC-1 showed a good performance in degrading tetracycline, which can provide reference for the bacteria during the biological treatment of tetracycline containing wastewater. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

A new efficient azo dye-decolorizing bacterium Paenibacillus dendritiformis GGJ7 and its decolorization process北大核心CSCD

This paper aimed to find an efficient bacterium for decolorizing azo dyes. A strain which could decolorize Congo Red efficiently was isolated from Congo Red. The strain was identified as Paenibacillus dendritiformis GGJ7 (GGJ7, in short) by 16S rRNA gene sequence (NCBI accession No. KY655213). Strain GGJ7 was applied to the decolorization of azo dyes in this research, and influencing factors of decolorization were investigated, including diverse nutritional conditions, culture conditions (pH, temperature, oxygen conditions), and various dyes. The results demonstrated that the decolorization rate of Congo Red by strain GGJ7 was much higher than that of the other eight strains (e.g., YRJ1, YRJ2 etc.) in our previous work. The optimal conditions for Congo Red decolorization were 25 g/L LB broth as nutrient source, 30 °C, pH 7, and an anaerobic environment. The mechanism of decolorization was mainly biodegradation, and the decolorization process of strain GGJ7 was conformed to the first-class kinetics model: -ln (At /A0) = 0.6058t - 0.1082. For different azo dyes, the decolorization rate was up to 95%. Strain GGJ7 only needed 1 h to decolorize 50 mg/L Methyl Orange, 25 mg/L Croceine Scarlet, and 25 mg/L Methyl Red, needed 3 h to decolorize 50 mg/L Orange G and 50 mg/L Orange G6, and needed 4 h to decolorize 50 mg/L Congo Red. In summary, strain GGJ7 is an efficient azo dye-decolorizing bacterium, and it has a potential application in treating printing and dyeing wastewater. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Inhibitory kinetics of β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by cadmium北大核心CSCD

Cadmium (Cd2+) pollution in an aquatic environment can negatively affect certain reproductive parameters of aquatic animals. β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) is considered to play an important role in the fertilization process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Cd2+ on the activity of NAGase purified f rom the testis of Nile tilapia, toward contributing new knowledge on the breadth of negative effects of Cd2+ for Nile tilapia production. The kinetic method of substrate reaction was used for this assessment, and an inhibitory model was established to study the kinetics of NAGase under inhibition by Cd2+. The results showed that Cd2+ could reversibly inhibit the enzymatic activity of NAGase, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was estimated to be 40.95 mmol/L. Cd2+ was found to be a competitive inhibitor of NAGase, and the inhibitory constant was determined to be 17.13 mmol/L. The microscopic rate constants of inactivation were also determined. Together, these findings demonstrate that Cd2+ is a reversible inhibitor that can competitively inhibit NAGase. These results may provide a theoretical foundation for further studies on the reproduction of tilapia. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Isolation,identification, culture conditions,and laccase production of a wild mushroom 'Huaier'北大核心CSCD

In the present study, fruiting bodies of a wild medicinal mushroom, 'Huaier, ' were collected from Populus canadensis in the Beijing Xiangshan Park. The pure culture strain was obtained from fruiting bodies using the tissue isolation method. It was stored and numbered as XS-01. It was systematically classified using morphological and ITS identification. Further studies were focused on mycelia optimum culture conditions and laccase production by liquid fermentation. A 598-bp partial ITS region sequence (GenBank accession number KY93348) was obtained using PCR method. Phylogenetic tree and genetic distance analysis were performed using the MEGA 6.0 software. The present strain possessed the highest homology (100%) with Perenniporia robiniophila, and the genetic distances were 0.000. Based on the ITS sequencing and morphological characteristics of fruiting bodies and mycelia, XS-01 was identified as P. robiniophila. Based on mycelial growth rate and quality, mycelia optimum culture conditions were revealed to be as follows: the optimum carbon sources were starch and maltose, the optimum nitrogen source was yeast extracts, the optimum C/N ratio range was 30/1 - 60/1, the best growth temperature was 32 °C, the optimum pH was 7, and the optimum growth factor was VB1. Further study of Cu2+ on extracellular laccase production revealed that 1.0 mmol/L Cu2+ could significantly enhance the enzyme production, with the highest activity of 417.5 U/mL when cultured for 96 h and an increase ratio of 93.4% to the control. On the other hand, 2.0 mmol/L Cu2+ can markedly decrease the enzyme production laccase activity at 96 h to 79.0 U/mL, which was 36.6% of that of the control. In conclusion, a pure strain of T. robiniophila with high extracellular laccase activity was obtained, suggesting its potential application for artificial cultivation and laccase production. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Mycelial culture of wild Inonotus hispidus parasitizing the jujube tree and the cultivation conditions of its fruit body on rice medium北大核心CSCD

Inonotus hispidus is a kind of rare medicinal fungus, and its natural resources are very scarce. Currently, the artificial cultivation technology of I. hispidus is not completely developed, and this reflects on its extremely low biological conversion rate and long cultivation period. In order to improve the bioconversion rate and shorten the production cycle of I. hispidus, we first analyzed the mycelia culture conditions of the collected I. hispidus, and then we further explore the method of domesticated cultivation of its fruiting body in rice medium. During the process of mycelial culture, the suitable temperature, pH, carbon source, and nitrogen source for mycelial growth were selected using the mycelial growth rate as index. During the domesticated cultivation of the fruiting body, the suitable culture medium for its growth was selected using the bioconversion rate as index. Screening results of mycelial culture conditions showed that the optimal culture conditions for the growth of mycelium of the wild I. hispidus were: temperature of 25 °C, initial pH of 6.0, glucose as the carbon source, and yeast extract powder as the source of nitrogen. The results of the domesticated cultivation showed that the biotransformation rate of I. hispidus was higher when using rice as the main medium substrate. The optimal cultivation conditions were: a 0.2% yeast extract content in the nutrient solution, a 1:1.6 ratio of rice to nutrient solution, and a 4 mL inoculum of the liquid strain. Under these conditions, it took about 4 days for the mycelium to grow over the cultivation medium. The time required for the differentiation of the primordium to form fruit bodies was about 20 days, and the bioconversion rate reached 28.70% ± 5.05%. The results of this study indicate the feasibility of using rice as the main substrate for the cultivation of I. hispidus, and it also provide new insights for the finding of new cultivation substrates for other rare medicinal fungi. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

植物络合素及其合酶在重金属抗性中的功能研究进展

Under heavy metal stress, higher plants initiate a set of defense responses, among which biosynthesis of phytochelatins (PCs) is important. PCs are rich in cystein and biosynthesized by phytochelatin synthase. The chemical structure of PCs and their ability to form complexes with a large range of metal ions is clear. Up to now, these peptides are known to play an important role in both endogenous metal ion homeostasis and heavy metal ion detoxification. The mechanism of cadmium tolerance is illustrated in detail. A model of this mechanism suggested that the detoxification process of cadmium include such steps as PCs induction, transport of cadmium into the tonoplast, formation of the HMW-Cd-PCs complexes and sequestration in vacuole. At the same time, PCs also have other functions, such as detoxification of arsenic, protecting enzyme from metal ion inhibition and supplying metal ion as a cofactor to the enzyme potentially. However, a lot of questions about its biological function remain to be answered. In 1999, three independent labs isolated the genes encoding the PCs synthase. This breakthrough of plant heavy metal tolerance research gave us a chance to further study the heavy metal tolerance mechanism. All the results from the reserch of PCs have a ffreat application potential in phytoremidation. Fig 1, Ref 25     

Isolation,identification, culture conditions,and laccase production of white rot fungus北大核心CSCD

The white rot fungi are members of Basidiomycota, which can degrade lignin and form white rot. They are high producers of extracellular laccases. In the present study, pure culture strain of high-temperature and high-laccase production types (numbered as BUA-01) was isolated from the fruiting bodies of a white rot fungus collected in the campus of Beijing University of Agriculture. The taxonomic characteristic was determined based on morphological and ITS sequence analysis. Furthermore, the optimal culture conditions for the mycelia were determined, including carbon source, nitrogen source, C/N ratio, growth factors, temperature, and pH. Extracellular laccase production was investigated in liquid fermentation with different concentrations of Cu (CuSO4) as inducer. Decolorizing activity of the fermentation broth was assayed using three azo dyes: Evans blue, methyl orange, and eriochrome black T. The results showed that the strain possessed the highest homology toward Trametes hirsuta, with the homology ratio of 100% and the genetic distance of 0, suggesting that the strain BUA-01 belonged to the genus Trametes. The culture condition investigated revealed that the optimal condition for mycelia growth included the following: carbon source, starch; nitrogen source, soybean powder and yeast extract; C/N ratio, 40/1 and 10/1; temperature, 37 °C; and pH, 6.0-7.0. The assayed growth factors had no significant effect on mycelial growth. It demonstrated high laccase activity in liquid fermentation. The highest extracellular laccase activity of 1 081.33 ± 6.3 U/mL was observed in the broth with a Cu adjunction concentration of 0.25 mmol/L after a 96-h culture period. It was about 26-fold higher than that of the control group. The isolated strain exhibited significant decolorizing activity toward the azo dyes Evans blue, methyl orange, and eriochrome black T, with the decolorization rate at 12 h of 93.31% ± 0.16%, 92.37% ± 0.42%, 79.25% ± 0.64%, respectively. This suggests that the strain possesses potential applications in laccase production and dye degradation. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Isolation,identification, and the biodegradation characteristics of a benzoylurea insecticides-degrading strain北大核心CSCD

A chlorbenzuron, diflubenzuron, and hexaflumuron-degrading bacterium strain M6, was isolated from the activated sludge of an insecticide factory. The strain was identified as Achromobacter sp. according to an analysis on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, morphological, and physiological characteristics. Strain M6 could degrade more than 91% of 100 mg/L chlorbenzuron, diflubenzuron, and hexaflumuron within 48 hours, which could act as the sole carbon source. Strain M6 showed more chlorbenzuron degradation at a temperature range between 25 and 40 ℃ and a pH range between 6.0 and 8.0. The optimal temperature and the initial pH of medium for chlorbenzuron degradation by strain M6 were 30 ℃ and 7.0, respectively; the maximum chlorbenzuron tolerated concentration of strain M6 was as high as 400 mg/L. Strain M6 hydrolyzed 4-acetaminophenol into a purple-red product. Moreover, an approximately 1.4 kb DNA fragment, which could be expressed into an amidase to degrade amide pesticides, was amplified from the genomic DNA of strain M6. The results preliminarily proved that 3 benzoylurea insecticides could be degraded because of strain M6 hydrolyzing their amide bonds. This study obtained a highly efficient degrading strain and provided new resources and valuable information on benzoylurea insecticide degradation. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Enhancement of MK-7 synthesis by engineered strains of Bacillus subtilis natto that overexpress men genes and by increasing available dissolved oxygen北大核心CSCD

In recent years, researchers have discovered novel physiological functions of vitamin K2. In addition to promoting blood clotting, it can prevent osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease and is expected to treat some tumors and Parkinson’s disease. Bacillus subtilis natto is a probiotic that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use as a bioproducer of vitamin K2. Its product’s main form is MK-7, which has a long half-life in the human body and high bioavailability. Bacillus subtilis natto displays great potential for large-scale biological preparation of vitamin K2. In this study, the Sipizizen method of Bacillus subtilis transformation was optimized to make it suitable for molecular transformation of Bacillus subtilis natto. Vectors for overexpression of all 8 genes involved in the menadione synthetic pathway were constructed, and changes in MK-7 fermentation yield after transformation of Bacillus subtilis natto were investigated. Three enzymes were found to exert significant effects on MK-7 synthesis, namely isopentenyltransferase (MenA), 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA synthase (MenB), and nornaphthoquinone methyltransferase (MenG). A modified strain (BN-pABG) with higher MK-7 productivity was obtained by concerted overexpression of menA, menB, and menG. In a 5 L bioreactor, MK-7 synthesis was further enhanced by optimizing oxygen supply. The final yield of MK-7 from the modified strain was 62.21 mg/L, 1.26 times higher than that of the original strain. These results show that combined overexpression of menA, menB, and menG strongly promotes MK-7 synthesis by Bacillus subtilis natto, and optimizing the oxygen supply conditions also promotes more robust MK-7 synthesis. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.     

Research progress on hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose and lignocellulosic waste

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic waste has attracted considerable attention because of its feasi- bility and the generation of valuable products. Previous studies have shown that pretreatment and hydrolysis are key processes for lignocellulose conversion. Hydrothermal process is a promising technique because of its efficiency to break down the lignocellulosic structures and produce fermentable hexoses. Most studies in this field have therefore focused on understanding these processes or optimizing the parameters, but commonly reported low yields of fermentable hexoses. The inability to produce high yields of fermentable hexoses is mainly attributed to inadequate information on the conversion mechanisms of lignocellulose, particularly the reaction rules of dissolu- tion, which is a limiting step in the entire conversion process. This paper critically reviewed the progress done in the research and development of the hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Principles, processes, and related studies on separate dissolution and asynchronous hydrolysis of lignin, hemieellulose, and cellulose are presented. Potential research prospects are also suggested.     

Linear paired electrolysis of furfural to furoic acid at both anode and cathode in a multiple redox mediated system

Implementing a new energy-saving electrochemical synthesis system with high commercial value is a strategy of the sustainable development for upgrading the bulk chemicals preparation technology in the future. Here, we report a multiple redox-mediated linear paired electrolysis system, combining the hydrogen peroxide mediated cathode process with the I₂ mediated anode process, and realize the conversion of furfural to furoic acid in both side of the divided flow cell simultaneously. By...     

Phase transition behavior of elastin-like polypeptides oligomerized with the Foldon domain北大核心CSCD

To investigate the underlying mechanism of the unique phase transition behavior of SpyCatcher-ELPs40 (C-E) and the influence of the oligomerization domain on the phase transition of C-E, we constructed a non-covalent three-armed star oligomerization of C-E-F and E-F by fusing the Foldon (F) domain with SpyCatcher-ELPs40 (C-E) and ELPs40 (E). Results showed that the phase transition temperature of ELPs40 fused with Foldon was higher than that of ELPs120, whereas it was lower than those of ELPs40 and the SpyTag/SpyCatcher-mediated covalent three-armed elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). This proved that the topology of ELPs could affect their phase transition behaviors. The phase transition temperature of C-E-F was 28.8 ℃ and 35.6 ℃ higher than those of C-E and ELPs40, respectively, although C-E-F had a similar sequence with C-E and ELPs40. When the concentration of NaCl was 0.8 mol/L, the differences in the phase transition temperatures were 41.2 ℃ and 47.1, respectively. We could only observe the phase transition of C-E-F in the Na2CO3 solution with high concentration (≥ 0.7 mol/ L); however, the phase transition could be clearly detected in the Na2SO4 solution, even when the concentration of Na2SO4 was very low. This result was obviously inconsistent with the Hofmeister series. This is the first report of non-linear ELPs that has shown this unique phase transition behavior. The possible reason was related to the charges distributed on the solvent accessible surface and the oligomeric state of C-E-F triggered by the Foldon domain. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Protoplast preparation and regeneration conditions of Bacillus subtilis ZGL14 producing alkaline pectinase北大核心CSCD

The protoplast fusion technique is one of the important microbial breeding methods. The main factors that affect protoplast preparation and regeneration were investigated using Bacillus subtilis ZGL14 as the starter strain. The optimal conditions for protoplast preparation and regeneration were determined in this study by optimizing the cell age, lysozyme concentration, enzymolysis time, enzymolysis temperature, pH values of the osmotic pressure stabilizer, regeneration medium types, and culture type. The results indicated that the optimal condition for protoplast preparation of B. subtilis ZGL14 was as follows: 9 h of cell age, 0.2 mg/mL of lysozyme concentration, 10 min of enzymolysis time, 32 °C of enzymolysis temperature, and 7.0 of osmotic pressure stabilizer pH value. Under this condition, the protoplast formation and regeneration rates were > 98% and > 30%, respectively. A good protoplast regeneration effect can be achieved using the regeneration medium with sodium succinate as osmotic pressure stabilizer in combination with Ca2+. The single-layer culture was better than double-layer for regeneration. The optimal condition for protoplast preparation and regeneration of B. subtilis ZGL14 was determined in this study, which provides technical support for protoplast fusion breeding of B. subtilis. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Assessment of metals in dry-toilet collected matters from suburban areas of Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia, using biosolids quality guidelines and potential ecological risk index

Dry-toilet collected matter （DCM） from traditional dry-toilet pits are a potential health and ecological risk in suburban areas. In this study, the characteristics of metals in DCMs from suburban areas of Ulaanbaatar were surveyed. The results indicate that DCMs contain a high percentage of organic matter and nutrients, while heavy metals are at low levels, which shows good agricultural potential. The concentration ranges of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 11±5, 46±9, 0.08±0.05, 9±3, 17±9, and 338±86mg·kg^-1, respectively. The concentration of Cd was below 0.5 mg.kgl, and a high positive relation was shown between chromium and nickel concentrations. The heavy metals in DCMs were safe for land application but Zn in DCMs was close to the effects range median （ERM）, which is toxic in some cases, such as amphipod bioassays. Because it is mandatory to treat DCMs to reduce pathogens, in the case of heavy metal enrichment and agricultural reuse, composting or pyrolysis are better choices than incinera- tion. Compared with global soil background values, the heavy metals in DCMs showed a low level of ecological risk, but a medium level when compared with Mongolian soil background values. The ecological risk of six heavy metals was in the descending order Hg 〉 Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Ni 〉 Cr and the contribution rate of Hg exceeded 60%.     

MiRNA-451 is a potential biomarker for estrogenicity in mouse uterus

The uterotrophic assay has been commonly used to test environmental estrogens in vivo, however, it is often not sensitive enough sometimes. An alternative way is to evaluate estrogenicity through biomarker genes. MicroRNA （miRNA） is a class of regulatory gene, which has been shown to be a good biomarker for many diseases and toxicological effects in recent years, and some evidences showed that estrogen induced response was partially mediated by miRNAs. In this study, two types of microarrays were used to test the 17[3-estradiol （E2） induced miRNA expression profile at different time points in the immature mouse uterus. Statistical analysis showed the aldehyde slide based array had less variation than the amino slide based array, and 11 dysregulated miRNAs were screened out for significant fold change. Real-time PCR was performed to further confirm that 4 out of 7 selected miRNAs, namely miR-451, miR-155, miR-335- 5p, and miR-365, are E2 regulated miRNAs in the uterus. The function of the predicted targets of these miRNAs is involved in cell grow control, which is consistent with the main E2 function in the uterus. MiR-451 had similar strong responses to E2 in the uterus of both immature and overiectomized mice, and could be a potential biomarker for estrogenicity in the uterus.     

The oligopeptides production by the feather-degrading bacterium Bacillus methylotrophicus H0北大核心CSCD

Due to the high nutritive value of oligopeptides and the waste of feather resources, this study aimed at screening efficient strains of bacteria able to rapidly degrade feathers and produce large quantities of value-added oligopeptides. In order to assess the potential yield of oligopeptides, the promising strain H0 was selected from 16 feather-degrading microorganisms. To identify the strain, we analyzed the morphological and physiological characteristics of different strains, and carried out a gene sequence analysis of their 16S rRNAs. A single factor experiment was used to promote feather degradation and oligopeptide production, and the characteristics of the oligopeptides produced were also analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The strain was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus. The optimal initial pH and temperature for oligopeptide production were 11 and 40 °C, respectively. After 72 h of fermentation under these optimal conditions, the feathers were almost completely degraded, with a 38.19% of oligopeptides (accounting for 67.53% of the total soluble peptides) and a 11.11% of free amino acids produced. LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that the oligopeptides were mainly short peptides containing 5-10 amino acids, with a molecular mass (Mr) of less than 1 300. Moreover, the peptides were abundant in branched-chain amino acids, that might be responsible for the antioxidant property of the feather hydrolysate. Our results demonstrate the great capability of B. methylotrophicus H0 in feather degradation and oligopeptide production. This research provides a high-quality microorganism resource, and the scientific basis for the development of feather-derived oligopeptide products. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Boosting extraction of Pb in contaminated soil via interfacial solar evaporation of multifunctional sponge

Interfacial solar water evaporation is a reliable way to accelerate water evaporation and contaminant remediation.Embracing the recent advance in photothermal technology,a functional sponge was prepared by coating a sodium alginate (SA) impregnated sponge with a surface layer of reduced graphene oxide (r GO) to act as a photothermal conversion medium and then subsequently evaluated for its ability to enhance Pb extraction from contaminated soil driven by interfacial solar evaporation.The SA load...