溶气气浮过程动力学模型的分形观

凝聚/絮凝过程中形成的絮体通常具有分形几何结构,导致絮体的密度、渗透性发生了变化,从而对于固液分离过程(沉淀、气浮和过滤)带来很大的影响。本文基于前人对于絮体分形的研究成果,建立了絮体与微气泡之间接触碰撞的动力学方程、絮体/微气泡聚集体在水中上升的分形速率方程。絮体与微气泡间的相对尺度和流态的不同会有不同的碰撞机制,相应的动力学方程式与絮体的分形维数也有不同的关系。     

微气泡曝气中氧传质特性研究

气泡曝气过程中氧传质对于好氧生物处理过程具有重要意义。采用水力旋转剪切微气泡发生装置,考察了运行条件和水质特性对微气泡曝气中氧传质特性的影响。结果表明,微气泡曝气可获得较高的气含率和气泡停留时间;表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)可以提高微气泡曝气的气含率和气泡停留时间。微气泡曝气中氧的总体积传质系数明显高于传统气泡曝气。总体积传质系数随着空气流量的增加而增加;氧传质效率随着空气流量的增加而减小,且对空气流量的变化更为敏感。在温度15~35℃范围内,微气泡曝气中氧的总体积传质系数随着温度的增加而增加,变化关系与传统气泡曝气基本相同,但对温度的变化更为敏感。微气泡曝气中,表面活性剂SDS会使氧的总体积传质系数略有降低,其不利影响明显小于传统气泡曝气;氧的总体积传质系数随盐度(NaC l浓度)增加而逐渐增加,并在NaC l浓度5 000 mg/L后趋于稳定。     

溶气气浮过程动力学模型的分形观

凝聚／絮凝过程中形成的絮体通常具有分形几何结构，导致絮体的密度、渗透性发生了变化，从而对于固液分离过程(沉淀、气浮和过滤)带来很大的影响。本文基于前人对于絮体分形的研究成果，建立了絮体与微气泡之间接触碰撞的动力学方程、絮体／微气泡聚集体在水中上升的分形速率方程。絮体与微气泡间的相对尺度和流态的不同会有不同的碰撞机制，相应的动力学方程式与絮体的分形维数也有不同的关系。     

臭氧微气泡深度处理染料废水生化出水

采用臭氧氧化法对某厂染料废水生化出水进行深度处理,考察了废水初始pH值和臭氧气泡大小对废水处理效果的影响,研究了臭氧微气泡对气液传质的影响。结果表明,在pH 2.5~11范围内,废水初始pH值越大,处理效果越好;加载微孔膜片后,臭氧气泡粒径变小,增大了臭氧的传质比表面积,延长了臭氧气泡在反应柱内的停留时间,强化了传质效果,处理废水的臭氧利用率可增大10%~30%,强化了臭氧氧化作用。加载5 μm孔径的膜片相比无膜片的情况,COD去除率提高了近30%,TOC去除率提高了16%。     

气泡尺寸对清洗固体表面油脂及颗粒污染物的影响

为明确气泡清洗技术在罐底油泥清洗中的应用情况,考察了气泡尺寸差异对固体表面清洗效果的影响.搭建了玻璃表面油污气泡清洗可视化实验装置,并设计了气泡发生器.该发生器可通过调节气液比产生多种尺寸分布的气泡.实验中产生的气泡直径分布于80～1 200μm.研究了气泡尺寸、清洗时间、距离和角度等参数对清洗效果的影响,结果表明,在...     

曝气池气泡羽流数值模拟及其氧转移影响

结合水流大涡模拟和气泡的颗粒轨道模型建立了曝气池气泡羽流数学模型,依据实测的气泡直径分布在数学模型中设定了10组气泡尺寸。通过对曝气池物理模型的数值模拟和清水氧转移测定实验研究了气泡羽流的流动特性及其对氧转移的影响。结果表明,曝气池内水流在气泡羽流中心区两侧形成环流,在底部区域水流流速的方向基本上是向上的;在距曝气器0.4 m以上的高度上气泡群发生横向摆动,摆动幅度随高度增加而变大;溶解氧的分布主要由水流对流作用决定,水流的扩散作用对溶解氧的传输效果可忽略;曝气池内氧总转移系数在不同地方的相差较小,在通气量为2 m3/h,面积为3 m2的曝气池内最大相对差值约为10%。     

水介质中微气泡臭氧化处理高浓度甲苯气体

高浓度挥发性有机物(VOC)气体高效处理技术是大气污染控制领域关注的重点。采用微气泡臭氧化在水介质中通过吸收-氧化过程对高浓度甲苯气体进行处理,考察微气泡臭氧化强化甲苯吸收-氧化去除性能、机理以及水介质pH对该工艺处理效果的影响。结果表明,微气泡能够强化甲苯气体在水介质中的吸收过程,氮气/甲苯微气泡在水介质中的甲苯去除率和吸收量均显著高于氮气/甲苯传统气泡,同时氮气/甲苯微气泡通过产生·OH氧化反应,使得平均甲苯氧化矿化率达到40.97%。微气泡臭氧化在水介质中对甲苯气体具有更高效的去除性能,臭氧/甲苯微气泡处理中甲苯平均去除率为97.08%,甲苯可被完全矿化而几乎无中间产物积累,其平均氧化矿化率为88.56%、平均臭氧利用率为82.54%、臭氧投加量与甲苯矿化量比值为1.26,处理性能显著优于臭氧/甲苯传统气泡处理。水介质pH对臭氧/甲苯微气泡处理甲苯气体具有一定影响,不同pH条件下甲苯气体去除率基本相当,但中性条件下甲苯氧化矿化率最高;碱性和酸性条件下甲苯氧化矿化率有所下降。微气泡臭氧化为高浓度VOC气体高效处理提供了新的解决途径。     

曝气密度对曝气系统充氧性能的影响研究

曝气密度(即曝气面积占曝气系统服务总面积的比率)是曝气系统重要的参数之一。以标准氧总转移系数作为评价指标,在小试装置中对不同曝气密度的曝气系统充氧性能进行评价。结果表明:(1)曝气系统标准氧总转移系数随曝气密度增大而显著增大,但同时需要考虑到曝气系统的微孔曝气器布置方式;(2)相同气量下,曝气系统的气泡直径与气泡运动速度随曝气密度增大而减小,气泡停留时间和气含率随曝气密度增大而增大。     

磁场强化臭氧液相传质

对不同种气液接触方式的臭氧气液传质性能进行了研究,考察了磁场作用下的臭氧进气量,液面高度以及液相p H值对微气泡臭氧传质效果的影响规律。实验研究表明,相同实验条件下,采用微气泡附加磁场(磁铁相吸)比底部曝气盘和微气泡发生器接触方式,液相中溶解的臭氧浓度分别提高了72.6%和11.4%,经过30 min后,水中溶解的臭氧浓度为8.91 mg/L,传质系数为0.2272 min-1,传质系数显著提高;在磁场的作用下的微气泡臭氧接触方式,臭氧气体流量较小的情况下,臭氧在液相溶解效率较高,液面高度h越高溶解的臭氧浓度越低,传质系数kLa值随着气液流量的增加而增加,但是随着液面高度h的增加而降低,液相的p H值也影响着传质效果,p H越低,水中溶解的臭氧浓度越高,传质系数越高。     

SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能——空气通量的影响

空气通量是影响SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能的重要参数。在不同空气通量条件下,考察了微气泡产生特性及氧传质特性,以及SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能。结果表明,当空气通量由31.85 L/(min·m2)降低至12.74 L/(min·m2)时,产生的微气泡平均直径由62.9μm减小到32.6μm,氧传质系数由0.31 min-1降低至0.19 min-1,但氧传质效率由67.7%提高至90.3%。生物膜反应器DO浓度随空气通量的降低而下降,导致生物膜好氧代谢活性下降,进而COD和氨氮去除效率降低;同时,在较低DO浓度下,可实现同步硝化反硝化过程去除TN。随着空气通量的降低,生物膜反应器氧利用率增加,空气通量为12.74 L/(min·m2)时,可接近100%;同时,曝气能耗降低,在相同条件下能耗低于传统大气泡曝气。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.