甘氨酸-β-环糊精对西玛津和镉的毒性影响研究

为了评估甘氨酸-β-环糊精对环境中有机污染物和重金属的生态毒理影响,以斜生栅藻为受试生物,分别进行了甘氨酸-β-环糊精对斜生栅藻和甘氨酸-β-环糊精存在时西玛津、镉对斜生栅藻的毒理试验。结果表明,甘氨酸-β-环糊精对斜生栅藻无明显毒性;西玛津、镉、西玛津-镉对斜生栅藻有较大毒性作用,且随着其投加量的增加,其抑制率明显升高;在西玛津、镉以及西玛津-镉溶液中分别加入适量的甘氨酸-β-环糊精后,其对斜生栅藻的抑制率明显下降,且随着甘氨酸-β-环糊精投加量的增加,其对西玛津、镉和西玛津-镉的毒性抑制效果越好。甘氨酸-β-环糊精对西玛津和镉的毒性有明显的抑制作用。     

镉在白鲢、鲤鱼体内的蓄积和影响

引言工业用镉和采矿含镉废水排放量日益增加,对天然水域造成了严重威胁。镉是极毒金属,其毒性或蓄积作用仅次于铅、汞。有名的日本富山县神通川流域“骨痛病”就是由于镉污染慢性中毒引起的。镉入肌体后主要累积于肝、肾、脾等部位,并促使钙的排泄,引起骨质疏松、软化,导致骨骼损害,而且能引     

不同活化剂对镉、铅单一及复合污染土壤的修复效果影响

选取柠檬酸(CA)、木醋液(WV)、聚天冬氨酸(PASP)、羟基乙叉二磷酸(HEDP)和FeCl_3作为活化剂,以镉、铅单一和复合污染土壤为研究对象,采用振荡淋洗法结合形态分析技术研究活化剂对重金属污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:(1)重金属单一污染时,5种活化剂对镉、铅均有一定的淋出效果,淋出效率均随活化剂浓度的增大而增大。活化剂通过淋洗实验主要淋出酸溶态和可还原态重金属。(2)重金属复合污染时,金属离子间的竞争作用会不同程度地影响重金属在土壤中的存在形态,进而影响重金属的淋出效率,多数情况下,铅的存在会促进镉的淋出,但镉的存在会抑制土壤铅的释放。     

铜、镉对水螅的急性和联合毒性作用

试验研究重金属铜(Cu2 )、镉(Cd2 )对水螅的急性毒性和联合毒性作用,探索水螅(Hydra sp.)对Cu2 、Cd2 以及两者混合的毒性效应,为水产动物病害的防治中合理使用消毒、杀虫剂以及水体污染评价提供一些参考信息.结果表明,Cu2 对水螅的24 h半致死浓度(LC50)、48 hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.072、0.054、0.042、0.037 mg/L;Cd2 对水螅的24 hLC50、48hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.001 70、0.000 63、0.000 36、0.000 36 mg/L;Cu2 、Cd2 对水螅的安全浓度分别为3.7×10-4、3.6×10-6mg/L.水螅对两种重金属的毒性反应既快速又敏感,其中Cu2 对水螅的毒性较Cd2 快,但Cd2 的毒性比Cu2 的强.等毒性配比的两种重金属混合液对水螅的毒性大于单一毒性,为协同作用.两种重金属对水螅的LC50随试验时间的延长而减小,它们对水螅的安全浓度远低于渔业水质标准.     

白洋淀水中铜、铅的化学形态及其分布

前言 目前,我们在评价水体受重金属污染的现状,以及重金属对水生动植物的毒性作用或生物效应时,一般都是以金属的总浓度作指标,但这往往会获得令人误解的结果.重金属对水生动植物的毒性作用取决于其化学形态,例如铜对永生物的毒性是随其络合程度的增强而减弱的,铅和锌也有同样表现.通过研究重金属的化学形态,可以为水体质量评价提供有意义的数据并可较     

土壤重金属铅镉形态和有效态的提取方法研究

选择一步提取法(CaCl2法、NaNO3法、NH4NO3法、HCl法)提取土壤铅镉有效态含量,顺序提取法(BCR提取法、Tessier提取法)提取土壤中铅镉各形态含量。结果表明,4种一步提取法对供试土样有效态铅镉的提取效率为HCl法NH4NO3法CaCl2法NaNO3法。当镉质量浓度为0~20、40~90 mg/kg时,BCR法对土壤中镉的总提取率分别为104.9%、105.3%,Tessier法对土壤中镉的总提取率分别为101.7%、98.9%;当镉质量浓度为20~40mg/kg时,两种顺序提取法的提取效果均不佳。BCR法适合铅质量浓度为20 000~45 000 mg/kg时应用,此时BCR法对铅的总提取率为99.8%;Tessier法适合铅质量浓度为0~1 500、9 000~15 000mg/kg时应用,此时Tessier法对土壤铅的总提取率分别为100.7%、90.9%。土壤重金属铅镉各形态的含量受土壤自身pH影响不明显,但在遇到外界酸性环境影响时容易发生重金属铅镉迁移。     

巯基化改性膨润土对重金属的吸附性能

以钙基膨润土为基本材料,制备了巯基化改性膨润土,并对比研究了此材料与其他17种改性膨润土和原材料对重金属的吸附性能.结果表明,巯基化膨润土对镉的吸附能力显著优于其他材料,在本实验条件下,其对镉的吸附率高于其他材料30％以上,对镉的吸附量可达52.1 mg/g.巯基化膨润土对铅的吸附能力在重金属竞争吸附条件下优于其他材料,而其对镍的吸附能力在所有材料中处于中等水平;另外,巯基化膨润土对3种重金属的吸附受重金属竞争吸附影响较小.因此,在所研究的材料中,巯基化膨润土材料是一种最理想的重金属吸附材料.     

一种新型环境矿物材料在废水治理中的应用研究——磷矿石去除水溶液中铅离子和镉离子的对比研究

采用天然磷矿石及其改性产品对水溶液中铅离子和镉离子的去除进行了对比研究。天然磷矿石能够有效地去除水溶性铅离子和镉离子，在强酸介质条件下对铅离子的去除效果最好，而对于镉离子，在弱酸或中性的介质中去除效果达到最佳；改性后的磷矿石能够在广泛的pH值范围内对铅离子具有良好的去除作用，显著地提高了对铅离子的去除能力，但是对镉离子的去除没有明显的改善；最后指出，磷矿石对铅离子和镉离子去除差异的根本原因是其对铅离子和镉离子去除机理的不同。     

江苏省城市垃圾焚烧电厂烟气中重金属排放研究

通过对江苏省现有垃圾焚烧电厂进行资料统计,分析了江苏省目前垃圾焚烧电厂规模及分布情况。选择典型垃圾焚烧电厂烟气进行现场采样监测,对垃圾焚烧电厂烟气中重金属铅、汞、镉含量进行分析。根据垃圾焚烧电厂相关信息,结合烟气中重金属含量及相关参数,估算江苏省垃圾焚烧电厂3种重金属年排放量,其中铅为2 010.50kg/a,汞为9.16kg/a,镉为424.63kg/a。根据垃圾焚烧电厂区域分布状况,引入地学模型,对垃圾焚烧电厂重金属区域分布特征进行了分析,结果显示江苏省东部明显高于西部,苏南高于苏北地区,其中苏南地区重金属排放量最大,铅、汞、镉分别占到垃圾焚烧排放总量的48%、51%、60%。通过重金属地学分析和数据统计,确定了江苏省垃圾焚烧重金属排放重点防控区域为苏南地区。     

降雨对磷基材料修复镉铅污染土壤稳定性的影响研究

通过模拟加速老化实验和土柱淋溶实验，探究降雨对磷基材料修复镉铅污染土壤效果稳定性的影响。结果表明：模拟降雨加速老化对土壤中有效镉含量的影响不显著，但是加速老化12 a后，土壤中有效铅由(2.74±0.35) mg/kg增加到(3.66±0.39) mg/kg(模拟自然降雨)和(3.59±0.19) mg/kg(模拟酸雨)。在添加磷基材料的土壤中，模拟降雨加速老化后，镉和铅有效性变化不显著。在土柱淋溶实验体系中，模拟4个月降雨当量的酸雨淋溶后，所有处理组的滤出液镉离子和铅离子始终低于0.1μg/L。对照组的表层(0～5 cm)土壤pH显著低于其他剖面层；不同剖面层土壤的镉、铅有效性和赋存形态变化较小，5～10 cm剖面层土壤的酸可溶态镉比例高于表层土壤。在添加磷基材料F、F700的处理组中，土壤pH、镉和铅的有效性与赋存形态在垂向上大多不存在显著差异，但底层(10～15 cm)土壤的酸可溶态镉和铅比例高于其他剖面层。综上所述，磷基材料能够有效固持土壤中镉和铅，削减降雨对重金属的活化-释放作用。     

Comparison of heavy metal toxicity in life stages (spermiotoxicity, egg toxicity, embryotoxicity and larval toxicity) of Hydroides elegans

A toxicity test was developed to examine the effects of heavy metal contaminants on the early life stages of the marine polychaete. We have studied the effects of metals on fertilization and early development of marine polychaete Hydroides elegans. These heavy metals have often been found in polluted ground and water near industrial discharges, and have therefore been detected from time to time in the food chain. They have been reported to alter various reproduction functions in various animals including marine populations. The toxic effect of mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc on sperm viability, fertilization, embryogenesis and larvae of H. elegans was examined. We observed that the rate of fertilization decreased when the sperm was incubated with heavy metals. Treatment of eggs with each metal did not prevent fertilization, but delayed or blocked the first mitotic divisions, and altered early embryonic development. All these effects were observed at relatively high concentrations. However, bio-accumulation in sediments and aquatic organisms have been reported. Polychaete eggs may then be in contact with very high concentrations of these heavy metals in areas where these metals are not handled or stocked properly, and then develop into abnormal embryos. In addition to bivalves and sea-urchins, polychaete embryos can provide biological criteria for seawater quality standards taking into account the sensitivity of the invertebrates and their contribution in detection of harmful chemicals with no marked effect on the species. Our results indicate that the early development of H. elegans is highly sensitive to heavy metals and this polychaete can be routinely employed as a test organism for ecotoxicity bioassays in tropical and subtropical regions.     

Effects of Heavy metals on plants and resistance mechanisms

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: As one of the consequences of heavy metal pollution in soil, water and air, plants are contaminated by heavy metals in some parts of China. To understand the effects of heavy metals upon plants and the resistance mechanisms, would make it possible to use plants for cleaning and remediating heavy metal-polluted sites. METHODS: The research results on the effects of heavy metals on plants and resistant mechanisms are compiled from Chinese publications from scientific journals and university journals, mostly published during the last decade. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Effects of heavy metals on plants result in growth inhibition, structure damage, a decline of physiological and biochemical activities as well as of the function of plants. The effects and bioavailability of heavy metals depend on many factors, such as environmental conditions, pH, species of element, organic substances of the media and fertilization, plant species. But, there are also studies on plant resistance mechanisms to protect plants against the toxic effects of heavy metals such as combining heavy metals by proteins and expressing of detoxifying enzyme and nucleic acid, these mechanisms are integrated to protect the plants against injury by heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: There are two aspects on the interaction of plants and heavy metals. On one hand, heavy metals show negative effects on plants. On the other hand, plants have their own resistance mechanisms against toxic effects and for detoxifying heavy metal pollution. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: To study the effects of heavy metals on plants and mechanisms of resistance, one must select crop cultivars and/or plants for removing heavy metals from soil and water. More highly resistant plants can be selected especially for a remediation of the pollution site. The molecular mechanisms of resistance of plants to heavy metals should be studied further to develop the actual resistance of these plants to heavy metals. Understanding the bioavailability of heavy metals is advantageous for plant cultivation and phytoremediation. Decrease in the bioavailability to farmlands would reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in food. Alternatively, one could increase the bioavailability of plants to extract more heavy metals.     

水体沉积物重金属生物有效性及评价方法

在研究以重金属为主要污染物的水体中,通常把沉积物视为探索环境重金属污染的工具。由于沉积物中重金属化学行为和生态效应的复杂性,对沉积物中重金属生物有效性的研究是当前学术界的热点研究课题。本文就沉积物中重金属的生物有效性及沉积物质量评价方法作了简要评述。包括沉积物对水生生物的作用机理,孔隙水重金属浓度的估算,沉积物质量评价方法,沉积物质量基准。     

Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment of DDTs and heavy metals in surface sediments from Lake Awassa—Ethiopian Rift Valley Lake

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and heavy metals are ubiquitous contaminants with high bioaccumulation and persistence in the environment, which can have adverse effects on humans and animals. Although applications of DDTs have been banned in many countries, developing countries like Ethiopia are still using these for agricultural and medicinal purposes. In addition, heavy metals are naturally present in the aquatic environment and distributed globally. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of DDTs and heavy metals in surface sediments from one of the Ethiopian rift valley lakes were studied. Twenty-five surface sediment samples from Lake Awassa, Ethiopia were collected and analyzed for DDTs and heavy metals. Results showed that concentrations of total DDTs ranged from 3.64 to 40.2 ng/g dry weight. High levels of DDTs were observed in the vicinity of inflow river side and coastal areas with agricultural activities. The heavy metals content were followed the order Zn?>?Ni?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Cr?>?Co?>?As?>?Cd?>?Hg. Correlation analysis and principal components analysis demonstrated that heavy metals were originated from both natural and anthropogenic inputs. The levels of DDE and DDD in surface sediments exceeded the sediment quality guideline values, indicating that adverse effects may occur to the lake. A method based on toxic-response factor for heavy metals revealed that the calculated potential ecological risk indices showed low ecological risk for the water body.     

Potential of Brassic rapa, Cannabis sativa, Helianthus annuus and Zea mays for phytoextraction of heavy metals from calcareous dredged sediment derived soils

Remediation of soil pollution is one of the many current environmental challenges. Anthropogenic activity has resulted in the contamination of extended areas of land, the remediation of which is both invasive and expensive by conventional means. Phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils has the prospect of being a more economic in situ alternative. In addition, phytoextraction targets ecotoxicologically the most relevant soil fraction of these metals, i.e. the bioavailable fraction. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential of four high biomass crop species in their potential for phytoextraction of heavy metals, with or without with the use of soil amendments (EDTA or EDDS). A calcareous dredged sediment derived surface soil, with high organic matter and clay content and moderate levels of heavy metal pollution, was used in the experiments. No growth depression was observed in EDTA or EDDS treated pots in comparison to untreated controls. Metal accumulation was considered to be low for phytoextraction purposes, despite the use of chelating agents. The low observed shoot concentrations of heavy metals were attributed to the low phytoavailability of heavy metals in this particular soil substrate. The mobilising effects induced by EDTA in the soil were found to be too long-lived for application as a soil amendment in phytoextraction. Although EDDS was found to be more biodegradable, higher effect half lives were observed than reported in literature or observed in previous experiments. These findings caution against the use of any amendment, biodegradable or otherwise, without proper investigation of its effects and the longevity thereof.     

Further investigation of the heavy metal content of the teeth of the bank vole as an exposure indicator of environmental pollution in Poland

The content of heavy metals in mineralised dental tissues is an indicator of the exposure of their mineral phase to heavy metals during the time of tooth development and dental tissue formation. Therefore, teeth have been used as bio-indicators which accurately reflect the environmental or dietary exposure of animals and humans to heavy metals. This study follows from the earlier work in which it was demonstrated that the teeth from bank voles inhabiting various environmentally polluted and non-polluted forests in Southern Poland were reliable indicators of exposure to heavy metals. Using analytical techniques employed in the earlier study heavy metal concentrations were obtained in the teeth of bank voles trapped in 1998-2000 to determine if efforts to clean up the environment could be detected in changes in heavy metal concentrations in the teeth. The results show that these efforts are reflected in lower concentrations of heavy metals in the teeth but that cross border contamination remains a problem.     

Using Various Guidelines and Approaches for the Assessment of Marine Sediment Quality

The aim of the present study is to explore the implications of using different quality guidelines and approaches for marine sediment characterization. As a case study, the sediments of Souda Port, Crete, Greece, were examined in order to assess heavy metal contamination and to estimate anthropogenic contribution and potential adverse effects to aquatic environment, as well as to indicate feasible future management options. The concentration of six heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was determined and compared with different sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and regional/national criteria established for dredged material characterization and management. In addition, the geo-accumulation index (I_geo) was calculated and the sediments toxicity and heavy metals bioavailability were determined. Based on the experimental data, it is deduced that Souda sediments are characterized as moderately polluted only in terms of Co, Ni, and Pb.     

Field effects of pollutants in dynamic environments. A case study on earthworm populations in river floodplains contaminated with heavy metals

In industrialized countries river floodplains can be strongly polluted with heavy metals. Published studies on effects of heavy metal pollution on soil invertebrates in floodplains, however, are inconclusive. This is unexpected since studies in other less dynamic environments reported clear effects at even lower levels of pollution. Flooding induces extra variation in invertebrate biomass and abundance which may reduce the probability to detect heavy metal effects. In this paper we combine reported data from studies on river floodplains in The Netherlands and Belgium and statistically analyze the effect of heavy metals on species composition, biomass, density and individual weight of earthworms. Interaction effects of heavy metal stress and flooding are also considered. The results suggest clear effects of zinc and copper on all variables and interaction of heavy metals and flooding for individual weight.     

The capture of heavy metals from incineration using a spray dryer integrated with a fabric filter using various additives

This study investigated the effects of feedstock additives [polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and NaCl] and spray dryer additives (SiO2, CaCl2, NaHCO3) on heavy metal and fly ash removal efficiencies, and on particle size distribution of heavy metals. A spray dryer with an integrated fabric filter was used as an air pollution control device (APCD). Removal efficiencies for fly ash and heavy metals were greater than 95 and 90%, respectively. When additives of PVC or NaCl were used, the concentration of heavy metals distributed in fly ash apparently varied when the particle diameter was <1 microm. Although the effects of the additives SiO2, CaCl2, and NaHCO3 on the elemental size distribution of Cr were insignificant, these additives did slightly increase concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Pb partitioning in coarser particles (>1 microm).     

Effects of heavy metals on sea urchin embryo development. Part 2. Interactive toxic effects of heavy metals in synthetic mine effluents

Interactive toxic effects between heavy metals were investigated using a sea urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina) bioassay. An effluent from an abandoned mine showed significant inhibitory effects on embryo development as well as producing specific malformations. The effects on the embryos were reproduced by synthetic polluted seawater consisting of eight metals (manganese, lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc, chromium, iron, and copper) at the concentrations detected in the mine effluent. This indicated that the heavy metals were responsible for the effects observed. Five heavy metals were ranked in decreasing order of toxicity as follows: Cu>Zn>Pb>Fe>Mn. Among these, zinc and manganese could cause malformation of the embryos. From bioassay results using 27 combinations of heavy metals, 16 combinations including zinc could produce specific malformations, such as radialized, exo-gastrulal, and spaceship Apollo-like gastrulal embryos. Zinc was one of the elements responsible for causing malformations and its effects were intensified by the presence of the other metals, such as manganese, lead, iron, and copper.