一株DDT降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

以DDT为目标污染物,通过筛选获得了一株效果稳定的DDT降解菌,并对其进行形态学观察,生理生化特性及16S rRNA测序鉴定.经鉴定,该菌株属于甲基菌属（Methylovorus）,命名为Methylovorus sp. XLL03.菌株在pH值为7,温度30℃,外加碳源浓度0.5%,初始DDT浓度20mg/L时生长量最大.在pH值为6,温度30℃下,外加碳源（葡萄糖）浓度0.1%,初始DDT浓度20mg/L时对DDT的降解率最大.在优化条件下,4d后菌株XLL03对DDT最高降解率可达50.4%.利用GC-MS对DDT的降解中间产物进行定性分析,初步推断在菌株XLL03中,DDT最初分别通过脱氯和脱氯化氢生成DDD和DDE,随后DDD和DDE进一步脱氯得到DDMU,最终DDMU开环后又经过一系列反应被彻底矿化.在DDT的代谢过程中,未发现代谢中间产物的积累,表明菌株XLL03在修复受DDT污染的水或土壤中具有一定的应用前景.     

一株蒽降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从石油污染土壤中筛选出一株蒽的高效降解菌株JUST-1,JUST-1可在以蒽为唯一碳源的培养基中生长,能利用蒽的最高浓度为70mg/L左右。经形态学观察并进行ITS序列分析,初步判断菌株JUST-1属于尖镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)或该菌的一个株系。JUST-1的菌丝呈白色或粉红色,并存在三类孢子,分别为小型分生孢子(microconidia)、大型分生孢子(macroconidia)和厚垣孢子(chlamydospores),但大孢子分隔数较少,隔膜1～2个。JUST-1菌株为好氧菌。投菌量、初始蒽浓度、pH和H_2O_2浓度是影响蒽降解效率的因素。JUST-1菌株对蒽的最适宜降解条件为:蒽浓度40mg/L,投菌量10%～20%,pH7.0～8.0。在此条件下,摇床培养5d后,葸去除率可达70%以上。     

双酚A降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从好氧堆肥反应器的渗滤液中分离到1株降解内分泌干扰物双酚A的细菌B-16.经过对其形态特征、生理生化以及16S rDNA序列分析,该菌株初步鉴定为Achromobacter xylosoxidans.通过摇瓶实验考察了生长条件对双酚A降解的影响,得出该菌株降解双酚A的最佳条件是接种量为0.6%,初始pH值为7.0,温度为30℃.在该条件下,对菌株B-16对不同初始浓度双酚A的降解反应过程进行动力学分析,该降解反应在低浓度(3、5、10mg/L)时符合一级反应动力学特征,而在较高底物浓度(20 mg/L5、0 mg/L)下不能用一级反应动力学描述,双酚A的降解率在初始浓度为10 mg/L时达到最大值46.93%.     

降解甲基对硫磷菌株YL8的分离、纯化及降解机理

从农药厂污水处理池的活性污泥中分离到1株能降解甲基对硫磷(MP)和对硝基苯酚(PNP)的菌株YL8,经生理生化试验和16SrRNA同源性分析,初步将YL8归类为节杆菌属(Arthrobactersp.).该菌株能以MP和PNP为唯一碳源生长,在5h内将起始浓度为50mg/L的MP降解近90%;在9h内将50mg/L的PNP完全降解.YL8在降解MP的过程中几乎检测不到PNP的产生.     

微囊藻毒素-R R 高效降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

从蓝藻爆发期的上海市淀山湖表层水体中筛选分离降解微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)的细菌,研究其降解特性。根据分离菌株的细胞形态结构、生理生化特征及其16S rDNA序列分析鉴定降解菌,高效液相色谱法测定该菌株降解MC-RR的能力。分离菌株DHU-38(GenBank序列登录号为HM047515)属荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)。微囊藻毒素降解实验结果表明,该菌株能在以MC-RR为唯一碳源、氮源的无机盐培养基中生长,6 d内可将初始质量浓度为20 mg/L的MC-RR降解为6.23 mg/L,降解效率达到69%。菌株DHU-38的最适生长温度是30℃,最适生长pH值为7.0。酵母粉、蛋白胨、葡萄糖等营养物质可以明显促进菌株对MC-RR的降解效率,尤其是加入100 mg/L酵母粉后,6 d降解率达到89.6%。     

降解亚硝酸盐菌株的分离与脱氮能力研究

文章从鳗鲡肠道中筛选出一株具备高效降解亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐和安全的优良芽孢杆菌B1,经过16S rRNA序列分析与生理生化检测,鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌(Baclicus lincheniformis)。该菌株在葡萄糖10 g/L、28℃好氧条件下培养24 h,亚硝酸盐由85.61 mg/L降低至0.47 mg/L,降解率99.45%;硝酸盐由96.12 mg/L降低至1.04 mg/L,降解率98.92%;氨氮由52.74 mg/L降至18.71 mg/L,降解率64.52%。在模拟处理养殖水体,接种终浓度为10~6CFU/mL菌株B1后,3 d亚硝酸盐浓度由5.15 mg/L降低至0.41 mg/L,降解率达92.04%,5 d降低至0.09 mg/L,达到养殖水体标准;鳗鲡在含菌株B1终浓度为10~8CFU/mL水体中,15 d无明显病理变化。试验结果说明:鳗鲡肠道原籍菌株B1具有高效的硝化与好氧反硝化能力,对水产养殖动物安全、无副作用。研究结果表明,菌株B1有助于水产养殖水体的生物脱氮或含高浓度氮的废水处理,具有良好的微生态开发应用前景。     

一株草甘膦降解菌分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从长期受草甘膦污染的土壤中筛选出10株草甘膦降解菌,其中A5菌株对草甘膦的降解率最高,经鉴定该菌株属于节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)。对A5菌株进行降解特性研究,结表明,该菌株降解草甘膦最适条件为:草甘膦600mg/L,葡萄糖10g/L,NaCl0.5g/L,pH6.5,32℃。在最适降解条件下,该菌株在72h时对草甘膦的降解率达94.2%。     

石油烃降解菌株的复配及其降解特性研究

从松原油田石油污染土壤中筛选出3种高效降解石油烃的菌株分别为微嗜酸寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila)YH、类产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes)TM和红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.)K1,对其菌落、菌体形态进行观察,并将3种菌株以不同比例进行复配,研究了3种单菌株及其复配菌株对石油烃的降解效果以及其间的协同降解作用。结果表明:复配菌株与单菌株对石油烃的降解效果有所差异;3种菌株具有协同降解石油烃的作用;3种菌株的复配比例(YH∶TM∶K1)为1∶0.5∶1.5时,对石油烃的降解效果最好;初始浓度为2 000 mg/L的石油烃,加入3 mL复配菌株,在130 r/min、30℃下振荡培养6 d后,石油烃的降解率达94.3%;当石油烃的初始浓度为2 000 mg/L时,复配菌株对石油烃的降解动力学曲线与零级动力学方程的拟合效果良好,其降解动力学方程为y=-309.6x+2 045.0(R~2为0.931),降解半衰期为3.4 d。     

高效苯酚降解菌Bacillus sp.L5-1的分离及其降解特性

从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离筛选出一株高效苯酚降解菌L5-1,经菌落形态观察和16S rDNA基因测序,结果表明菌株L5-1为蜡样芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）,美国国家生物信息中心（NCBI）的注册号为MN784421.将苯酚设置为唯一碳源,对其生长和苯酚降解特性展开研究.结果表明：菌株L5-1在10%接种量、温度30~35℃、pH值7~8的条件下,均能高效降解培养基中苯酚（培养基体积为100mL,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,14h时降解率>93%）.而在最优降解条件下（10%接种量,培养温度为35℃,pH值7.0,NaCl浓度为1%）,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,菌株在14h内的苯酚降解率可达97.1%;而当初始苯酚浓度为1000mg/L,菌株也可在46h内达到97.71%的降解率.运用Haldance方程动力学模拟菌株在不同浓度苯酚下的生长过程,其最大比生长速率为0.355h^-1,半饱合常数104.27mg/L,抑制常数为322.83mg/L,R²=0.997.菌株L5-1为目前已报道的Bacillus菌属中降解苯酚能力较强的菌株,为实际处理含酚废水中提供理论参考.     

嘧菌酯降解菌的分离及降解动力学分析

由于嘧菌酯的广泛使用和残留对环境中非靶标生物有氧化胁迫作用,所以其危害越来越引起人们的关注。该文驯化筛选出一株高效降解嘧菌酯的菌株,并探讨了其修复嘧菌酯污染的最适条件。利用嘧菌酯为唯一碳源筛选能有效降解嘧菌酯的菌株G7,对菌株进行形态生理生化特征试验及16S r RNA基因同源性分析确定该菌株的系统发育学地位。通过响应面分析法和正交试验确定菌株G7外界和液体降解最优条件。经过优化培养基和外界培养条件后得到48 h后在K2HPO42 810 mg/L,KH_2PO_4781 mg/L,NH_4NO_31 000 mg/L,(NH_4)_2SO_4821.39 mg/L,Na Cl 825.16 mg/L,Mg SO_4·7H_2O 1 000 mg/L,嘧菌酯168.86 mg/L,p H为7.25,温度37℃,摇床转速为175 r/min的条件下降解率最高为84.17%,并确定了G7菌株为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri),通过降解动力学建立了降解过程的数学模型。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.