内蒙古农牧交错带粮豆种植风险评估

以典型农牧交错带巴林左旗为例，以历年减产率指标、减产率变异系数指标、风险指数指标和综合风险指标等为评估标准，分析了评估巴林左旗粮豆单产的风险分布规律。结果表明，多数灾年的减产率在45％以下，从而得出一般性减产年份较多，而重灾或绝收年份较少的结论。根据气候相似性原理，结合小网格资源推算的方法，利用GIS技术，进行了粮豆种植的风险评估与区划，指出该地区风险分布具有北部高、南部低的连片性分布特点。同时对影响粮豆产量波动的风险成因进行了评估，得出南北部气候条件的差异和气象灾害的频繁发生是引起该地区粮豆产量波动的主要因素。     

河南小麦生产农业气象灾害风险分析及区划

根据农业气象灾害风险分析理论，以河南省小麦生产为例，在辨识对小麦产量影响较大的农业气象灾害风险要素和风险源的基础上，通过构造灾度函数，运用EOF和概率等分析方法，分析了河南省小麦生产中的3种主要农业气象灾害——麦播旱涝、晚霜冻、干热风与青枯雨的发生规律及其对小麦产量的定量影响程度与风险概率。在此基础上，运用多因子综合风险指数模型，对河南省小麦生产农业气象灾害风险进行了综合区划，为农业气象灾害风险探讨了一条新的定量分析及区划技术体系。分析发现，干热风与青枯雨是影响河南省大部分地区小麦高产稳产的主要灾害，其次是晚霜冻危害，第三是麦播时旱涝灾害，但总体上河南省小麦生产的农业气象灾害风险并不算太高，只要采取一定的防御措施，不会在根本上影响小麦的高产稳产。     

高速铁路气象灾害风险分析与区划方法探讨

借鉴已有气象灾害风险区划相关研究成果,初步探讨高速铁路气象灾害风险分析与区划方法。从气象灾害对高速铁路的影响机理入手,分析筛选出大风、水灾、雷电、低温雨雪冰冻等气象灾害的风险评价因子,构建区划评价指标体系,建立评价模型,分析制定可体现高速铁路沿线气象灾害风险发生时间、空间、强度可能性的风险区划方案,为科学制定沿线气象灾害风险区划提供参考依据。     

基于模糊可拓方法的泥石流危险度区划研究

泥石流危险度区划是一个复杂的问题，影响泥石流危险度的诸多因素中既有定性描述的，也有定量描述的，因此，必须将定性与定量描述有机地结合起来，才能获得较为合理的区划结果。本文将模糊数学与可拓方法相结合，在物元理论、可拓集合论和关联函数的基础上，利用区域泥石流危险度等级分类和区划指标隶属度化使其无量纲化，构造了经典物元和节域物元，并建立了泥石流危险度区划的模糊可拓模型。实例应用表明该方法能较真实地反映实际区域的泥石流危险度等级．     

灾害区划研究的现状,存在问题与发展趋势

着重分析了灾害区划的现状、存在问题和发展趋势，对灾害区划的目标、原理、方法、类型及指标体系进行了深入探讨。     

基于GIS的抗震设防区划计算机应用模型

结合抗震设防区划的研究、编制和管理工作,探讨了将抗震设防区划计算机应用模型划分为三个层次的若干设想和建设,并对抗震设防区划计算机应用与发展的某些关键问题进行了讨论。     

基于聚类与统计分级的河北省气象灾害综合区划研究

传统的气象灾害区划方法过于依赖专家经验。因此，该文探索基于聚类与统计分级方法，由计算机独立完成区划的技术。以河北省暴雨洪涝、冰雹、大风等9种气象灾害为例，通过K均值聚类的方法实现了全自动的区域划分，将河北省气象灾害综合区划分为6个区，并对比了不同单灾种危险性分级对最终区划的影响，基于分位数法得到的区划方案最优，其各个区域的分布与历史灾情分布较为一致。     

新疆自然灾害区划研究

本文从新疆的自然灾害、自然环境的异常变化对新疆社会的危害和影响出发，讨论了自然灾害区划的原则、指标和方法。并且在新疆的地震、洪水、干旱、农业病虫害等主要自然灾害区划的基础上，对新疆自然灾害进行了综合区划研究。     

城市地震灾害应急管理区划构想

从国内城市地震应急管理研究现状出发，提出了城市地震灾害应急管理基本单元和应急管理区划的概念，讨论了应急管理区划与灾害风险区划的区别和联系，探讨了城市应急管理区划的原则和应急管理基本单元的基本功能，并对基于行政区划的城市应急管理区划作了示意图。     

基于综合赋权分析的东北水稻低温冷害风险评估及区划研究

农业气象灾害风险评估与区划对农业防灾减灾对策的制定意义重大。以东北三省为研究区,利用日均温、水稻生长发育期、产量和面积数据对水稻冷害风险中的致灾因子危险性、承灾体脆弱性及损失度三要素进行了多指标分析。结合熵值法与层次分析法综合计算指标权重,应用加权综合评价法构建了东北水稻冷害风险综合评估模型。结果表明,冷害风险综合评估指标与典型冷害年水稻单产平均减产率在0.01水平下极显著相关,冷害综合风险等级区划与历史任意冷害发生频率分布大体一致。因此,对冷害风险综合评估模型及区划所做的研究具有合理性,可为防灾减灾提供科学合理的依据。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。