Ethnicity,income, and disaster preparedness in Deep South Texas,United States

This paper examines the influence of a series of demographic and socioeconomic factors on preparedness outcomes for a sample of residents of the Rio Grande Valley in the southernmost part of Texas, United States. Data were collected as part of the regional Pulse of the Valley Study, a general social survey of south Texas residents conducted by the Center for Survey Research at the University of Texas‐Rio Grande Valley. The purpose of this investigation is to understand better the effects of ethnicity and income on preparedness within a region of the US that suffers from widespread poverty and limited infrastructure and is prone to flooding and hurricanes. Taken together, the results suggest that while age, disaster experience, and income are associated with preparedness, the relationship between preparedness and ethnicity remains complex. Furthermore, policymakers should consider initiatives that address the socioeconomic and other issues that shape preparedness for a disaster.     

福建晋江地震地质灾害分区

收集了晋江市大量的工程地质勘察资料,针对晋江市区场地工程地质条件,从地震地质背景、历史震害的影响出发,依照相应规范和地质类比等方法,通过对晋江市区地震砂土液化、软土震陷、地震边坡效应、地震断层破坏效应的评判,结合地层、地形地貌分布情况,进行了震害效应分区.     

Immediate behavioural responses to earthquakes in Christchurch,New Zealand,and Hitachi,Japan

This study examines people's immediate responses to earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan. Data collected from 257 respondents in Christchurch and 332 respondents in Hitachi revealed notable similarities between the two cities in people's emotional reactions, risk perceptions, and immediate protective actions during the events. Respondents' physical, household, and social contexts were quite similar, but Hitachi residents reported somewhat higher levels of emotional reaction and risk perception than did Christchurch residents. Contrary to the recommendations of emergency officials, the most frequent response of residents in both cities was to freeze. Christchurch residents were more likely than Hitachi residents to drop to the ground and take cover, whereas Hitachi residents were more likely than Christchurch residents to evacuate immediately the building in which they were situated. There were relatively small correlations between immediate behavioural responses and demographic characteristics, earthquake experience, and physical, social, or household context.     

滇、桂、粤、闽、台灾害链讨论

由于对洪水、台风和巨大风暴潮的长期预测尚有一定困难，因之需要多学科进行综合研究。本文通过对滇、桂、粤、闽、台地区历史上大震后同年或次年发生上述重大气象灾害的事实，讨论了灾害链的预测，同时也讨论了灾害链的形成机制，包括构造活动、北回归线效应以及孟加拉湾大桥活动的双重后果。文中还提出了4条减灾对策。     

Predictors of compliance with tornado warnings issued in Joplin,Missouri, in 2011

Joplin, a city in the southwest corner of Missouri, United States, suffered an EF‐5 tornado in the late afternoon of 22 May 2011. This event, which claimed the lives of 162 people, represents the deadliest single tornado to strike the US since modern record‐keeping began in 1950. This study examines the factors associated with responses to tornado warnings. Based on a post‐tornado survey of survivors in Joplin, it reveals that tornado warnings were adequate and timely. Multivariate logistic regression identified four statistically significant determinants of compliance with tornado warnings: number of warning sources, whether respondents were at home when the tornado struck, past tornado experience, and gender. The findings suggest several recommendations, the implementation of which will further improve responses to tornado warnings.     

Kinship,nomadism, and humanitarian aid among Somalis in Ethiopia

This paper draws on extended ethnographic and health policy research in eastern Ethiopia to reconsider kinship and nomadism among Somalis, as both of these cultural features transform in the contexts of recurrent humanitarian crises and episodic relief operations. The emergence and importance of new patterns of travel and migration among Somalis in Ethiopia reveal significant changes in the configurations and enactments of Somali kinship, on which many Somalis' mobility depends. Conversely, an analysis of Somalis' dynamic sub‐clan groupings and geographically dispersed kinship networks also highlights emergent patterns of mobility and migration that enable access to training opportunities and employment with relief organisations, as well as to distributions of humanitarian aid. Based on these findings, this paper argues that kinship and nomadism—both long central to Somalis' identities in Ethiopia—remain interdependent, coevolved, and key to their resilience and livelihoods in the face of recurrent crises and intermittent humanitarian responses.     

Climate variability,political crises,and historical population displacements in Ethiopia

Abstract

El Niño events from the 1970s through the 1990s caused extended droughts in Ethiopia. These droughts were followed by famine and political turmoil that resulted in radical changes of government, secession, and a massive program of population redistribution. Cartographic analysis of Ethiopian census data from 1984 and 1994 shows changes in demographic patterns. The consequences of government-imposed migration policies, whose catalyst was the climate variability caused by repeated El Niño events, were changes in the ethnic composition of certain Ethiopian regions and changes in the geographic pattern of population growth.     

广西全州县广坑漕山体滑坡成因分析

通过对广西全州县广坑漕滑坡现场勘查,结合气象观测资料综合分析,表明广坑漕山体滑坡的主要原因是:①地质环境受人为工程破坏,山体两侧有新旧采石场存在;②滑坡点是迎风坡地形,有利强降水发生;③滑坡前当地长时间降水少,干旱导致土质疏松,后期天气转折,出现持续降水,土壤经浸泡迅速软化;④南亚季风急流突发性增大,在桂北喇叭口地形迎风坡产生剧烈上升运动,并与高空槽过境相遇造成对流性暴雨,水压力及山体自重量同时增大,导致坡体突然失稳,引发滑坡。     

尘埃中站起的交河故城

“新疆是个好地方……”、“吐鲁番的葡萄熟了……”这就是我从小到大百听不厌的歌。在我想象中,广阔的新疆是多么美丽富饶,而又有一种神密感。可最使我梦牵魂绕是那吐鲁番的交河故城。     

19世纪美国芝加哥大火

19世纪70年代美国芝加哥有居民35．5万人。芝加哥河把该市分为3个区——西区、南区和北区。在经历了1871年夏天的大旱和酷暑之后,进入秋季的9月又是滴雨未下。极度干燥的各种物品处于见火就着的状态。仅10月份的第一个星期,这里就发生火警30次,10月7月晚该市西区发生一场火灾,造成75万美元的损失。10月8日晚8时     

甘肃舟曲三眼峪泥石流降雨临界阈值

合理的雨量阈值指标是区域暴雨泥石流防灾减灾的关键所在。以甘肃舟曲三眼峪为研究对象,采用水文学分析方法,计算了不同降雨频率下洪水特征值以及不同规模的泥石流启动降雨量阈值,并将诱发泥石流的降雨预警级别划分为红、橙、黄、蓝四个预警级别和两个预备预警级别。结果表明:三眼峪小流域在前期干旱和一般条件下泥石流红色Ⅰ级降雨预警值分别为56.10 mm/h和50.86 mm/h,橙色Ⅱ级预警值分别为40.70 mm/h和37.87 mm/h,黄色Ⅲ级预警值分别为31.74 mm/h和29.88 mm/h,蓝色Ⅳ级预警值分别为23.83 mm/h和21.69 mm/h,预备Ⅴ级预警值分别为17.31 mm/h和15.69 mm/h,预备Ⅵ级预警值分别为10.16 mm/h和9.48mm/h。同时建立了在前期一般和干旱两种条件下,不同预警级别的泥石流降雨雨强与历时阈值关系,研究成果可为区域减灾防灾和科学研究提供依据。     

梦里长安

西安是我出生的地方，虽然还没来得及对她留下什么印象我便离开了那里，但这并不妨碍她一直是我的梦里家园。多少个似曾相识的清晨与黄昏，我面向西南，或静息倾听，或举目遥望，想象着我的西安。多少次酒后微醺，和着窗外淅淅沥沥的小雨，我轻吟汉代乐府、唐代诗歌思念着我的西安，那新蒲细柳、曲江丽人，那轻歌曼舞、羽衣霓裳，给了我多少无尽的遐想。     

Flooding,resettlement, and change in livelihoods: evidence from rural Mozambique

Post‐disaster development policies, such as resettlement, can have major impacts on communities. This paper examines how and why people's livelihoods change as a result of resettlement, and relocated people's views of such changes, in the context of natural disasters. It presents two historically‐grounded, comparative case studies of post‐flood resettlement in rural Mozambique. The studies demonstrate a movement away from rain‐fed subsistence agriculture towards commercial agriculture and non‐agricultural activities. The ability to secure a viable livelihood was a key determinant of whether resettlers remained in their new locations or returned to the river valleys despite the risks posed by floods. The findings suggest that more research is required to understand i) why resettlers choose to stay in or abandon designated resettlement areas, ii) what is meant by ‘voluntary’ and ‘involuntary’ resettlement in the realm of post‐disaster reconstruction, and iii) the policy drivers of resettlement in developing countries.