Temperature modeling in activated sludge systems: a case study.

A model of temperature dynamics was developed as part of a general model of activated-sludge reactors. Transport of heat was described by the one-dimensional, advection-dispersion equation, with a source term based on a theoretical heat balance over the reactor. The model was compared to several reference models, including a tanks-in-series model and the dispersion model with heat components neglecting biochemical-energy inputs and other activated-sludge, heat-balance terms. All the models were tested under steady-state and dynamic conditions at a full-scale facility, the Rock Creek wastewater treatment plant in Hillsboro, Oregon, using meteorological data from a station located 16 km from the plant. The dispersion model and tanks-in-series model matched in situ temperature data with absolute-mean errors less than 0.1 degrees C. Neglecting biochemical-heat-energy inputs in the activated-sludge reactor underestimated temperatures by up to 0.5 degrees C. The biochemical-heat-energy inputs accounted for 30 to 40% of the total heat flux throughout the year.     

Enhancing aerobic digestion potential of municipal waste-activated sludge through removal of extracellular polymeric substance

A protease-secreting bacteria was used to pretreat municipal sewage sludge to enhance aerobic digestion. To enhance the accessibility of the sludge to the enzyme, extracellular polymeric substances were removed using citric acid thereby removing the flocs in the sludge. The conditions for the bacterial pretreatment were optimized using response surface methodology. The results of the bacterial pretreatment indicated that the suspended solids reduction was 18 % in sludge treated with citric acid and 10 % in sludge not treated with citric acid whereas in raw sludge, suspended solids reduction was 5.3 %. Solubilization was 10.9 % in the sludge with extracellular polymeric substances removed in contrast to that of the sludge with extracellular polymeric substances, which was 7.2 %, and that of the raw sludge, which was just 4.8 %. The suspended solids reduction in the aerobic reactor containing pretreated sludge was 52.4 % whereas that in the control reactor was 15.3 %. Thus, pretreatment with the protease-secreting bacteria after the removal of extracellular polymeric substances is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method.     

连续式生物吸收工艺脱除二氧化硫

运用连续式生物吸收处理工艺,以废糖蜜发酵液作为碳源进行了微生物法去除SO2气体的研究,在简单粗放的实验条件下,研究了脱硫脱硫弧菌对较大气量SO2气体的去除效果,并对产物H2S在第二级生物反应器中的去除率进行了测定。实验结果表明,随着进气量由0.18 m3/h增大至5 m3/h,脱硫率会降低,但是随之提高搅拌速度和补料速度后,脱硫率又恢复到较高水平,当搅拌速度为590 r/min时,5 L生物反应液可以处理5 m3/h的SO2气体,1#反应器SO2去除率和2#反应器H2S去除率分别达到92%和98%以上。在气量增至5 m3/h时,1#和2#反应器补料流速分别为175 mL/h和200 mL/h时,没有亚硫酸盐和硫化物的积累,pH值和菌体浓度稳定,系统运行良好。     

低基质浓度下生物膜亚硝化工艺的快速启动及其运行效能

采用多孔凝胶填料,在低氨氮浓度下接种亚硝化絮体污泥进行填料挂膜,研究了反应器中填料的挂膜过程和不同DO/${{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}}$下亚硝化效果,采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析了反应器中微生物种群结构。结果表明：在初始的1~3 d,有大量悬浮絮体污泥进入填料内部,反应器中基本无絮体污泥;随后填料内部的微生物不断由内向外生长,填料表观颜色不断加深,30 d时填料挂膜成功;DO/$ {{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}}$比值为0.09~0.2,氨氮容积负荷为1 kg·(m³·d)⁻¹时,亚硝化效果最好,亚硝积累率最高达86.13%。随着DO/$ {{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}}$的比值增加,亚硝积累率有所下降。批次实验结果表明,通过控制DO/$ {{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}}$的值,能够使生物膜表面形成一层耗氧屏障,则生物膜内部所能利用的氧有限,以此达到抑制NOB的目的。微生物分析结果表明：生物膜中AOB/NOB值为3,AOB在硝化细菌中占主导地位,生物膜中厌氧氨氧化菌得到富集,在34 d时丰度增加至25.13%,符合反应器总氮去除率上升的特征。     

高分子重金属絮凝剂MCC制备及除铜去浊性能

以壳聚糖、L-半胱氨酸为原料,通过酰胺化反应制备了一种具有重金属捕集功能的高分子重金属絮凝剂-2-氨基-3-巯基丙酰壳聚糖(MCC)。以含铜废水为处理对象,通过正交实验研究了MCC的最佳制备条件,对其除铜性能进行了全面探讨,并对絮体形貌进行了观察和分析。结果表明,在最佳条件下制得的MCC具有除浊和捕集重金属离子双重功能,形成的絮体量较大、沉速快,出水水质好,重金属回收率较高,残渣稳定,不易造成二次污染,絮体分形维数越小,空隙越多,除铜效果越好。     

温度对序批式膜生物反应器生物脱氮影响及微生物机制解析

针对生猪养殖废水处理过程中普遍存在的脱氮效果不佳,工艺流程较长等问题,采用中试规模序批式膜生物反应器(SMBR)处理生猪养殖废水,并与猪场现有废水处理A²/O工艺进行了比较。结果表明：SMBR在运行温度逐步降低的情况下,可以取得较好的污染物去除效果,氨氮平均出水浓度为10 mg·L⁻¹,去除率达到98.6%;总氮平均出水浓度为31 mg·L⁻¹,去除率达到96.5%;COD为332 mg·L⁻¹,去除率达到96.5%。猪场现有A²/O工艺对氨氮、总氮和耗氧有机物的去除率分别为99%、88%和97%。高通量测序和OUT分类结果表明,SMBR中主要的AOB为Nitrosomonas,NOB主要为Nitrospira、Nitrobacter和Nitrolancea。AOB是SMBR主要的硝化细菌,NOB是A²/O工艺中主要的硝化细菌,并且反硝化细菌在SMBR中的菌群丰度高于A²/O工艺中的反硝化菌群丰度。综上所述,与A²/O工艺相比,SMBR具有短流程和脱氮效果较好等优势,这可使其具有较好的应用前景。     

Relative efficacy of intrinsic and extant parameters for modeling biodegradation of synthetic organic compounds in activated sludge: dynamic systems.

The utility of intrinsic and extant kinetic parameters for simulating the dynamic behavior of a biotreatment system coupled with a distributed, unstructured, balanced microbial growth model were evaluated against the observed response of test reactors to transient loads of synthetic organic compounds (SOCs). Biomass from a completely mixed activated-sludge (CMAS) system was tested in fed-batch reactors, while a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was tested by measuring SOC concentrations during the fill and react period. Both the CMAS system and the SBR were acclimated to a feed containing biogenic substrates and several SOCs, and the transient loading tests were conducted with biogenic substrates along with one or more SOCs. Extant parameters more closely reflect the steady-state degradative capacity of activated-sludge biomass than intrinsic parameters and, hence, were expected to be better predictors of system performance. However, neither extant nor intrinsic parameters accurately predicted system response and neither parameter set was consistently superior to the other. Factors that may have contributed to the inability of the model to predict system response were identified and discussed. These factors included the role of abiotic processes in SOC removal, disparity in the bases used to evaluate parameter estimates (substrate mineralization) and reactor performance (substrate disappearance), inhibitory substrate interactions under the severe loading conditions of the SBR, changes in the physiological state of the biomass during the transient loading tests, and the presumed correlation between the competent biomass concentration and the influent SOC concentration.     

絮团形态的动态演变

实验考察了絮凝过程中广义絮团（包括单体颗粒、线状絮团、面状絮团及体状絮团）的黏性分维数、特征黏度、絮团的黏性组成等随絮凝时间的动态演变。结果表明,在絮凝过程中,单体颗粒的黏性分维数与其拓扑维数一致,其余各类絮团的黏性分维数均小于其对应的拓扑维数,其中线状絮团的分维数基本不受絮凝时间的影响,但面状絮团及体状絮团的分维数随絮凝过程的进行逐渐增大但最终趋于稳定;所有絮团的特征黏度与絮凝时间无关,其中线状、面状及体状絮团的特征黏度依次具有103、104和105的数量级;各类絮团的黏性组成随絮凝过程的进行表现出不同的变化态势。     

NaCl盐度对耐盐活性污泥沉降性能及脱氮的影响

针对海水冲厕工程的实施,采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)处理实际含盐生活污水,考察了盐度对耐盐活性污泥沉降性能及脱氮效能的影响。研究发现,经过长期盐度驯化后的污泥系统也会出现丝状菌污泥膨胀。在经过10 g/L盐度长期驯化的污泥系统中,污泥容积指数(SVI)随着盐度的升高而降低,盐度升高使丝状菌减少,污泥絮体变小变密实。但是,盐度降低时会引发更严重的污泥膨胀,导致污泥流失。对脱氮性能的研究表明,硝化菌的耐盐能力较强。当盐度由10 g/L改变为0、5、15、20 g/L时,氨氮去除率依然可以维持在99%以上。但亚硝酸盐积累率无论是盐度升高或降低时都升高,这表明驯化后污泥中的亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)对盐度变化的耐受能力比氨氧化菌(AOB)弱,无论盐度升高或降低都会对其产生较大的影响。     

基于低频振动强化物质传递过程的污水处理效能提升机制

考察了在低溶解氧(DO)条件下,低频机械振动(LFMVs)的加入对AO工艺脱氮效果的影响,从氧在气—液—固三相之间的传质效率、污泥絮体结构变化以及理化特性等方面进行了机理探究。结果表明：在(1.5±0.3) mg·L⁻¹的低DO浓度下,随着振动频率的增加,系统 COD和TN的去除率有所提高,在40 Hz时达到最高,平均去除率分别为94.86%和76.88%,相比于对照组R0分别提升了5.42%和23.46%,此时,气-液间氧传递系数增加约140.46%,液-固间氧扩散系数增加了255.26%;理化特性分析结果表明,气-液间氧传递系数的增加是由于LFMVs强化了液相的湍流流态造成的,而液-固间氧扩散系数的提升主要是因为LFMVs的引入降低了污泥粒径,增大了絮体间孔隙和刺激了胞外聚合物(EPS)的分泌。此外,经济性评估结果表明,荷载 LFMVs的AO反应器比传统模式AO反应器的综合用电量低0.12 kW·(m³·h)⁻¹。     

不同有机物对混凝过程和余铝的影响

为了考察不同有机物对混凝过程的影响,针对腐殖酸 (HA) 和牛血清蛋白 (BSA)2种有机物,研究了其在不同有机物含量(以DOC计),不同混凝剂(氯化铝(AlCl3)、聚铝十三(Al13)),不同pH值条件下混凝实验沉后水的总铝(TA)、总溶铝(TDA)以及不同混凝条件下形成的絮体情况,结果表明,不同有机物对沉后水中的余铝含量有重要的影响,在相同的混凝条件下腐殖酸体系产生较高的余铝.当使用AlCl3做混凝剂时,对腐殖酸和蛋白质体系而言,沉后水余铝浓度均随DOC含量的升高而上升;而使用Al13作为混凝剂时,腐殖酸体系的混凝沉后水中的余铝随有机物含量的升高而升高.当pH值高于7.0,DOC浓度高于4.0 mg/L时,总溶铝占总铝的比例达到90%以上,此时pH值对溶解态余铝的含量无明显的影响.腐殖酸和蛋白质的混合体系与其任一单独体系相比,混凝过程中会形成具有较大强度因子和恢复因子的絮体,且混合比接近1:1时,混凝出水总溶铝达到最低.絮体的破碎与再生长受搅拌强度的影响较大,当破碎强度提高到100 r/min以上时,絮体粒径出现明显的下降.相比而言,AlCl3形成的絮体拥有更大的强度因子,而Al13形成的絮体拥有更大的恢复因子.     

不同挂膜方式对人工快渗系统处理性能的影响

针对人工快渗系统运行启动时间普遍较长的问题,研究了自然挂膜、活性污泥挂膜和优势菌挂膜3种方式对系统处理性能及微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,采用优势菌挂膜的启动时间比自然挂膜和活性污泥挂膜分别缩短了35 d、17 d,从第38天起,COD去除率稳定在90%以上,系统的抗水力负荷冲击能力也较强;TN去除率较自然挂膜和活性污泥挂膜分别提高了48.1%、37.9%,亚硝化菌和反硝化菌数量的增加为短程硝化反硝化脱氮提供了基础;细菌、真菌、放线菌的总量比自然挂膜和活性污泥挂膜分别高出1.66倍、1.02倍,纤维素酶、脲酶活性也相应提升,微生物的空间分布、酶的活性与各人工快渗系统对污染物的去除效果表现出一致性。     

Hydrodynamic treatment of wastewater effluent flocs for improved disinfection

Hydrodynamic forces generated by an orifice plate under low pressure were examined as a means of disrupting flocs, in order to improve disinfection of treated wastewater effluents. Changes in cavitation conditions were found to have little impact on the extent of particle breakage in this experimental setup. The rate of strain (flow rate divided by the hole radius cubed), however, was found to be the best predictor of floc breakage. Floc breakage was not affected by changes in floc concentration, but was very sensitive to differences between flocs collected from different sources. Larger flocs (90 to 106 microm) were broken apart to a greater extent than smaller ones (53 to 63 microm). Hydrodynamic treatment decreased the viability of bacteria associated with large flocs, and also increased the ultraviolet dose response by up to one log unit (i.e., a factor of ten). Subjecting final effluent wastewaters to hydrodynamic treatment, therefore, provides a treatment strategy for conditions in which the presence of flocs limits the level of disinfection that can be achieved.     

pH对混凝超滤组合工艺性能的影响

在聚合氯化铝(PACl)投加量为4 mg/L条件下,通过调节原水的初始pH值,考察pH条件对混凝超滤组合工艺的净水性能及膜污染的影响。结果表明:当pH为7.5时,组合工艺对CODMn、UV254、DOC的去除率分别为40.2%、35.4%和36.1%;当pH降至4.5时,对应的去除率分别增加至52.9%、52.1%和42.0%。酸性条件下,膜池内絮体的分形维数大,絮体结构密实,膜污染速率较快;当pH等于4.5时,絮体分形维数为1.75±0.15,尺寸大于500 μm的絮体数占总絮体数的9%。中性及偏碱性条件下,絮体分形维数小,絮体结构松散多枝,膜污染速率缓慢;当pH等于7.5时,絮体分形维数为1.37±0.05,尺寸大于500 μm的絮体占65%。针对该水库的水质状况,控制原水pH为7.5有利于混凝超滤膜组合装置的运行。     

双氧水协同生化法处理实际印染废水

研究了双氧水协同水解酸化-接触氧化系统对实际印染废水的处理效果,并与完全生化处理系统进行对比。将100.0 mL经稀释的浓度为3 mL·L-1的双氧水溶液,用蠕动泵以1.67 mL·min-1的速度投加至正常运行的水解酸化体系底部,投加频率1 次·d-1。结果表明,水解酸化体系对COD的去除率为23%~46%,氨氮去除率在-93%~+8.5%之间波动,出水色度为125~150 倍;而接触氧化体系COD去除率提高至39%~59%,氨氮去除率接近100%,出水色度为100~125 倍。采用16S?rDNA?宏基因组高通量测序技术,对比分析了双氧水协同生化处理系统和完全生化处理系统内的微生物菌群结构差异,发现双氧水可洗脱水解酸化污泥中的部分厌氧菌,促进优势菌门Proteobacteria（变形菌）和Bacteroidetes（拟杆菌）的富集,有助于脱色,并有助于洗脱接触氧化体系中的部分非优势菌,刺激Nitrospirae（硝化螺旋菌）的生长,促进脱氮作用。     

基于絮体吸附的一体式超滤工艺中试运行效果

基于吸附的一体式超滤工艺因其占地面积小等优势逐渐受到关注。然而,已有研究多采用粉末活性炭、纳米铁、甚至砂砾石等颗粒型吸附剂,不仅运行过程中存在刮伤膜表面的风险,且缺乏实际运行参数。混凝剂水解絮体松散且吸附效能强,为此,以江苏常州某河流水样为原水,考察了基于絮体吸附的一体式超滤工艺中试运行效能。结果表明,运行过程中滤饼层是引起超滤膜污染的主要原因;相比粉末活性炭(powdered activated carbon, PAC)和铁盐絮体,一体式铝盐絮体-超滤工艺运行效果较差;与PAC相比,松散的絮体使得一体式铁盐-超滤工艺膜表面滤饼层较薄,膜污染负荷较低,缓解膜污染的效果更优;与单独超滤膜处理相比,投加最优剂量的粉末活性炭和铁盐后分别将运行时间延长71.4%和100%;加氯预处理能灭活膜池内微生物,但仅在一定程度上减缓了膜污染。对于出水水质,一体式铁盐絮体-超滤工艺平均出水浊度低于0.1 NTU,出水铁的质量浓度低于国家饮用水水质标准(GB 5749-2006),同时对总有机碳、总磷、氨氮等指标的去除率均有一定程度的提高。     

天冬氨酸对亚铁混凝剂絮体结构及磷酸盐去除效果的影响

铁混凝剂广泛应用于水处理领域,形成的絮体大小、形态和结晶度直接决定其混凝效果。然而小分子有机物对混凝的影响机制尚不清楚。本研究以FeSO₄作为混凝剂,通过添加特定的小分子有机物(分子质量<1 000 Da)天冬氨酸,研究了天冬氨酸对絮体生长过程及其产物的影响。结果表明,天冬氨酸通过影响金属的水解和纳米颗粒的性质进而影响其混凝性能。在pH=7时,天冬氨酸的存在延缓了絮体的初始生长时间,但增大了絮凝体的最大粒径(从0.05 μm大小的碎片和小球状参杂的絮体变化至0.1 μm的褶皱状絮体)和磷酸盐的去除率。当添加0.4 mmol·L⁻¹的天冬氨酸时,纤铁矿(γ-FeOOH)为絮体的主要成分,这可能少量的天冬氨酸存在时,体系中部分亚铁离子会被包裹, Fe(OH)₂纳米颗粒由于铁化合物的饱和快速形成,随后作为晶核生长; Fe(OH)₂纳米颗粒表面通过被氧化转化成三价铁,最终形成γ-FeOOH;当添加天冬氨酸大于0.4 mmol·L⁻¹时,絮体的主要成分为四方纤铁矿(β-FeOOH）,此时部分亚铁离子被完全包裹,剩余的亚铁离子被氧化成三价铁后形成β-FeOOH。经过天冬氨酸诱导后形成的絮体对磷酸盐的去除率均增加了1.57倍左右,处理后的磷酸盐浓度降低到了0.02 mg·L⁻¹,且在添加1.5 mmol·L⁻¹ 天冬氨酸时絮体的尺寸最大,此时的絮体更加容易沉降分离。     

超声波对氢氧化镁混凝性能及絮体特性影响

以氢氧化镁作为混凝剂,不同浊度高岭土水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术,探求了超声波对絮体特性和混凝过程的影响。结果表明,在混凝初期的5 s内,增大超声功率能够有利于混凝作用发生。超声功率为80 W,浊度去除率最高。随着超声时间延长到10 s时,超声条件下FI值变小絮凝效果逐渐变差。Zeta电位与絮体粒度存在相关关系。     

基于PIV技术的ABR反应器在不同HRT下的液相流态特性

利用激光粒子图像测速技术（PIV）对ABR反应器的液相流态进行了研究,在水力停留时间（HRT）为3~58 h变化时,测试得反应器内下流室和上流室折流板内外侧关键截面的流场数据,获得了相关流场特征,包括速度矢量图、流线图谱和涡量场等。结果表明,HRT对下流室和上流室的液相轴向、径向平均速度和平均涡量强度影响不同,液相回流面积随HRT的增加逐渐减小;下流室液相平均涡量强度随HRT的增加逐渐增加;上流室液相平均涡量强度随HRT的增加逐渐减小。下流室和上流室在特定HRT时产生涡流、沟流。在本实验条件下,当处理难降解或高浓度废水时,得出HRT为33 h时反应器整体流态最佳。     

Effects of chlorination on the adhesion strength and deflocculation of activated sludge flocs.

A side effect of the application of chlorine for controlling filamentous bulking is deflocculation of floc-forming bacteria, which may cause unacceptable effluent deterioration depending on dosing. It was assumed that chlorine may adversely affect the adhesion ability of floc bacteria, promoting their erosion in shear flow. The effect of chlorination on the strength of activated sludge flocs was investigated. The adhesion-erosion (AE) model developed by Mikkelsen and Keiding was used to interpret results from deflocculation tests with varying shear and solids concentration. The AE model yields the adhesion enthalpy (deltaHG/R) of cells in sludge flocs and parameters from the model were used to quantify the sludge in terms of floc strength. Two activated sludges with different initial characteristics were studied. The resulting model parameters showed that the AE model was suitable for quantifying the bond energy of particles to the activated sludge exposed to chlorine. For one activated sludge, adhesion of cells was largely unaffected by the applied chlorine doses. A second sludge showed reduced adhesion strength with chlorine, leading to increasing deflocculation. The simple batch test and AE model proved valuable for assessing the effect of chlorination on the flocs in activated sludge. By use of these procedures, it is possible to determine acceptable chlorine dosing to avoid excessive deflocculation and effluent deterioration.