Effects of irrigation and landscape heterogeneity on butterfly diversity in Mediterranean farmlands

Irrigation effects on biodiversity are poorly known, particularly in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. In this study we analyzed irrigation effects on butterfly species richness, abundance and diversity as well as on species composition in a farmed landscape under Mediterranean climate. The study area consisted of four contiguous agricultural sub-areas with a decreasing degree of intensification: irrigated, mixed (dry and irrigated), dry and environmentally protected (i.e. Special Protection Area, SPA) dry farmland. Forty one km-transects (ten per sub-area) were searched for butterflies in 2008 and 2009. Contrary to expectations, species richness (alfa, beta and gamma diversity) was highest in both years in the most intensified sub-area (i.e. irrigated) followed by SPA, dry and mixed sub-areas. Landscape characteristics accounted for most of the between-subareas differences in species richness. Species richness was negatively related to mean field size at the landscape level and positively related to the number of trees and large shrubs along transects. Therefore, the higher number of butterfly species recorded in the irrigated farmland could be due to a more complex landscape. In contrast, butterfly abundance was highest in cereal steppes (i.e. dry and SPA sub-areas), with abundance being negatively affected by mean field size. Inter-annual change in butterfly abundance was much sharper in rainfed (i.e. dry and SPA) than in irrigated (i.e. irrigated and mixed) sub-areas. Irrigated farmland may provide more favorable conditions for butterflies by buffering the (year-to-year and summer) drought periods characterising Mediterranean climate. Species composition differed among sub-areas, with differences being partly explained by field size and number of trees and shrubs along transects. Our study suggest an important role of landscape characteristics in boosting butterfly biodiversity in intensively managed irrigated croplands and emphasizes the importance of encouraging studies on farmland butterfly diversity in different (bioclimatic) regions allowing the design of region-specific agri-environmental schemes.     

Effects of landscape complexity on farmland birds in the Baltic States

Data on birds occurring in farmland in the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were related to the spatial organisation of farmed habitats in three different agricultural landscape types. Species richness, abundance, and diversity of farmland bird communities, as well as abundance of the most frequently observed species were positively related to the number of residual non-cropped elements within farmland, the local mixture of annual crop and grass fields, and the variety of field types. The positive association of the species richness and abundance of the farmland bird community with richness in residual habitats and crops was most prominent in open landscapes. The results suggest that, by simplifying farmland structure and making it more homogenous, EU agricultural policies will have a detrimental effect on farmland bird populations in Eastern Europe. Ways of better targeting of the agri-environment schemes are suggested.     

Effects of crop diversification and low pesticide inputs on bird populations on arable land

This 6-year experimental study measured the response of bird populations and abundance to combinations of mixed cropping and low pesticide regimes associated with a commercial crop rotation. The results show a rapid and sustained population increase among a wide range of bird species, in contrast to local regional trends for the same species. Seventy percent of the increase occurred within the first 3 years of the experiment, with species of high conservation concern, and those monitored as environmental indicators on lowland farmland in the UK, increasing on average, by 30% and 20% respectively (reaching respective peaks of 44% and 33% after 4 years). For some individual species, the increase was higher still, i.e., 300% (1–4 pairs) for grey partridge (Perdix perdix) and 46% (13–19 pairs) for skylarks (Alauda arvensis) in peak years. The results demonstrate that bird species typical of lowland arable farmland in the UK are responsive to suitable farm-scale changes in habitat and food provision (roughly, manipulation within less than 1-km²). They show that the carrying capacity of modern, commercially viable, arable farmland can be increased significantly for birds, in this case, mainly by using crops mosaics to create habitats alongside the appropriate use of herbicides on non-cropped habitats.     

我国耕地总量的动力预测及其建议

近年来,我国耕地资源总量正在以较大的幅度逐年减少,其原因主要有:建设用地、生态退耕、农业结构调整、灾害损毁等占用,这将危及国家的粮食安全。为解决耕地面积大幅下降的情况,根据我国国情,建立了若干耕地总量动力方程。依据《中国的粮食问题》白皮书提出的实现粮食95%的自给目标,2010年耕地保有量应达到1.2166×10⁸hm2的要求,在数值模拟的基础上提出了若干保护耕地的方案,并对2004～2010年我国的耕地总量进行数值预测。预测表明:①以目前的耕地减损速度仅依靠每年从耕地后备资源中开发补充耕地很难保障国家粮食安全;②在我国耕地减少总量中,生态退耕占了很大的比重,如何协调好二者的关系是保证国家粮食安全的重要方面。因此,建议我国应在降低逐年上升的建设用地对耕地的占用,制订合理的退耕计划下,提倡精准农业、提高粮食单产、降低肉类消费。     

岩溶山地撂荒地演变研究—以郎溪槽谷区为例

中国山区面积广、坡耕地比重大,耕地撂荒不仅关系到山区农地的合理利用和可持续发展政策的制定,还对生态环境问题产生影响.因此,本文以2004年、2010年、2014年、2017年朗溪槽谷遥感影像等为数据源,通过景观格局指数、缓冲区分析及结合槽谷高程分析朗溪槽谷撂荒地分布格局、演变规律、驱动机制和撂荒效应.结果得出:耕地撂荒...     

Elbe river flood peaks and postwar agricultural land use in East Germany

Collectivization of farmland since the 1950s has changed the agricultural land use in former East Germany. Single fields on the collective farms became increasingly large and were cultivated with increasingly heavy farm equipment. This led to large-scale physical degradation of arable soils, enhancing the formation of surface runoff in periods with prolonged and excessive precipitation. The extent to which this development may have affected the discharge behavior of the main East German river, the Elbe, has so far not been studied. We analyzed the flood peaks of the Elbe during the past century (1900-2000). The flood discharge behavior of the Elbe has apparently changed significantly since the 1950s. Although climate changes may be involved, we conclude that the Elbe flood peaks, recorded since 1950, are related to the changes in postwar agricultural land use in former East Germany. To restore the degraded farmland soils, a change in agricultural land use may be necessary.     

Community richness and stability in agricultural landscapes: The importance of surrounding habitats

In this paper, the role played by habitat diversity in the landscape on species richness and on the stability of farmland bird communities was investigated. Species richness was estimated on 374 samples monitored in farmland by the French breeding bird survey during the 2001–2005 period. A capture–recapture approach was used to estimate species richness accounting for the variation in detection probability among species of the 100 most common species detected in farmland. Landscape structure and composition were measured both in farmland and in adjacent habitats. The independent effect of each variable on community richness and stability was further assessed using hierarchical variance partitioning and taking spatial autocorrelation into account. A strong matrix effect was detected: non-cropped land deeply influenced richness and stability of bird assemblages.     

农村居民食物消费结构对耕地需求的影响——以西藏“一江两河”流域为例

发展人工种草是缓解西藏草畜矛盾和生态环境问题的重要途径之一。食物消费结构趋向多元化,内地食物消费比重增加,缓解了西藏地区食物生产压力,为西藏农业地区发展种草提供了有利条件。论文基于农户食物生产和消费调研数据、市场调研数据并且结合统计数据资料,在利用和改进Gerbens-Leenes等(2002)发展的食物消费与耕地需求之间关系的方法基础之上,系统分析了"一江两河"流域(拉萨地区、日喀则地区和山南地区)农户腾出耕地种草的潜力。结果显示,西藏农区居民家庭食物消费结构耕地需求不高,理论上腾出耕地种草潜力较大。2010年"一江两河"流域中的拉萨市、日喀则地区以及山南地区户均耕地需求分别为5 542.3、7 400.1和5 521.7 m~2,而腾出耕地种草的潜力分别为4 777.5、2 977.3和2 054.4 m~2,拉萨地区、日喀则地区和山南地区分别占到户均耕地面积的46.3%、28.7%以及27.1%。但是,考虑到当地快速的人口增长以及脆弱的生态环境对农业生产的不利因素,"一江两河"流域不同地区应该根据各自农业生产特点以及畜牧业发展水平,有针对性地开展农牧业结构调整,通过种草补贴等激励措施和政策,提高农户种草积极性,开拓饲草市场,统筹土地的种粮和种草功能,优化配置土地饲草资源,缓解当地草畜矛盾,增加农户种草收入。     

贵阳市近郊不同人为干扰迹地土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

采用种子萌发试验对贵阳市乌当区马背山喀斯特次生林不同干扰迹地(弃耕干扰、火烧干扰和碎石堆积干扰)土壤种子库与地上植被的关系进行研究,结果显示:弃耕地、火烧地和碎石堆积地的地面植被的物种数和生活型比土壤种子库丰富,土壤种子库中乔木种类缺乏,以菊科、禾本科和豆科植物等草本植物占优势。3种干扰迹地地上植被物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数均大于土壤种子库,弃耕地土壤种子库的生态优势度指数大于地上植被,而碎石堆积地则小于地上植被。3种干扰迹地土壤种子库与地表植被的物种相似性系数分别为0.4000、0.4274和0.3556,表明不同人为干扰方式对地表植被和土壤种子库的影响程度不同。     

基于TM影像植被指数的耕地地力状况反演研究

建立基于TM遥感影像植被指数的耕地地力反演模型,为区域耕地资源管理及可持续利用提供科学依据.选择耕地地力相似的山东郯城县和东平县,利用耕地地力实地调查分析和TM遥感数据,通过相关分析筛选对郯城耕地地力有较好反映的植被指数,通过回归分析建立耕地地力-植被指数模型,以郯城县数据建模,东平县数据进行反演和验证.结果显示,增强型植被指数(EVI)与耕地地力评价结果有最显著的正相关性,相关系数达到0.82.以EVI 为自变量建立的二次方程式模型拟合效果最好,决定性系数达到0.69.采用决定性系数(R²)、均方根误差(RMSE)、精密度和准确度4 个指标对模型的反演结果和原始评价结果之间的符合度进行统计检验,EVI 的二次方程式模型准确度最高,为95.84%,RMSE和精密度最小,分别为5.21 和0.04,为耕地地力最佳反演模型.对比分析东平县耕地地力反演图和常规耕地地力评价图,模型反演的各耕地地力等级与实际耕地地力评价等级具有较好的空间分布一致性.将耕地地力归并为高、中和低3 个等级,高中低等级面积比例差异均在3.3%以内,符合研究区实际,反演效果较好.研究证明了基于定量遥感手段进行耕地地力估测的可行性,为耕地资源的监测利用提供了有效手段.     

Life cycle assessment of milk production — a comparison of conventional and organic farming

An LCA was performed on organic and conventional milk production at the farm level in Sweden. In the study, special focus was aimed at substance flows in concentrate feed production and nutrient flows on the farms. The different feeding strategies in the two forms of production, influence several impact categories. The import of feed by conventional dairy farms often leads to a substantial input of phosphorus and nitrogen. Organic milk production is a way to reduce pesticide use and mineral surplus in agriculture but this production form also requires substantially more farmland than conventional production. For Swedish conditions, however, a large use of grassland for grazing ruminants is regarded positively since this type of arable land use promotes the domestic environmental goals of biodiversity and aesthetic values.     

Field-breeding birds on organic and conventional arable farms in the Netherlands

In this study territory densities of field-breeding farmland birds were compared on pairwise-selected organic and conventional arable farms for two years. Differences in territory densities between the two farm types were explained examining the effects of three factors on territory densities: (1) non-crop habitats, (2) crop types and (3) within-crop factors. In both years, densities of most species did not differ between organic and conventional farms. Only skylark and lapwing were more abundant on organic farms, but only skylarks showed a consistent pattern over both years. Differences in crop types grown between the two systems were the only explaining factor for differences in densities of skylark. For lapwing, the difference was only partly due to differences in crop type, but differences in within-crop factors (probably as a result of crop management) were likely to have had an effect as well. There were no significant differences in abundance of non-crop habitats between the two farming systems, so this could not explain differences in territory densities.     

基于GIS的煤矿区景观格局时空变化分析——以呼伦贝尔市某煤矿为例

在GIS平台和Fragstats 4．1软件的支持下,本文以1989年和1999年的TM影像,2012年的资源三号卫星影像为数据源,利用景观／斑块类型面积、斑块所占景观面积的比例、斑块密度、最大斑块指数、总边缘长度、边缘密度、香农多样性指数、蔓延度指数等景观特征指标,对呼伦贝尔市某煤矿区的景观特征动态变化进行分析。结果显示：该煤矿区20多年来景观格局有了很大变化,景观类型由1989年的水域、草地、未利用地为主导变为2012年以未利用地、草地、耕地为主导,其中因人类工业活动和人工复垦导致工矿景观、道路景观、林地景观和耕地景观面积增加,而原来占绝对优势的水域景观面积则大幅减小。     

北京市六环内绿色空间滞蓄雨水径流功能的变化评估

面对日益频发的城市内涝问题,科学认识绿色空间控制雨水径流的作用具有重要意义。论文以北京市六环内区域为研究区,评估了2000-2010年绿色空间滞蓄雨水径流的功能及其变化。结果表明：2000-2010年北京城市绿色空间减少198.49 km²,主要表现为农田和荒草地面积减小,五到六环内绿色空间缩减最为严重,且最大斑块指数（LPI）和聚集度指数（AI）均减小,景观破碎化趋势明显。绿色空间夏季滞蓄雨水径流量由2000年的1.32×10⁸ m³增加到2010年的1.46×10⁸ m³,但雨水滞蓄率相应地由23.43%下降到16.89%,这与绿色空间面积减小和景观格局变化有关。此外,五到六环内绿色空间滞蓄雨水径流能力最高,滞蓄率高达22%~32%,且逐年呈降低趋势;二到三环内绿色空间滞蓄雨水能力最低,需要重点加强暴雨内涝防治。这主要与不同环路内绿色空间的面积和斑块连通性有关。因此,建议优化调整北京市六环内绿色空间的组成结构和景观格局,充分发挥其滞蓄雨水径流功能,以降低城市内涝风险。     

中国水土资源本底匹配状况研究

论文以中国水资源二级区为基本单元,利用单位面积水资源量法和基尼系数法,以二级区水资源总量和潜在可开垦耕地面积为数据基础,评价中国水土资源本底匹配状况,为中国水土资源优化配置提供科学依据。首先根据适宜农作物耕种的高程、坡度和土壤类型条件,得到中国潜在可开垦耕地分布;然后,计算单位潜在可开垦耕地面积水资源量,评价中国水土资源本底匹配分布状况;最后,绘制水土资源洛伦兹曲线,计算基尼系数,对中国水土资源本底匹配总体状况进行评价。研究结果表明： 1）中国北部区域潜在可开垦耕地较多,西南部和南部沿海区域分布较少,未来具有较大耕地开发潜力的区域主要分布在北方; 2）中国本底水资源和潜在可开垦耕地资源空间分布存在严重错位; 3）较之已有研究成果中依据水资源量和耕地面积计算的基尼系数0.566,论文以本底水资源和潜在耕地为基础数据计算的基尼系数0.712要大很多,表征中国本底水土资源不匹配程度要严重得多,中国80%的水资源服务不到23%的潜在可开垦耕地。     

A socio-economic analysis of rice production systems in the uplands of northern Vietnam

Production of upland rice under shifting cultivation system is an important economic activity in the mountainous areas of northern Vietnam. A comparative study of two districts with differential market access and population pressure was conducted to highlight the effect of these variables on upland rice systems in northern Vietnam. Farmers in the district with a greater population pressure have a shorter cropping and a shorter fallowing cycle than in the district with lower population pressure. Farmers reported a high incidence of food shortage in both districts. Income from livestock and wages are important for food purchases, especially in the district with a better access to market. Even in these upland districts, access to lowland fields is a critical determinant of food security.     

不同降雨条件下非点源污染氮负荷入河系数研究

以黑河流域为研究区,利用1998年河道实测径流量、泥沙负荷和非点源污染调查资料,对所建的非点源污染模型进行了参数率定.在此基础上,分析了非点源污染负荷的坡面-入河过程,提出了非点源污染负荷的"流域损失系数-入河系数"的概念;利用研究区的资料,对不同降水条件下农田、城镇、草地、灌木及森林等土地利用类型的各亚流域氮的入河系数进行了研究,对比分析了2种计算方法(SWAT模型方法和输出系数法)所得到的氮的入河系数.结果表明,2种方法所计算的氮的入河系数均较为合理,其计算结果的Pearson相关系数为0.94722(p＜0.05).此外,研究还表明,不同的降水条件和土地利用类型下氮的入河系数存在差异.对于吸附态氮,入河系数的大小排列依次为农田＞城镇＞草地＞灌木＞森林;对于溶解态氮,其入河系数的大小排列次序为农田＞草地＞灌木＞森林＞城镇.     

Development of biodiversity in field margins recently taken out of production and adjacent ditch banks in arable areas

Taking field margins out of intensive cultivation is a common form of agri-environmental scheme and on-farm nature management. Typically, no nutrients or pesticides are applied in these margins, which may be sown either with a crop or with grasses and native flowering plants. In some cases the margins are mown, while in others they are left alone. Newly established grass margins are less species-rich than field boundaries or road verges with a long history, justifying the expectation that field margins, if properly managed and given time and appropriate seed sources, could develop into relatively species-rich vegetation. We studied the biodiversity of both margins taken out of production and adjacent ditch banks in the years following initial establishment of the margins. To this end we combined the data of three different projects in order to increase the sensitivity of the statistical analyses. The results showed that the plant species richness of the field margins increased in the years following establishment over a period of four years. In addition, shifts in species composition indicated a decrease in soil nitrate concentrations. The species richness of both butterflies and dragonflies may increase. The most striking result was the marked increase in the plant species richness of the adjacent ditch banks in the five years following creation of the margins. Here, too, changes in species composition indicated a decrease in soil nitrate. In the years following establishment of the field margins there was no increase in the cover of agriculturally harmful weeds in these margins. However, the number of harmful nematodes increased. Our results show the short term effect of establishing field margins. Long term effects are still in need for further research.