城市大气中多环芳烃的降雨冲刷

2009年7~8月采集了10场降雨的雨水及对应降雨前后的大气样品,研究降雨对大气中多环芳烃的冲刷和净化作用.雨水中多环芳烃以颗粒态为主,4环组分浓度最高.气态、颗粒态和总的多环芳烃的净化率分别为3.9×102、3.7×104和5.9×103.降雨对大气的冲刷以颗粒物为主,气态多环芳烃的净化主要体现为低环组分(2~3环),高环(4~6环)组分主要以颗粒态的形式进行冲刷和净化,总净化率4~6环组分PAHs高于2~3环组分.大气颗粒态PAHs和气态PAHs的降雨沉降效率与包括降雨时间等在内的降雨综合特征有显著相关关系.     

联苯胺对鲫鱼肝线粒体DNA(mtDNA)作用的研究

采用平板电泳的方法,研究等浓度连续喂养的鲫鱼肝线粒体DNA的表达条带差异特征.结果表明:该实验中的鲫鱼mtDNA拥有两个EcoR Ⅰ的酶切位点;随着联苯胺作用时间的延长,mtDNA双链断裂呈三个依次递进的状态;线粒体DNA的断裂总是从低分子量链向高分子量链的断裂转移.     

地下水中溶解性有机物的垂直分布特征及成因

地下水中溶解性有机物(DOM)能够改变外来污染物的存在形态和迁移转化过程,其组成和分布特征研究具有重要的环境意义.采用紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱,联合平行因子分析和主成分分析,对3个不同埋深(1.2、1.5及1.8 m)地下水中DOM的来源、组成、浓度、分布特征及影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,地下水中DOM来源于陆源有机质输入和微生物活动,含有类腐殖质、异质性有机物和类蛋白物质这3种组分,类腐殖质与异质性有机物在中下层含量最高而表层最低,类蛋白物质在中间层含量最低而表层含量最高.中下层地下水中DOM的芳香性、腐殖化率、分子量和极性官能团含量最高,而表层地下水中DOM的芳香性、腐殖化率、分子量和极性官能团含量最低.地下水中DOM的垂直分布主要受有机质腐殖化率、芳香性、分子量和极性影响,腐殖化率和芳香性强、分子量大和极性高的DOM难降解、易迁移进入下层地下水.     

'Molecular farming' of antibodies in plants

'Molecular farming' is the production of valuable recombinant proteins in transgenic organisms on an agricultural scale. While plants have long been used as a source of medicinal compounds, molecular farming represents a novel source of molecular medicines, such as plasma proteins, enzymes, growth factors, vaccines and recombinant antibodies, whose medical benefits are understood at a molecular level. Until recently, the broad use of molecular medicines was limited because of the difficulty in producing these proteins outside animals or animal cell culture. The application of molecular biology and plant biotechnology in the 1990s showed that many molecular medicines or vaccines could be synthesised in plants and this technology is termed 'molecular farming'. It results in pharmaceuticals that are safer, easier to produce and less expensive than those produced in animals or microbial culture. An advantage of molecular farming lies in the ability to perform protein production on a massive scale using hectares of cultivated plants. These plants can then be harvested and transported using the agricultural infrastructure. Thus, molecular farming allows rapid progress from genetic engineering to crop production, and new cash crops producing recombinant proteins are already being commercially exploited. We speculate that as functional genomics teaches us more about the nature of disease, molecular farming will produce many of the protein therapeutics that can remedy it.     

Fe(II)、Fe(III)对砷与不同分子量腐植酸络合性能的影响

以腐植酸（HA）代表天然有机质,采用平衡透析和超滤的方法研究铁离子（Fe （II）、Fe （III））对不同分子量HA与砷离子（As （V）、As （III））络合作用的影响,并利用红外光谱（FT-IR）表征其络合特征.结果发现,Fe （II）和Fe （III）均能增强HA络合As能力,且对As （V）络合能力的增强作用大于As （III）;pH值显著影响HA络合As能力;溶解性有机碳（DOC）浓度由5mg/L增大到200mg/L,As络合百分比随之增加,此时HA-Fe （III）络合As （III）百分比最大,为24.55%;初始As浓度由10μg/L增加1000μg/L,As络合百分比随之降低,其中HA-Fe （III）络合As （III）百分比最低,为3.11%.相同环境条件下,分子量>100kDa络合As百分比最大,其中HA-Fe （II）络合As （III）的百分比最高为26.43%;分子量小于10kDa的HA络合As百分比明显高于其他分子量的HA.Fe的增强作用主要源于Fe与羧基形成桥梁再与As络合形成三元络合物.     

疏水改性分子筛在高湿度环境下对甲苯的吸附性能

工程实践中Y分子筛在高湿度环境下吸附性能大幅降低,通过聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA)预处理后进行mesoSiO₂壳层生长得到Y@mesoSiO₂,将聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)通过化学气相沉积法接枝到Y@mesoSiO₂壳层上,可获得疏水特性优异的Y@mesoSiO₂-S核壳分子筛。采用SEM、TEM、XRD、XPS和比表面积及孔径分析仪对改性前后Y分子筛形貌和结构进行分析,通过静态和动态吸附实验评价其对水和甲苯的吸附性能。结果表明：mesoSiO₂壳相在核相Y分子筛外表面成功生长,并将PDMS成功接枝在Y@mesoSiO₂壳层后,Y@mesoSiO₂-S的BET比表面积相比Y分子筛增加了2%;静态水蒸气吸附量从298 mg/g降至79 mg/g,动态水蒸气吸附量从245 mg/g降至76 mg/g,材料表面与水接触角得到显著提升。在RH80%时,Y@mesoSiO₂-S和Y分子筛对甲苯的饱和吸附量分别为167...     

苯的衍生物在活性炭/水界面上的吸附标准自由能及与其分子结构的关系

测定了25℃时活性炭自水中吸附苯、苯酚、苯胺、对－氯苯酚、苯甲酸、对－羟基苯甲酸、对－氯苯胺、硝基苯、对－氨基苯甲酸、对－硝式苯酚、对－硝基苯胺、对硝基苯甲酸的等温线，它们的等温线均为Langmuir型的，利用Langmuir参数计算了吸吸标准自由能变化△G^0，计算结果表明，△G^0具有加和性，即化合物的△G^0是组成该化合物各基团贡献之总和，化合物的分子量及分子连接性指数与△G^0有近似的线性关系。     

Factors influencing antibiotics adsorption onto engineered adsorbents

The study evaluated the adsorption of two antibiotics by four engineered adsorbents (hypercrosslinked resin MN-202, macroporous resin XAD-4, activated carbon F-400, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)) from aqueous solutions. The dynamic results demonstrated the dominant influence of pore size in adsorption. The adsorption amounts of antibiotics on XAD-4 were attributed to the hydrophobic effect, whereas steric hindrance or micropore-filling played a main role in the adsorption of antibiotics by F-400 because of its high microporosity. Aside from F-400, similar patterns of pH-dependent adsorption were observed, implying the importance of antibiotic molecular forms to the adsorption process for adsorbents. Increasing the ionic concentration with CaCl2 produced particular adsorption characteristics on MWCNT at pH 2.0 and F-400 at pH 8.0, which were attributed to the highly available contact surfaces and molecular sieving, respectively. Its hybrid characteristics incorporating a considerable portion of mesopores and micropores made hypercross linked MN-202 a superior antibiotic adsorbent with high adsorption capacity. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of MWCNT on the basis of surface area was more advantageous than that of the other adsorbents because MWCNT has a much more compact molecular arrangement.     

基于光谱色谱分析热解温度对沼渣生物炭DOM组成特性的影响

为探究沼渣基生物炭溶解性有机质（DOM）的组成特性,以厌氧发酵沼渣为原料,在300、400、500、600和700℃热解温度下制备了生物炭,利用紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱以及反相高效液相色谱等手段,研究了生物炭中DOM的组成特性.结果表明:热解温度影响生物炭DOM的组成,随着热解温度的升高,生物炭DOM中溶解性有机碳含量出现大幅降低,由300℃时的33.2 mg/g降至700℃时的0.7 mg/g.生物炭DOM的芳香性和分子量呈先增后减的变化趋势,400℃时其芳香性和分子量最大;在300~500℃热解范围内,生物炭DOM主要与类腐殖质有关,在600~700℃热解温度范围内,生物炭DOM主要是类色氨酸物质;液相色谱分析显示,在254 nm波长处洗脱出4种芳香物质,280 nm波长处洗脱出5种醌基物质,其中4种醌基结构物质赋存在芳香结构中.研究显示,沼渣生物炭DOM的组成与热解温度密切相关,不同的热解温度会影响DOM的芳香性、分子特性、腐殖化程度、亲水性及极性等特征,光谱和色谱分析法可有效表征DOM的不同结构性质.      

动、静态超滤处理碱法草浆黑液的超滤膜特性比较

通过静、动态试验,考察了不同截留分子量的PES、PEK、SPES、SPK、PAN等5种超滤膜处理碱法草浆黑液的超滤特性结果表明,静态接触条件下,PEK膜受黑液组份的污染程度最重,PAN、SPES及SPK膜次之,PES膜的污染程度最轻;PAN膜不适宜于碱性黑液的处理;荷负电性较高的康化类膜及低截留分子量的超滤膜具有较好的黑液超滤特性;动态试验膜的超滤特性优于静态试验．本研究结果为超滤技术在碱法草浆黑液处理中的应用提供了基础性资料     

薯渣的开发和利用

通过利用薯渣经过预氧化处理、碳化和活化等工艺条件试验 ,得到了薯渣开发成活性碳纤维的最佳工艺条件 :薯渣经碱化 ,低含水状态下 30 0℃气氛碳化 ,碳化产物用浓度为 35 %的ZnCl2 处理 ,80 0℃活化 ,所得活性碳纤维对水中苯酚的吸附达 90 %以上     

Diverse molecular compositions of dissolved organic matter derived from different composts using ESI FT-ICR MS

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from various composts can promote significant changes of soil properties. However, little is known about the DOM compositions and their similarities and differences at the molecular level. In this study, the molecular compositions of DOM derived from kitchen waste compost (KWC), green waste compost (GWC), manure waste compost (MWC), and sewage sludge compost (SSC) were characterized by electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS). The molecular formulas were classified into four subcategories: CHO, CHON, CHOS, and CHONS. The KWC, MWC, and SSC DOM represented the highest fraction (35.8%-47.4%) of CHON subcategory, while the GWC DOM represented the highest fraction (68.4%) of CHO subcategory. The GWC DOM was recognized as the nitrogen- and sulfur-deficient compounds that were less saturated, more aromatic, and more oxidized compared with other samples. Further analysis of the oxygen, nitrogen-containing (N-containing), and sulfur-containing (S-containing) functional groups in the four subcategories revealed higher organic molecular complexity. Comparison of the similarities and differences of the four samples revealed 22.8% ubiquitous formulas and 17.4%, 11.1%, 10.7%, and 6.3% unique formulas of GWC, KWC, SSC, and MWC DOM, respectively, suggesting a large proportion of ubiquitous DOM as well as unique, source-specific molecular signatures. The findings presented herein provide new insight into the molecular characterization of DOM derived from various composts and demonstrated the potential role of these different compounds for agricultural utilization.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter fractions from Lake Hongfeng, Southwestern China Plateau

With XAD-series and ion exchange resins, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from Lake Hongfeng in Southwestern China Plateau was isolated into 6 fractions, i.e., humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), hydrophobic neutrals (HON), hydrophilic acids (HIA), hydrophilic bases (HIB) and hydrophilic neutrals (HIN). Those fractions were characterized by high performance size exclusion chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy and UV absorbance. Among the 6 fractions, FA was predominant and accounted for 51% of the total DOM. The weight-average (M_w) and number-averaged (M_n) molecular weight of these fractions ranged from 1688 to 2355 Da and from 1338 to 1928 Da, respectively. A strong correlation was observed between specific UV absorbance at 280 nm, E₂/E₃ (absorbance at 250 nm to 365 nm), and the molecular weight for DOM fractions. UV-Vis fulvic-like fluorescence peaks were found in all fractions. Protein-like fluorescence peaks existed in HON may indicate that microbial activity was severely in Lake Hongfeng. There was a significant relationship between fluorescence intensities and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm for those DOM fractions, suggesting their similar luminescence characteristics. The values of fluorescence index (f_450/500) indicated that hydrophobic fractions may derive from terrestrial sources, and the hydrophilic fractions from microbial and terrestrial origins. Those results suggest that there were inter-relationships between molecular weight, fluorescence and absorbance characteristics, and also subtle consistencies between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and the sources for these 6 fractions from Lake Hongfeng.     

多元统计在渤海表层沉积物中PAHs源解析上的应用

应用聚类分析、主成分分析、多元线性回归等多元统计方法对渤海表层沉积物中PAHs的来源进行分析.结果表明,来源相近的PAHs具有特征相似的成分谱.低环成分可指示石油源,而高环成分则代表燃煤、燃油等燃烧源.渤海表层沉积物中的PAHs呈现石油源和不完全燃烧源的混合特征,后者的贡献更为显著.就各海区表层沉积物而言,辽东锦州湾近岸的大部分站点以低环PAHs占优势,体现石油污染源的影响;其他海区的多数站点以高环PAHs为主,显示化石燃料的不完全燃烧是其主要来源,其中,辽河(双台子河、辽东湾和秦皇岛近岸的PAHs主要来自汽车尾气或燃油,辽东半岛、渤海湾、莱州湾和外海的PAHs主要源于燃煤.     

硅铝比对分子筛吸附氨氮性能的影响

基于X射线荧光光谱法确定的4种ZSM5分子筛硅铝比,分析了不同硅铝比分子筛吸附氨氮性能的差异,结合扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析结果,从分子筛的骨架组成、表面形貌和晶体结构角度,考察了硅铝比对分子筛吸附氨氮性能的影响机制;并探讨了分子筛骨架脱硅对其吸附性能的改善作用,为分子筛应用于污水厂尾水深度脱氮提供技术参考.结果表明,不同硅铝比分子筛的表面形貌、晶体结构与吸附氨氮性能具有显著差异：随着分子筛硅铝比增加,其结晶度下降、晶粒形态逐渐模糊、吸附容量降低;当实际硅铝比由35增大至237时,氨氮平衡吸附量由5.65mg/g降至0.41mg/g,由Langmuir吸附等温式确定的饱和吸附量由6.5963mg/g下降至0.4430mg/g.分子筛吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附速率受离子交换化学吸附作用机理控制,随着硅铝比升高分子筛的离子交换容量下降,其吸附速率降低.分子筛骨架脱硅能够显著改善其氨氮吸附性能,硅铝比为35的分子筛经碱蚀脱硅处理后,其氨氮平衡吸附量提高81.6%,该方法为改善分子筛吸附性能提供了一种有效的技术途径.     

磁性离子交换树脂对原水中有机物去除效能的研究

采用磁性离子交换树脂(MIEX)预处理原水中有机物的中试试验结果表明,MIEX技术可有效地去除原水中的有机物,对UV254,DOC和CODMn的去除率分别稳定在82%、66%和50%,MIEX预处理可以有效强化混凝沉淀对有机物、藻细胞和浊度的去除.与常规工艺相比,在混凝剂聚合氯化铝投加量降低56%时,该工艺对UV254和CODMn的去除率分别为90%和71%,对藻细胞数和浊度的去除率分别为99%和95%.对溶解性有机物分级和分子量分布的测定表明,MIEX预处理主要去除混凝沉淀无法有效去除的小分子区间的亲水性和疏水性有机物,可以有效控制消毒副产物的产生,MIEX预处理与混凝沉淀联用工艺出水的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)比原水降低了88%和87%.     

高清质谱解析河岸带湿地溶解有机质分子组成特征及其环境意义

河岸带湿地土壤溶解有机质(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)对陆源污染物的迁移和对河流水体富营养化进程均具有重要影响.本研究以典型河口冲积岛——崇明岛河岸带湿地DOM为研究对象,采用液相四级杆飞行时间质谱(Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,LC-Q-TOF-MS)技术分析河岸带湿地土壤DOM的分子组成特征,探究河岸带湿地DOM可能的主要来源.研究结果表明:LC-QTOF-MS技术成功地解析了复杂混合物DOM的分子组成特征,其中脂类化合物是崇明岛河岸带湿地土壤DOM的主要组分,占到28.87%~43.87%,其次为蛋白类物质和羰基类化合物,分别占到总DOM的17.46%~36.54%和19.13%~31.28%,最少的是脂肪酸类、糖类和氨基酸类物质,其三者之和仅为12%左右.同时,崇明岛河岸带湿地DOM分子主要来源于河岸带湿地植物光合生产和陆上区域农业面源径流、生活污水和工业废水的排放,其空间分布受小流域土地利用类型影响.研究结果为复杂混合物的分子组成解析和河岸带湿地管理提供一种新思路.     

腐殖酸对土壤铅镉吸附、赋存形态及生物可给性的影响

腐殖酸（HAs）对重金属土壤环境行为及其生物有效性的影响与其组分分子量大小关系密切.通过3种in vitro试验方法（PBET、SBRC、IVG）探讨了HAs不同分子量组分（F1：<5kDa、F2：5~10kDa、F3：10~30kDa、F4：>30kDa）对土壤镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）生物可给性的影响,同时结合批量等温吸附实验、化学连续提取形态分级方法,分析了土壤Cd、Pb吸附和形态转化与生物可给性的关系.结果表明：土壤对Cd、Pb吸附能力既受HAs添加量的影响,也受到HAs分子量大小的影响.HAs添加量为0.2% C~1% C条件下,<5kDa分子量组分促进了土壤对Cd、Pb的吸附,且随着HAs添加量的增加,促进作用更强.而>10kDa的其他组分则降低了土壤吸附Cd、Pb的能力.在本试验HAs添加量范围内,不同组分均促进了土壤中酸提取态Cd向残渣态转化,且低分子量组分对其促进作用更强.土壤Pb²⁺主要以可还原态的形式存在,占57%~89%,随着HAs组分分子量的增加,酸交换态Pb占比逐渐下降,HAs的添加促进了活性态Pb向难利用态Pb转化,从而降低了Pb²⁺活性.3种in vitro方法生物可给性测定结果表明,<5k和5~10k组分均提高了胃、肠阶段土壤Cd、Pb生物可给性（BA_Cd、BA_Pb）,而其余组分则使土壤Cd、Pb生物可给性降低.Cd、Pb生物可给性取决于Cd、Pb在土壤中转化平衡后的赋存形态,酸交换态占比高生物可给性相应也越高,土壤对重金属的吸附固定难以反映生物可给性.     

Schmelzen und optische Aktivität

A review is presented on elegant procedures, which allow to arrive at large enrichments of optical antipodes through solid-phase reactions. The basic molecular mechanisms that have been discussed in literature already 100 years ago have been thoroughly investigated and described only recently and are of equal importance both from the purely scientific and the industrial application viewpoint.