掺硼铁氧化物在紫外-可见光下的催化性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备不同掺硼量的针铁矿和赤铁矿催化剂,并用X射线衍射图谱（XRD）、比表面积（BET法）、紫外可见漫反射光谱（DRS）及电荷零点（盐滴定法）对催化剂进行表征.结果表明：硼掺杂能改变催化剂的晶体结构,增大其比表面积和Lewis表面酸度,并能提高催化剂的紫外-可见光活性.在紫外光下,掺硼质量分数2%的赤铁矿对...     

不同环境条件下轻型车RDE测试排放特性研究

以一辆国六排放标准的缸内直喷轻型汽油车为研究对象,试验测量了不同环境温度和测试海拔对于RDE试验常规污染物排放的影响规律.试验结果表明,相比于常温(23℃)测试,更高的测试环境温度(30℃)增加了后处理装置的热负荷,更易触发燃油加浓,使试验车辆的CO和PN排放增加、NOx排放略有降低.试验发现在30℃温度下,测试海拔的增加使车辆的道路阻力需求降低,从而降低燃油加浓频率,导致CO和PN呈现随海拔升高而降低的趋势.此外,CO和市区阶段的PN排放对于RDE边界测试条件的变化具有相对较高的敏感度,表明车辆在排放标定时仍有进一步精细化的必要.     

光照厌氧条件下沼泽红假单胞菌对砷的抗性及其机制

采用UV-Vis和HPLC-ICP-MS分析方法,在光照厌氧条件下研究了沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris CQV97)对砷(As)的抗性和机制.结果表明,As(Ⅴ)与As(Ⅲ)对R.palustris CQV97的半数效应浓度(EC50)分别为2.3mmol·L-1和0.9mmol·L-1;该菌株能够将As(Ⅴ)还原为As(Ⅲ),不能将As(Ⅲ)转化为As(Ⅴ)或甲基砷;在含有0.1mmol·L-1As(Ⅴ)的培养基中培养80h,细胞积累的总As可达1.32mg·g-1(以干重计),其中,9.8%存在于细胞质中,4.9%与细胞膜的脂质相结合,其余被认为吸附在细胞表面;全细胞、细胞质、细胞膜所含的As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的相对比例分别为16.3%和83.7%、12.1%和87.9%、16.5%和83.5%.静息细胞砷吸附结果表明,与0℃孵育细胞相比,25℃孵育细胞对As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)吸附量较高;灭活细胞对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量进一步提高,而对As(Ⅲ)的吸附量则降低.因此,光照厌氧条件下,R.palustrisCQV97对As具有较强的抗性和吸附特性,对As(Ⅴ)的抗性和吸附性均明显高于As(Ⅲ);其抗砷机制为细胞质As(Ⅴ)的还原途径,具体为在细胞内将As(Ⅴ)还原为As(Ⅲ),继而As(Ⅲ)被转运至细胞外,维持胞内As的含量在较低水平.本研究可为深入理解光合细菌对无机砷的抗性机制、砷的地球化学循环及砷的环境污染和生物修复提供理论参考.     

淹水条件下土壤还原作用对镉活性消长行为的影响

采用红壤(pH=4.46)和潮黄土(pH=7.10)在氮气(N2)覆盖下进行淹水恒温((25.0±0.5)℃)培养.红壤在淹水60d后pH上升到5.92,潮黄土在淹水3d后pH降至6.62,然后再上升到6.89.2种土壤的pe+pH从14.16下降到5.38.pH和pe+pH的升降导致了土壤固相交换态(Exc-)、碳酸盐结合态(Carb-)、氧化物结合态(Oxide-)、有机质结合态(Org-)Fe再分配比例的增长,并使Exe-Cd向Carb-Cd、Oxide-Cd、Org-Cd转化.土壤Exc-Cd与Exc-Fe之间,Exc-Cd与(Carb-Cd+Oxide-Cd+Org-Cd)、(Caxb-Fe+Oxide-Fe+Org-Fe)之间均显著负相关,由此表明,Fe组分的再分配决定着Cd组分的再分配.Fe、Cd的形态分配还影响着液相中Fe、Cd的浓度.在红壤淹水的1～7d中,固相中Cd以Exc-Cd为主,液相中Cd的浓度随pe+pH的下降而增加;在红壤淹水的中后期及潮黄土的整个淹水期,固相中Cd以Carb-Cd和Oxide-Cd为主,液相中cd的浓度随pe+pH的下降而下降.淹水土壤中DOM对水溶性cd浓度的影响不显著.     

Photocatalytic activity of Fe-doped CaTiO3 under UV-visible light

The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue（MB） over Fe-doped CaTiO3 under UV-visible light was investigated. The as-prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscope（SEM） equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer（EDS） system, Fourier transform infrared spectra（FT-IR）, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy（DRS）. The results show that the doping with Fe significantly promoted the light absorption ability of CaTiO3 in the visible light region. The Fe-doped CaTiO3 exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than CaTiO3 for the degradation of MB.However, the photocatalytic activity of the Fe-doped CaTiO3 was greatly influenced by the calcination temperature during the preparation process. The Fe-doped CaTiO3 prepared at500°C exhibited the best photocatalytic activity, with degradation of almost 100% MB（10 ppm）under UV-visible light for 180 min.     

冲击负荷下水平潜流人工湿地水流规律研究

在示踪剂试验的基础上,利用水力停留时间分布（RTD）,探讨了冲击负荷下水平潜流人工湿地的水流规律.结果表明：水平潜流人工湿地在恒定负荷和冲击负荷条件下的实际平均停留时间均大于表观停留时间,混合效应是导致流态偏离理想推流态的主要原因;水力冲击使入流污染物（包括冲击前、冲击中以及冲击后进入的污染物）在系统内部的接触反应时间缩短,其中峰值时间、最短停留时间和实际平均停留时间的相对大小依次均为：恒定负荷＞冲击负荷后＞冲击负荷前＞冲击负荷中;采用基于动态流量的时间变量进行归一化处理后的RTD对人工湿地所处的水力负     

不同光照条件下浒苔与三种赤潮微藻的竞争

针对苏北浅滩水体浊度高、营养盐含量大、且被大多数学者认为是南黄海绿潮起源的实际情况,本文通过室内培养实验,研究了不同光照条件（0~4500lx）下浒苔与中肋骨条藻、东海原甲藻和新月菱形藻对营养盐的竞争作用;并与苏北浅滩实际水体光照相结合,评估了浒苔与3种微藻在不同深度下的生理状态.浒苔与微藻的竞争,是决定暴发何种藻华的关键因素之一.结果表明,与3种微藻相比,浒苔对光照的适应性更强,最大日均相对增长率为11.91%/d.微藻与浒苔共培养时,生长情况明显劣于单独培养,中肋骨条藻、东海原甲藻和新月菱形藻的生长抑制率分别为30%~46%,3%~44%,25%~41%,并且不同微藻对竞争作用的响应不同.营养盐监测数据表明,对有限营养盐的争夺是浒苔和微藻竞争作用的主要机制,研究结果为苏北浅滩浒苔绿潮的暴发机制提供了依据.     

自然条件下石羊河终闾湖泊模拟研究

石羊河流域史前曾存在大面积的终闾湖泊---猪野泽。自西汉开拓河西以后的两千多年以来,受人类活动影响,石羊河流域土地覆盖发生了显著的变化。灌溉农田取代了天然绿洲,而且面积逐步扩大,农业用水急剧增加,猪野泽逐渐退缩成许多小湖,并于近代干涸。在假设人类活动（主要是灌溉）对水资源未加利用的条件下（理想状态）,通过确定流域的水量收支和改进水量平衡模型,对石羊河流域现代自然条件下“终闾湖”的面积进行了模拟重建,得出现代终闾湖的面积至少应为５８０ｋｍ^２。     

不同污染条件下南京春季CCN活化特征分析

在2018年3~4月对南京北郊地区的气溶胶开展了云凝结核（CCN）特征的外场观测,并结合气象数据、PM_2.5浓度和化学组分信息以及光学特性等数据,对观测期间的污染天和清洁天进行了对比,分析了典型污染过程和新粒子生成天的CCN特征.结果表明,本次观测中气溶胶CCN活性总体较高,各过饱和度（SS）下的平均吸湿性参数（κ）为0.30,在最低过饱和度下（SS=0.17%）κ最低,且最大活化率（B）仅为0.72,表明气溶胶中有较多不易活化的物质.污染天κ高于清洁天,但活化率更低且外混程度更高,主要是受交通和工业排放的吸湿性较差的粒子影响,而颗粒物在夜间可迅速老化,使其吸湿性提升,CCN数浓度增加.新粒子生成天的κ受到粒子成核的影响有明显日变化,对总气溶胶数浓度（N_CN）和CCN数浓度（N_CCN）也有显著贡献.     

Treatment of soybean wastewater by a wild strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides and to produce protein under natural conditions

The conventional treatment method of soybean wastewater is expensive and generates waste sludge that requires further handling. Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) wastewater treatment is a clean technology and can generate single cell protein while degrading pollutants. Awild strain of PNSB, Rhodobacter sphaeroides Z08, was isolated from local soil and was used to treat soybean wastewater. To develop a cost-effective process, the work was performed under natural conditions without artificial light, aeration, nutrients addition, or pH and temperature adjustment. The results showed that the wild strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides Z08 could grow well under natural conditions. The growth curve showed two quick-growth periods and a turning point. The Z08 treatment of soybean wastewater was zero order reaction and COD reduction was 96% after 10 d. The major byproducts of the process were C2–C5 organic acids, predominantly butyric acid. No alcohol was found in the effluent. The initial COD/bacterial-mass ratio (F/M) had a significant effect on soybean wastewater treatment efficiency. When the initial F/M was lower than 10 mg-COD/mg-bacteria, a sufficient amount of time to achieve 90% of COD reduction was only three days. The Z08 biomass yield was 0.28 g·g⁻¹, and the bacterial protein content was 52%.     

缺磷及高光照条件下紊动对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

通过试制隔栅搅拌模拟紊动装置,设置格栅转动频率为0,500,1000,1500Hz（对应紊流能量耗散率范围0～8.93×10^-3m²/s³）,研究高光照与缺P的不利环境条件下紊动对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响.结果发现,在高光照（8000lx）下,微囊藻生长明显受到抑制,静止条件下藻浓度仅为正常光照的47.7%,但紊动可一定程度上减缓高光环境的影响,其中高光照下1000Hz组藻浓度最高,相对静止提高了1.8倍.高光照试验组的叶绿素a含量是正常光照条件1.52~1.78倍,因此高光照并未促进藻细胞的生长分裂,而叶绿素a的大量累积可能是铜绿微囊藻应对高光照不利条件作出的抵御反应.在缺P条件下,藻生物量仅为正常营养条件1/6~1/4,但随紊动强度增加,藻生物量略有增加,而叶绿素较初始浓度增加明显,其中1000Hz组生长情况最好.水体紊动可缓解高光照、缺P等恶劣环境条件对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制,叶绿素a的累积可能是藻细胞对不利环境条件的响应.     

黄河水体颗粒物对石油类污染物生物降解过程的影响研究

采用模拟实验的方法，研究黄河水体颗粒物对石油类污染物生物降解速率的影响及影响机制．结果表明．水体颗粒物的存在显著影响石油类污染物的生物降解过程，且在降解的不同阶段表现出不同的影响效果；其影响机制主要包括：颗粒物的存在影响体系中石油降解菌的生长，且固液两相中石油降解菌的生长规律不同，颗粒物影响石油类污染物在固液两相的分配，两相中石油类污染物的降解动力学不同，液相的降解符合一级动力学规律，而固相的降解符合3/4级反应动力学规律．     

Changes in enzymes activity, substrate utilization pattern and diversity of soil microbial communities under cadmium pollution

Heavy metal pollution has received increasing attention in recent years mainly because of the public awareness of environmental issues. In this study we have evaluated the effect of cadmium （Cd） on enzymes activity, substrate utilization pattern and diversity of microbial communities in soil spiked with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg Cd, during 60 d of incubation at 25℃. Enzyme activities determined at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 d after heavy metal application（DAA） showed marked declines for various Cd treatments, and up to 60 DAA, 100 mg/kg Cd resulted in 50.1%, 47.4%, and 39.8% decreases in soil urease, acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities, respectively to control. At 60 DAA, substrate utilization pattern of soil microbial communities determined by inoculating Biolog ECO plates indicated that Cd addition had markedly inhibited the functional activity of soil microbial communities and multivariate analysis of sole carbon source utilization showed significantly different utilization patterns for 80 and 100 mg/kg Cd treatments. The structural diversity of soil microbial communities assessed by PCR-DGGE method at 60 DAA, illustrated that DGGE patterns in soil simplified with increasing Cd concentration, and clustering of DGGE profiles for various Cd treatments revealed that they had more than 50% difference with that of control.     

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of fish scale loaded TiO2 composites under solar light irradiation

Fish scale (FS) loaded TiO₂ composites were investigated as photocatalysts in degradation of Methyl Orange under solar light irradiation. Composites were prepared through sol-gel method by varying mass ratio of TiO₂/FS at 90:10, 70:30 and 50:50, respectively. The catalysts prepared in this study were characterized by using XRD, SEM, FT-IR and nitrogen sorption. The effects of solar irradiation, mass ratio of TiO₂/FS composites, irradiation time and catalyst loadings were studied. Synergistic effect was found in TiO₂/FS of 90:10 composite which performed higher photocatalytic degradation than synthesized TiO₂ under solar light irradiation. However, further increasing fish scale content in the composites reduced the photocatalytic activity drastically. Under solar light irradiation, all the catalysts in this study exhibited photocatalytic activity, except TiO₂/FS of 50:50 composite that only acted as a weak biosorbent without performing any photocatalytic property. Photocatalytic degradation increased with increasing catalyst loading and irradiation time but decreased with increased of initial dye concentration.     

Nitrifiers activity and community characteristics under stress conditions in partial nitrification systems treating ammonium-rich wastewater

Long-term exposure of nitrifiers to high concentrations of free ammonia(FA) and free nitrous acid(FNA) may affect nitrifiers activity and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emission.Two sequencing batch reactors(SBRs) were operated at influent ammonium nitrogen(NH_4-N) concentrations of 800 mg/L(SBRH) and 335 mg/L(SBRL),respectively.The NH_4-N removal rates in SBRHand SBRLwere around 2.4 and 1.0 g/L/day with the nitritation efficiencies of 99.3% and 95.7%,respectively.In the simulated SBR cycle,the N_2O emission factors were 1.61% in SBRH and 2.30% in SBRL.N_2O emission was affected slightly by FA with the emission factor of0.22%–0.65%,while N_2O emission increased with increasing FNA concentrations with the emission factor of 0.22%–0.96%.The dominant ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB) were Nitrosomonas spp.in both reactors,and their relative proportions were 38.89% in SBRHand13.36% in SBRL.Within the AOB genus,a species(i.e.,operational taxonomic unit [OTU] 76) that was phylogenetically identical to Nitrosomonas europaea accounted for 99.07% and 82.04% in SBRHand SBRL,respectively.Additionally,OTU 215,which was related to Nitrosomonas stercoris,accounted for 16.77% of the AOB in SBRL.     

氮氟掺杂二氧化钛(N,F-TiO2)的制备及可见光催化活性的研究

以氨水为氮源,氢氟酸为氟源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了氮氟掺杂二氧化钛(N,F-TiO2)光催化剂,并通过X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)技术对其晶型和形态进行表征.最后以酸性红B为模型污染物,探讨了N和F加入量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、照射时间、催化剂用量、溶液初始浓度和照射功率等因素对N,F-TiO2可见光催化活性的影响.结果表明,制备的N,F-TiO2以锐钛型为主,N和F的掺杂对TiO2的晶相没有明显改变,但可以扩大TiO2的可见光响应范围.当N和F的加入量均为2.0%,且在500℃下焙烧40 min时,得到的N,F-TiO2的可见光催化活性明显高于单N或单F掺杂的TiO2(N-TiO2或F-TiO2).对于50 mL浓度为10.0 mg·L-1的酸性红B溶液,当催化剂加入量为1.5 g·L-1,128W光照3.0 h,溶液pH=5.6时,去除率为85.40%.适当延长光照时间至4.0 h,降解率几乎可达100%.另外,研究还证明了N,F-TiO2催化可见光降解过程中有.OH自由基生成.     

不同水分条件沼泽湿地土壤轻组有机碳与微生物活性动态

通过野外实验与室内分析,对三江平原生长季内毛果苔草(Carex lasiocapa)沼泽湿地生物量及0~20cm土壤不同有机碳组分进行观测,分析了不同水分条件下毛果苔草湿地土壤轻组有机碳(LFOC)与微生物量碳(MBC)的变化动态.结果表明,随水位增加毛果苔草群落地上生物量积累明显,与10~20cm积水条件相比,17~30cm水位状况下湿地土壤具有较高的轻组有机质含量与比例.生长季初期冻融过程提高了土壤轻组分(LF)有机碳含量与LFOC含量,之后随植物生长毛果苔草沼泽湿地土壤重组有机碳(HFOC)含量增长快于LFOC,说明毛果苔草沼泽湿地土壤具有较高的重组有机质持有能力.此外不同水位条件下毛果苔草沼泽湿地微生物活性受到土壤有机碳含量影响不同,低水位条件下微生物量碳与SOC呈显著正相关关系(R2=0.859),17~30cm水位条件下二者关系不显著,并且高水位毛果苔草沼泽湿地具有较低的MBC与微生物熵,表明该条件下土壤碳库具有较高的稳定性.