Sedimentary record of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lake constance

The enrichment of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in dated sediments from Lake Constance during the past 75 years corresponds to the general increase of European coal consumption within the same period of time. Coals are assumed to be the main source of heavy-metal enrichment; incomplete combustion (pyrolysis) of coal also seems to be responsible for the very sharp increase of PAH.     

Sedimentary record of environmental pollution in the Western Baltic Sea

The chronological development of environmental pollution in the Western Baltic Sea for the past hundred years was investigated in dated sediment cores. An artificial radionuclide (¹³⁷Cs), nutrients, heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons (PCB, DDT, Lindane) and plasticizers (phthalate esters) show characteristic distribution patterns within the various cores. They can be related to the production and use of specific chemicals and goods, to emissions associated with the increased combustion of coal parallel to industrialization and —in the case of ¹³⁷Cs — to emissions associated with atomic weapons tests in the high atmosphere. Characteristic trends in the general development of pollution may be superimposed by specific emissions from local sources.     

One century sedimentary record of lead and zinc pollution in Yangzong Lake, a highland lake in southwestern China

Reconstruction of trace metal pollution histories and sources may help us to regulate current pollutant discharge. This is especially important for the highland lakes in southwestern China, which are facing trace metals pollution. We present sedimentary records of 11 metals accumulated in Yangzong Lake since the 1870's, a highland lake in southwestern China. Pollution of lead and zinc (Pb and Zn) was differentiated based on principal component analysis, geochemical normalization, and lead isotope ratios. Nearly all the metals as well as grain size composition show generally constant values before the mid-1980's, denoting stable detrital input in the catchment. Fluctuations in the concentrations of the metals as well as grain size composition since the mid-1980's indicate an increase in soil erosion with strengthened human disturbance in the catchment. After geochemical normalization, Pb and Zn showed constant values before 1990 AD and then a gradual increase in parallel with the variations in ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios, indicating that Pb and Zn pollution occurred. Combining the data of ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios in the sediments of Yangzong Lake, leaded gasoline, Pb-Zn ore and coal, and consumption or production historical trends, we deduced that the enhanced Pb and Zn pollution in Yangzong Lake is caused primarily by ore mining and refining.     

太湖多环芳烃的历史沉积记录

通过分析测定太湖上、下2个典型湖湾(梅梁湾和东山胥口湾)沉积钻孔中多环芳烃的垂直分布和含量特征,结合210Pb定年,重建了该地区多环芳烃的历史沉积记录.研究发现,梅梁湾沉积物PAHs污染年代早并重于胥口湾,但两地PAHs污染类型基本相似.在剖面深度0～28cm范围内,梅梁湾和胥口湾多环芳烃的沉积通量范围分别为40～320ng·cm-2·a-1和13～150 ng·cm-2 a-1.自上世纪40年代起,梅梁湾沉积物中的PAHs通量呈不断上升之势,近25年来增加更为迅速,可能源于太湖北部湖区乡镇工业的快速发展;而胥口湾的PAHs污染只在1990年之后才开始加重,并呈急剧增加之势态.太湖沉积物中的多环芳烃主要为热(燃烧)成因来源,沉积物中高环PAHs的比例呈递增趋势,流域内能源消耗和机动车尾气排放的增加是其主导因素.多环芳烃的沉积记录很好的反映了周边地区社会经济的发展变化,反映了人类活动与水环境污染状况之间的关系,提示经济发展过程中环境保护的相对滞后.     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Erhai, Southwest China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in a sediment core from Lake Erhal in Southwest China using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method.The total organic carbon (TOC) normalized total PAHs concentrations (sum of US Environmental Protection Agency proposed 16 priority PAHs) ranged from 31.9 to 269 μg/g dry weight (dw),and were characterized by a slowly increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments.The PAHs in the sediments were dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs,suggesting that the primary source of PAHs was low- and moderate temperature combustion processes.However,both the significant increase in high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in the upper sediments and the vertical profile of diagnostic ratios pointed out a change in the sources of PAHs from low-temperature combustion to high-temperature combustion.The ecotoxicological assessment based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines implied that potential adverse biological impacts were possible for benzo(ghi)perylenelene and most LMW PAHs.In addition,the total BaP equivalent quotient of seven carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BaA,CHr,BbF,BkF,BaP,DBA and INP) was 106.1 ng/g,according to the toxic equivalency factors.Although there was no great biological impact associated with the HMW PAlls,great attention should be paid to these PAH components based on their rapid increase in the upper sediments.     

辽河口粪便污染指示菌的时空分布特征

2013年分别于夏季和秋季对辽河口海域的粪便污染指示菌(总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和肠球菌)及环境、水化学要素进行分析,研究粪便污染指示菌在海水中的数量、分布特征及其与环境、水化学指标间的相关性,在此基础上,选取河口地区合适的粪便污染指示菌.结果表明:夏季总大肠菌群数量在1.7×105~6.2×106CFU·L-1之间,粪大肠菌群数量在5.0×102~8.7×104CFU·L-1之间,肠球菌数量在1.0×101~2.5×102CFU·L-1之间;秋季总大肠菌群数量在5.0×102~1.1×105CFU·L-1之间,粪大肠菌群数量在4.0×102~1.0×103CFU·L-1之间,肠球菌数量在3~95 CFU·L-1之间.总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和肠球菌的数量变化与环境指标之间有着密切联系,特别是与盐度存在显著相关性;粪大肠菌群、肠球菌与水化学指标Si O4-4-Si、NH+4-N、TP和COD之间均存在显著相关性;其中粪大肠菌群与SiO4-4-Si和TP的相关性系数均大于0.742(p0.01),肠球菌与TP和COD的相关性系数均大于0.742.实验结果表明,辽河口粪便污染指示菌的数量在夏季高于秋季,近岸高于远海,其中粪大肠菌群和肠球菌的数量、分布特征与陆源污染物特别是氮磷的输入量密切相关,而且两者之间呈显著正相关关系.粪大肠菌群与肠球菌在一定程度上可以反映河口粪便污染情况,建议采用粪大肠菌群与肠球菌作为河口粪便污染的指示菌.     

典型养殖型湖泊沉积物污染风险评价及来源解析

为了解典型养殖型湖泊沉积物污染特征以及污染来源,系统采集并测定了骆马湖养殖区和非养殖区沉积物营养盐与5种重金属元素（Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb和Cr）含量.分析了骆马湖沉积物污染物的空间分布特征和垂向分布特征,基于潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价模型对沉积物重金属生态健康风险进行评价,并通过Pearson相关性分析与主成分分析（PCA）进行污染物来源解析.结果表明：骆马湖沉积物整体污染严重,由于圈圩和围网养殖阻碍了水体连通性,养殖区营养盐空间分布不均,重金属在入湖口附近含量更高.同时大量投放的鱼类、营养物质和含重金属杀菌剂等对湖泊生态系统和环境造成了一定破坏.圈圩区沉积物营养盐和重金属在垂向上无明显的线性累积,但非养殖区沉积物污染程度随深度变浅而增加趋势明显.骆马湖沉积物重金属整体呈重度生态风险,其中Hg的生态风险最高.除了Cr对儿童健康具有非致癌风险,其他重金属尚未对人体健康构成致癌和非致癌风险.总体而言,骆马湖沉积物中重金属如Zn、Pb、Hg和总磷以入湖客水与骆马湖沿岸旅游业、工业及农业开发等外源输入为主;总氮和总有机碳主要受养殖和水生植物等内源影响;基于污染来源解析结果,建议对骆马湖...     

Microwave assisted digestion followed by ICP-MS for determination of trace metals in atmospheric and lake ecosystem

The study of trace metals in the atmosphere and lake water is important due to their critical effects on humans,aquatic animals and the geochemical balance of ecosystems. The objective of this study was to investigate the concentration of trace metals in atmospheric and lake water samples during the rainy season(before and after precipitation)between November and December 2015. Typical methods of sample preparation for trace metal determination such as cloud point extraction,solid phase extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction are time-consuming and difficult to perform; therefore,there is a crucial need for development of more effective sample preparation procedure. A convection microwave assisted digestion procedure for extraction of trace metals was developed for use prior to inductively couple plasma-mass spectrometric determination. The result showed that metals like zinc(133.50–419.30 μg/m~3)and aluminum(53.58–378.93 μg/m~3)had higher concentrations in atmospheric samples as compared to lake samples before precipitation.On the other hand,the concentrations of zinc,aluminum,chromium and arsenic were significantly higher in lake samples after precipitation and lower in atmospheric samples. The relationship between physicochemical parameters(pH and turbidity)and heavy metal concentrations was investigated as well. Furthermore,enrichment factor analysis indicated that anthropogenic sources such as soil dust,biomass burning and fuel combustion influenced the metal concentrations in the atmosphere.     

珠江口钻孔沉积物中多溴联苯醚的沉积记录

对采自珠江口的3个钻孔沉积物中的多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)进行了分析,结果表明,PBDEs在所有的样品中均检出.3个沉积物钻孔中∑PBDEs(不包括BDE209)的含量(以干重计)为0.01～6.99ng/g(平均1.50ng/g),BDE209的含量为0.10～61.50ng/g(平均7.82ng/g).PBDEs在钻孔中的垂直分布显示,从20世纪90年代开始,珠江三角洲部分地区五溴联苯醚阻燃剂的使用已减少,但主要区域低溴代联苯醚的排放仍然存在.受珠江三角洲电子产业飞速发展的影响,珠江口沉积物钻孔中BDE209的含量及通量从1990年以后快速增加.不同钻孔沉积物中PBDEs的组成模式反映了PBDEs的不同来源及输入途径.钻孔#1和钻孔#2主要受流经工业发达地区河流输出PBDEs的影响,钻孔#3主要受经过大气长距离迁移后经河流输出的PBDEs的影响.     

滇池PAHs的沉积记录、来源及其生态风险评估

采用GC/MS方法分析了滇池沉积柱中16种美国EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源变化及生态风险进行了分析和评估.研究表明:滇池沉积柱中PAHs的含量范围为558～6418 ng·g-1,并在20世纪90年代初达到峰值,这明显不同于发达国家的同类研究,也与国内沿海地区和偏远湖泊的相关研究有所不同.滇池沉积物中的PAHs主要来自当地的家庭燃煤、木材和生物秸秆等的低温燃烧过程,但工业燃煤和机动车尾气等高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs的相对含量近年来有明显增加的趋势.风险评估结果显示,滇池中上层沉积物中的PAHs可能存在潜在的生态风险,而这些生态风险主要来自低环数的NAP、FLU、PHEN和高环数的BbF、BaP、DBA等.     

两种方法检测水中粪大肠菌群的比较

采用多管发酵法、酶底物法两种方法同时检测水中粪大肠菌群,结果表明:与传统的多管发酵法相比,两者无显著性差异,但是酶底物法具有具有操作简便,检测时间较短,特异性高,准确度高等优点,是目前比较先进的方法。     

松花江哈尔滨江段底质重金属污染状况调查研究

作者于1996-2000年对松花江哈尔滨江段底质中重金属污染状况进行了调查，发现松花江干流各断面间差别不大，阿什河内污染要明显重于干流，呼兰河内污染与干流无显著差异。哈尔滨江段底质的重金属污染总体较轻，年度间变化不显著。     

元素沉积通量在重金属高分辨率沉积记录中应用——以洪湖为例

通过对洪湖沉积柱样重金属元素Hg,Pb及总有机碳(TOC)沉积通量的研究,揭示了洪湖一百年内,特别是近10年以来重金属污染物的沉积特征与变化。研究认为应用“元素沉积通量”分析重金属在沉积柱的高分辨沉积记录,能够很好弥补元素浓度的缺陷,其结果也很好地与湖区沉积物来源时间变化相吻合。     

Verification of Bacteroidales 16S rRNA markers as a complementary tool for detecting swine fecal pollution in the Yangtze Delta

To correctly assess and properly manage the public health risks associated with exposure to contaminated water,it is necessary to identify the source of fecal pollution in a watershed.In this study,we evaluated the efficacy of our two previously developed real time-quantitative PCR(qPCR) assays for the detection of swine-associated Bacteroidales genetic markers(gene 1-38,gene 3-53) in the Yangtze Delta watershed of southeastern China.The results indicated that the gene 1-38 and 3-53 markers exhi...     

A 50-year record of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes and hexachloro-cyclohexanes in lake sediments and penguin droppings on King George Island, Maritime Antarctic

Since the ban on the use of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane （DDT） and hexachlorocyclohexane（HCH） in agriculture, their levels have generally dropped. In a number of cases, however, the levels of these OCPs were found to be unchanging or even increasing after the ban. With the aim to unveil the possible causes of these exceptions, we collected two lake cores from King George Island, West Antarctica, and determined their accumulation flux profiles and temporal trends of these OCPs. In the lake core sediments with glacier meltwater input, the accumulation flux of DDT shows an abnormal peak around 1980s in addition to the expected one in 1960s. In the lake core sediments without glacier meltwater input, the accumulation flux of DDT shows a gradual decline trend after the peak in 1960s. This striking difference in the DDT flux profiles between the two lake cores is most likely caused by the regional climate warming and the resulted discharge of the DDT stored in the Antarctic ice cap into the lakes in the Antarctic glacier frontier. Furthermore, to investigate the change of OCPs loadings in the Antarctic coastal ecosystem, we reconstructed the HCH and DDT concentration profiles in penguin droppings and observed a gradual increase for the former and a continuous decrease for the latter during the past 50 years. The increase of HCH seems to be due to the regional warming from the early 1970s and the resulted HCH discharge to the coastal ecosystem by glaciers＇ meltwater and the illegal use of HCH in the Southern Hemisphere in the recent decade. The different temporal trends of HCH and DDT accumulation rate in the lake core with glacier meltwater input and the aged penguin droppings can be explained by their different water-soluble property.     

滇池、洱海、泸沽湖浮游植物研究综述

综述了近年来研究者们对云南滇池、洱海、泸沽湖三大高原湖泊的浮游植物调查研究成果,揭示了湖泊水质类型、富营养化程度与浮游植物的种类、优势种、数量之间的关系。