域外太阳能产业的现状

在化石能源日益稀缺的背景下,各国均大力发展太阳能利用,其中日本、欧洲国家(德国)和美国等经济发达、能源消耗大的国家起步较早,在技术和应用上都处于领先地位.由于太阳能发电成本较传统能源高,因此需要政府给予政策扶持.从20世纪90年代末开始,欧美、日本等国家纷纷实行"阳光计划",在太阳能发电价格、税收、发展基金等方面给予较大优惠.同时,在政府资助下,欧洲一些高水平研究机构也加大了研究步伐.欧美、日本等国家还制定了长期的能源发展战略,对太阳能的发展进行了长期规划.     

同江市生物质能源利用现状探讨

生物质能源具有可再生、低污染的优点,对于发展循环经济具有不可替代的作用。同江市生物质资源种类多、储量大,为发展生物质循环经济产业带来了便利条件。探讨了秸秆的燃烧、发酵生产乙醇和综合利用,以及玉米芯生产糠醛、米糠生产米糠油、禽畜粪便生产沼气等生物质利用方式。为同江市发展循环经济,提高资源利用率,减轻资源和环境压力提供了参考。     

国外促进生物质能开发利用的立法政策及对我国的启示

<正>生物质能是蕴藏在生物质内的能量。生物质是地球上分布最广泛的物质之一,包括所有动物、植物、微生物及其排放、代谢的物质。因此,生物质能来源非常广泛,包括薪柴、牲畜粪便、制糖作物、城市垃圾和污水、水生植物等。与传统能源相比,生物质能具有分布广、种类多、价格低、可再生、二氧化碳排放量低等优势,它是唯一可运输并储存的可再生能源。目前,生物燃气、生物液体燃料等生物质能源在德国、巴西、美国等国家已实现规模化生产和应用,生物质能已经成为仅次于煤炭、石油和天然气的世界第四大     

太阳能产业的朝阳气质--从新富施正荣谈起

《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》明确提出，要“加快发展风能、太阳能、生物质能等可再生能源”。但是可再生能源产业在我国仍然处于起步阶段。     

中国开启LNG冷能利用进程

不久前,中海油母公司--中海油总公司表示,中国首个利用LNG(液化天然气)冷能进行空气分离的生产项目,在福建省莆田市正式开工奠基,这是中海油发展清洁环保能源的又一亮点,该项目也揭开了中国LNG冷能利用的序幕.     

加快开发废橡胶能源利用的必要性分析

废橡胶能源利用有各种途径,从环境保护、回收利用难度、处理消耗量等多个方面的分析,可以看出废橡胶能源利用很有必要,我国必须要加快废橡胶能源利用的研究与开发。     

Effective MILP model for oil refinery-wide production planning and better energy utilization

Generally, a refinery complex consists of process system and utility system. Process system not only produces liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel and so on, but also some byproducts, such as fuel gas and residual fuel oil, which supply utility system as fuel. The utility system converts fuel gas and fuel oil to high pressure or medium pressure steam and electricity to meet the energy demand of the process system. A novel approach to the integration of the process system and utility system for better energy utilization is presented in this paper. A plant-wide multi-period planning mathematical model is proposed and three improvements are identified. First, the process unit energy-consumed model is reformulated, because energy consumed by a unit not only relates the throughput of the unit, but also varies with the operation modes of the unit and season. Second, The MILP (Mixed Integer linear Programming) model of utility system is embedded in the plant-wide model to gain the overall optimization and for better energy efficiency. Third, steam, fuel oil and fuel gas are balanced in the whole plant. Finally, the proposed approach was used in a real industrial example to determine the optimal mass and energy flow and some important results have been obtained and are presented.     

Analysis and prediction of the influence of energy utilization on air quality in Beijing

This work evaluates the influence of energy consumption on the future air quality in Beijing, using 2000 as the base year and 2008 as the target year. It establishes the emission inventory of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO_x related to energy utilization in eight areas of Beijing. The air quality model was adopted to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of each pollutant concentration in the eight urban areas. Their emission, concentration distribution, and sectoral share responsibility rate were analyzed, and air quality in 2008 was predicted. The industrial sector contributed above 40% of primary PM₁₀ and SO₂ resulting from energy consumption, while vehicles accounted for about 65% of NO_x. According to the current policy and development trend, air quality in the eight urban areas could become better in 2008 when the average concentrations of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ related to energy utilization at each monitored site are predicted to be about 25, 50 and 51 μg/m³, respectively. Translated from China Environmental Science, 2005, 25(6): 746–750 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions through the application of solar thermal energy in industrial processes

The analysis of industrial energy usage indicates that low temperature processes (20 ≈ 200 °C) are used in nearly all industrial sectors. In principle there is the potential to use solar thermal energy in these lower temperature processes thus, reducing the environmental impact of burning fossil fuels. Using the model of an Austrian dairy plant, this research investigated the potential for, and the economic viability of, using solar energy heat processes in industry.Some industrial sectors such as food, chemistry, plastic processing, textile industry, building materials industry and business establishments can be identified as potential sectors for the application of solar energy heat processes. When assessing the (economic) feasibility of solar thermal energy, the investigation of these industries’ energy systems has to focus on an integrated analysis of cooling and heating demands and to take into account competing technologies. Amongst these are heat integration, cogeneration, new technologies and heat pumps. Pinch analysis was used to investigate industrial energy systems and heat integration possibilities and proved to be a viable tool. Working from the basis of energy balances, Sankey diagrams, pinch analysis and environmental cost accounting, a newly developed investigation tool was applied in the case study of an Austrian dairy plant. This enabled a fast optimization of the system. Two different options for the integration of solar thermal energy into the production line were calculated, option 1 with a solar field of 1000 m² and option 2 with a solar field of 1500 m². Natural gas savings of 85,000 for option 1 and 109,000 m³/a for option 2 can be achieved, resulting in a reduction of 170 tons of CO₂ per year, or 218 tons for options 1 and 2 respectively. Based upon option 1, return on investment is realised after less than three years of implementation. This research thus, indicates promising technical and economical feasibility of using solar thermal energy for industrial processes and provides an important step towards sustainable zero emission production in industry.     

能源开发利用引起的环境问题分析及对策研究

能源与环境是经济发展进程中的一对孪生兄弟。能源是人类社会赖以生存的物质基础,环境则关系到人类生存和发展的质量。随着经济的持续增长,能源引起的环境问题日益引起重视。本文对能源引起的环境问题进行了梳理归类,并对环境问题进行SWOT分析,以期找出能源合理开发利用、环境良性发展、经济快速增长的有效途径。     

Production of sweetmeat utilising solar thermal energy: economic and thermal analysis of a case study

Sweetmeats are very popular in India; especially those made in West Bengal are extremely delicious and have a rich tradition to back them. This sweetmeat production that was mainly confined to the kitchens of sweet shops and small dealers has now developed into an industry because of its huge popularity with consumers and the consequent demand for it, both in the country and abroad. Unfortunately, the production of Indian sweetmeats is still dependent upon the use of conventional energy and results in a huge consumption of energy. However, since its production does not require high temperature, conventional energy can easily be substituted by solar energy. The use of solar thermal systems by using parabolic concentrators in the production of sweetmeats can be beneficial from many points of view. In this study, conducted in the factory of a processed food manufacturing company, trial runs of the system were made to draw the ultimate conclusion that solar thermal systems can be effectively used in the production of sweetmeats, rosogolla to be specific, without compromising the quality or taste of the product and ensuring the sustainability of a green environment as well. The study also addresses the economic and thermal analysis of the solar concentrating system in terms of substituting the diesel fuel, which is being used in the current production systems.     

江苏省高速公路站区光伏能源综合利用研究

基于江苏省高速公路沿线服务区、收费站、办公楼屋面面积以及服务区停车场面积统计数据,估算了可利用屋面面积和进行光伏车棚改造的服务区停车场面积。测算了光伏屋面、光伏车棚的装机规模和发电量,结合高速公路用电情况分析了运行方式。经测算:江苏省高速公路服务区和收费站屋面可安装光伏发电总装机容量为32 MW,首年发电量为3200万kWh,全省高速公路光伏屋面25年发电总量约7.3亿kWh;江苏省高速公路光伏车棚可安装光伏发电装机容量约11 MW,25年发电总量约2.5亿kWh;高速公路站区光伏系统所发电量均小于其昼间用电量,站区光伏发电能够以“自发自用”的模式运行。     

Possibilities and limitations in cancer prevention

The possibilities and limitations in cancer prevention are shown by means of some examples and historical facts. A necessary prerequisite for effective prevention is to know the exact cause of cancer. This is known for some tumor types (e.g., bronchial cancer), while for others it is hardly known (e.g., breast cancer). There are many factors which influence the whole process of carcinogenesis. Exposure to environmental pollutants in a wide sense represents only one of many possible etiologies. This has to be taken into consideration.     

减少农田硝酸盐淋溶的可能性

农业土壤对自然水体中的硝酸盐含量有影响.从土壤中排出的高浓度的硝酸盐溶液关系到饮用水中硝酸盐的高浓度,同时,过量的硝酸盐还会改变河流、湖自的生态平衡.本文对通过改善农业措施减少硝酸盐淋溶这个重大环境问题进行了讨论.对农业土地硝酸盐淋溶的原因做了简略的解释,对于减少硝酸盐淋溶的现有措施做了描述、分析和评价.减少养分淋溶不是实施有机农业或传统农业所能解决的问题,而是应该通过引进和使用适当的对策来加以解决.为此,本文提出了最大限度地降低农业土壤养分淋溶的下述指导性原则,在某种程度上实施这些指导性原则需要一种新的观念:①在分析一个小流域内的养分淋溶时,应考虑到农田的环境指数和空间变异性对其的影响;②通过减少氮肥使用量和降低动物饲养密度,将土壤中的氮肥施用量降低到某一合理的水平,这一水平应稍低于土地预期最适产量的氮需求量;③依据不同地区耕作系统、土壤和气候对硝酸盐淋溶的敏感性,采取相应的对策来控制硝酸盐的淋溶,如作物间作、土地少耕或免耕、调节生物过程等.     

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel demand and solar energy conversion efficiency in European bioethanol production for automotive purposes

Crop derived biofuels such as (bio)ethanol are increasingly applied for automotive purposes. They have, however, a relatively low efficiency in converting solar energy into automotive power. The outcome of life cycle studies concerning ethanol as to fossil fuel inputs and greenhouse gas emissions associated with such inputs depend strongly on the assumptions made regarding e.g. allocation, inclusion of upstream processes and estimates of environmentally relevant in- and outputs. Peer reviewed studies suggest that CO₂ emissions linked to life cycle fossil fuel input are typically about 2.1–3.0 kg CO₂ kg⁻¹ starch-derived ethanol. When biofuel production involves agricultural practices that are common in Europe there are net losses of carbon from soil and emissions of the greenhouse gas N₂O. Dependent on choices regarding allocation, they may, for wheat (starch) be in the order of 0.6–2.5 kg CO₂ equivalent kg⁻¹ of ethanol. This makes ethanol derived from starch, or sugar crops, in Europe still less attractive for mitigating climate change. In case of wheat, changes in agricultural practice may reduce or reverse carbon loss from soils. When biofuel production from crops leads to expansion of cropland while reducing forested areas or grassland, added impetus will be given to climate change.     

太阳能产业发展正当时

煤、石油、天然气,包括水底甲烷水合物从根本上来说都源自于太阳能.与化石能源不同的是,太阳能是一种可再生能源.这种可再生生在能源危机频出的今天,其意义更为深远.随着产业化程度不断提升,太阳能产业也迎来了其发展的大好时机.     

废旧塑料的综合利用

近年来 ,治理“白色污染”、消灭“白色公害”已成为全球的共识 ,从废旧塑料的最终处置、直接再生利用、改性再生利用、热分解以及与其他材料复合等几个方面综述了废旧塑料的综合利用途径 ,其中废旧塑料和其他材料复合的再生利用技术有很好的发展前途 ,将成为今后研究的新热点