大气臭氧污染的生物学指标监测评价

臭氧是具有很大危害性的大气污染物之一,近150年来大气对流层中的臭氧质量浓度已经增加了36%,在今后50～100年内还将以每年0.5%-2%的速度继续升高。植物对大气污染物的敏感性是由多种因素相互作用而成的复杂综合性状。以不同质量浓度（分别为0.0、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0 mg·L-1）臭氧（O3）胁迫下的不同类型植物为例,观察植物在不同时间（2、4、6、8 h）的外观伤害症状和细胞膜透性与O3质量浓度的相关性。试验结果表明：不同植物对O3的敏感度不同,蔬菜对臭氧相对较敏感;低质量浓度长时间和高质量浓度短时间的作用条件下,植物的受害症状基本相同,典型症状表现为叶片上散布细密点状斑,斑点的颜色呈白色、黄色、棕褐色,也有褪绿斑;植物细胞膜透性数据即电导率直接反映植物受损程度。综合植物外观症状指标与生理生化指标建立了相对定量化的大气质量生物学指标评价模式,即划分为轻微（0-0.2）、轻度（0.2-0.4）、中度（0.4-0.6）、高度（0.6-0.8）、严重（0.8-1.0）5个受害等级,以定量的判断O3气体对植物的伤害。     

城市各类功能区大气环境质量的模糊评价

客观地评价城市各功能区的大气环境状况,是城市大气环境综合整治的基本依据。本文运用模糊集理论,论述了城市各类功能区大气环境质量的评价问题。并以安徽省马鞍山市为例,对该市各类功能区的大气环境质量分别进行了模糊评价,为马鞍山市大气环境的综合治理提供了科学依据。     

杭州市郊菜区大气及蔬菜中氟化物的含量和分布

本文分析调查了杭州市郊菜区大气及一些主要蔬菜中氟化物的含量及分布，并对蔬菜中氟化物含量与大气氟污染的关系进行了相关分析。结果表明，杭州市郊菜区个别蔬菜中氟化物含量已超过有关标准，这主要与工业污染源的分布有关；蔬菜中氟化物含量与大气氟浓度之间存在着明显的相关关系。     

大气氟化物对橡胶树的伤害实验研究

通过熏气模拟试验研究氟化氢气体对橡胶盆栽幼苗的影响。结果表明 :熏气后 ,橡胶苗出现典型受害症状 ,熏气浓度越高 ,受害越严重 ,叶片氟的积累量也越高。幼叶总是先于老叶受害 ,老叶对于氟的累积量高于幼叶 ;随着熏气浓度升高 ,电导率明显增加 ;熏气后 ,气孔发生变形 ,而且熏气浓度越高 ,变形越厉害 ;随叶片受害程度加大 ,叶片失绿 ,叶绿素含量降低。     

大气中氟化物和二氧化硫对连云港市郊果树、蔬菜的影响

通过植物监测,对连云港市郊局部地区果树、蔬菜等连年来品质产量下降的原因进行研究。结果发现大气中氟化物(HF)含量高,局部以化工为主的地区污染较为突出,已对果树、蔬菜造成直接危害。此外,二氧化硫(SO_2)及其复合污染也存在一定影响。     

大气氟化物对橡胶树的伤害实验研究

通过熏气模拟试验研究氟化氢气体对橡胶盆载幼苗的影响。结果表明：熏气后,橡胶苗出现典型受害症状,熏气浓度越高,受害越严重,叶片氟的积累量也越高。幼叶总是先于老叶受害,老叶对于氟的累积量高于幼叶;随着熏气浓度升高,电导率明显增加;熏气后,气孔发生变形,而且熏气浓度越高,变形越厉害,随叶片受害程度加大,叶片失绿,叶绿素含量降低。     

改善天津市大气环境质量的研究：以南开区实例剖析

文章结合南开区实际情况 ,对天津市大气环境质量现状进行了系统分析 ,详细论述大气污染造成的危害及导致大气污染的原因。从解决煤烟型污染、防止道路施工扬尘、解决风沙尘的侵袭和控制汽车尾气污染四个方面 ,针对性地提出改善天津市大气环境质量的污染防治对策。     

空气氟化物污染对工人淋巴细胞微核的诱发

对某磷肥厂慢性接触空气氟化物污染的４０ 名工人外周血淋巴细胞的微核发生频率进行了分析研究．结果表明：接触氟化物污染工人的外周血淋巴细胞的微核发生率和微核细胞率均显著高于ＣＫ．人体对低浓度化学污染物的损害作用可产生适应机制,这种适应机制的形成需１０ ａ 左右．吸烟能加剧氟对微核的诱发作用．     

论土壤肥力评价指标和方法

阐述了土壤肥力的概念,分析了土壤肥力评价的指标选取和方法选择,提出了科学合理的综合性评价指标体系和评价方法。     

Evaluating and structuring indicators for wetland assessment

Wetland assessment has been a popular field of research worldwide. However, various indicators have been used in wetland assessment for different purposes and backgrounds and also because of the research limitations. Therefore, a more comprehensive, sound, and efficient indicator system is needed for researchers’ referencing to evaluate wetlands. After an extensive review of wetland assessment literatures, the reported indicators were evaluated using the developed assessment system, based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with three main goals: nature protection, function utilization, and sustainable development. Each indicator was evaluated using two methods. The first method was to study the percentage of the indicator application, and the second was to assess the weighted ratios assigned to the indicators according to principles of comparability, typicality, sensibility, and availability. The results of these two methods were compared to study the commonalities and specialties of the indicators. They also showed that some indicators were widely used, including biodiversity, weather and climate, hydrological change, and the output of wetland. On the other hand, other sustainable indicators were easily ignored, such as environmental carrying capacity and wetland planning. Furthermore, an indicator system for wetland assessment was structured and strategized to discuss how to choose indicators for wetland assessment under different conditions. The proposed approach can be used to guide the process of wetland assessments in the future.     

Critical environmental indicators: performance indices and assessment models for sustainable rural development planning

Sustainable development planning must be based on environmental and biophysical baseline indices that effectively define comparative development potential and environmental constraints. As such, indices must define the comparative advantage of the natural resource base and measure the fundamental capacity to sustain production rates of natural resource goods and services used to create societal well being. Complex biophysical and socioeconomic characteristics affect the identification and selection of sustainable development strategies. When derived from effective baseline indicators, indices may be used to define the spatial and temporal distribution of economically viable production opportunities and may be expressed in derived indices that realistically describe basic production opportunities and guide the selection of feasible, long-term development strategies. Specifically, representative indices are critical in the identification of development goals and realistic objectives and can be used to evaluate, select and implement sustainable development strategies and plans. It is stressed that the relevancy and effectiveness of public policies depend on the identification of representative evaluation models and baseline indices to define development strategies that are both environmentally sustainable and economically viable. In this context, the role of baseline indicators that define natural resource production capacities is discussed. This includes potential resource uses, derived benefits and their economic and environmental impacts. Key thematic indicators are suggested that may be especially useful in identifying development alternatives and impacts. This suggested that clearly defined environmental pollution limits or impact standards be used to define public risk tolerance limits and carrying capacity constraints. It is argued that these measures may be more effective in directing policy choices than economic valuation of non market goods and services that represent environmental externalities associated with resource exploitation options and economic development strategies. To this end, examples of thematic indicators and derived indices are introduced that may prove effective in resource assessment, economic evaluation and strategic development planning.     

A building-based data capture and data mining technique for air quality assessment

Recently, a building-based air quality model system which can predict air quality in front of individual buildings along both sides of a road has been developed. Using the Macau Peninsula as a case study, this paper shows the advantages of building-based model system in data capture and data mining. Compared with the traditional grid-based model systems with input/output spatial resolutions of 1–2 km, the building-based approach can extract the street configuration and traffic data building by building and therefore, can capture the complex spatial variation of traffic emission, urban geometry, and air pollution. The non-homogeneous distribution of air pollution in the Macau Peninsula was modeled in a high-spatial resolution of 319 receptors·km^-2. The spatial relationship among air quality, traffic flow, and urban geometry in the historic urban area is investigated. The study shows that the building-based approach may open an innovative methodology in data mining of urban spatial data for environmental assessment. The results are particularly useful to urban planners when they need to consider the influences of urban form on street environment.     

API-based assessment on urban air environment bearing capability in China

Given the complexity and time-consuming of the conventional environmental capacity based assessment on air environment carrying capacity; a new method for assessing urban air environment carrying capacity based on air pollution index (API) is presented. By using this new method, the air environmental bearing capability of 333 cities at the prefecture level and above is assessed. The results show that of the 333 cities 9.6% is of high bearing capability, 34.5% relatively high bearing capability, 52.6% medium bearing capability, 2.7% low capability, and 0.6% is of weak bearing capability; in terms of regional distribution, the western region is of relatively high air environment bearing capability, followed by north-eastern and eastern regions, and the ambient air quality in the middle region is quite poor; among the 12 urban agglomerations in key regions, Pearl River delta, west side of Taiwan Strait and Chengdu-Chongqing agglomerations are of relatively high carrying capacity while other agglomerations are of medium bearing capability. The assessment results imply that the existing air quality standard (GB3095-1996) is quite unsound.     

源于大气的氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响

用开顶式熏气罩熏气的方法,研究了气源氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响。结果表明:气源氟主要分布于水稻叶片中,根含氟量不受气源氟的影响;籽粒含氟量取决于籽粒器官形成后空气氟浓度,与籽粒器官形成前的空气氟浓度无关;糙米氟含量与水稻抽穗齐穗后所暴露的氟剂量间呈极显著线性相关关系。     

山东重点城市空气质量及其与气象要素的关系

利用山东省济南、青岛2001—2010年以及其他7个重点城市2005—2010年逐日空气污染指数（API）和同期的常规气象资料,运用统计方法,分析了各市空气质量年、季变化特征,并利用SPSS软件进一步分析探讨了API指数与风速、气温、降水、湿度、日照时数等气象因子的相关关系。结果表明：济南由于受能源结构、地形、气象条件等因素的影响,API指数累年平均值最大达到91.2,沿海城市空气质量明显好于内陆城市,日照 API 指数最小仅为56.5;从年际变化来看,济南由于加强对空气污染的治理,空气质量明显改善,API指数呈逐年下降趋势,其他城市有不同程度的增加或减小。空气质量具有明显的季节变化,各城市均是夏季空气质量最好,优良率天数频率最多,冬季最差,济南冬季发生轻微污染以上天数的频率最大占39.8%;各城市均以 PM10为首要污染物出现的频率为最多,出现以 NO2、SO2为首要污染物频率最多的城市分别是枣庄、潍坊,出现空气质量为优频率最多的城市是日照;各城市4季 API 指数与同期常规气象要素密切相关,4季API指数与降水均呈负相关,除济南春季外,与风速基本呈负相关,春、夏、秋3个季节API指数与相对湿度基本均成负相关,冬季API指数与日照时数成负相关、与气温、相对湿度成正相关。     

Determination of fluoride and its effects on flavonoids in some legumes

The effects of fluoride (Fl) emission, from an aluminum (Al) reduction plant in Iran, on the concentration of Fl in six legume species were studied. In addition, the influence of Fl on leaf flavonoids was investigated. Determination of Fl in collected plants (Alhagi camelorum Fisch., Cercis siliquastrum L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Medicago sativa L., Robinia peseudoacacia L., and Sophora alopecuroides L.) from the factory area was performed using a Fl ion-selective electrode. Identification of flavonoids in the samples was obtained by two-dimensional paper chromatography (2-D PC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Controls were obtained from plants located 10 km distance from the factory. Results showed high Fl concentration in all polluted samples. Phytochemical changes in polluted leaves were observed with appearance or disappearance of some flavonoids.     

A Global Indicator for Biological Invasion

Abstract:  "Trends in invasive alien species" is one of only two indicators of threat to biodiversity that form part of the Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD) framework for monitoring progress toward its "2010 target" (i.e., the commitment to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss). To date, however, there is no fully developed indicator for invasive alien species (IAS) that combines trends, derived from a standard set of methods, across species groups, ecosystems, and regions. Here we provide a rationale for the form and characteristics of an indicator of trends in IAS that will meet the 2010 framework goal and targets for this indicator. We suggest single and composite indicators that include problem-status and management-status measures that are designed to be flexible, readily disaggregated, and as far as possible draw on existing data. The single indicators at national and global scales are number of IAS and numbers of operational management plans for IAS. Global trends in IAS are measured as the progress of nations toward the targets of stabilizing IAS numbers and the implementation of IAS management plans. The proposed global indicator thus represents a minimum information set that most directly addresses the indicator objective and simultaneously aims to maximize national participation. This global indicator now requires testing to assess its accuracy, sensitivity, and tractability. Although it may not be possible to achieve the desired objective for a global indicator of biological invasion by 2010 as comprehensively as desired, it seems possible to obtain trend estimates for a component of the taxa, ecosystems, and regions involved. Importantly, current indicator development initiatives will also contribute to developing the mechanisms necessary for monitoring global trends in IAS beyond 2010.     

沙尘与大雾天气对京津石空气质量影响

采用北京、天津、石家庄2001-2010年沙尘与大雾天气的统计数据以及城市空气污染指数（API）,分析北京、天津、石家庄3市空气污染指数变化特征及大雾和沙尘天气下北京、天津、石家庄3市空气质量情况,进而得出沙尘大雾天气对京津石空气质量的影响。结果表明：2001-2010年间北京、天津、石家庄3市API总体呈下降趋势,天津、石家庄相对于北京空气质量改善较为明显,且空气质量夏季〉秋季〉春冬季。沙尘天气条件下,北京、天津、石家庄3市API平均值分别为255、179和167,空气质量出现良的比率天津为24%,北京、石家庄为10%左右,出现重污染的比率北京高达50%以上,天津和石家庄均在20%左右;3市沙尘天气高频次均出现在3-5月份,但北京沙尘天气发生次数远大于天津和石家庄。大雾天气条件下,北京、天津、石家庄3市API平均值为185、130和167,空气质量出现优或良的比率：天津〉石家庄〉北京,北京和石家庄出现重污染的比率均接近30%,天津不到10%,所以大雾天气对3市空气质量影响较小,大雾天气频次的变化波动并未对该地区空气质量的年际变化造成显著影响,3市高频次大雾天气集中在10-12月份,对该时段内空气污染呈现加重趋势有一定的贡献。所以沙尘和大雾天气均对北京、天津和石家庄空气质量存在不利影响,其中对北京影响最为严重,对天津影响最轻。整体上沙尘对3市的空气质量影响较大,大雾天气影响较小。