我国ABS树脂工业废水治理技术综述

ABS树脂是一种新型高分子热塑性材料,用途极其广泛,我国自20世纪80年代引进ABS树脂生产技术。但是ABS生产过程中废水成分复杂,给治理工作带来很大困难。对全国各ABS生产企业废水组成、处理现状及发展趋势进行了现场调研和实验研究。结果表明,ABS酸性水与真空泵污水酸度、COD、悬浮物较高,污染物组成复杂是造成ABS废水难以处理的主要原因。大多数ABS生产企业废水均采用混合后进行单级絮凝气浮处理,不能实现达标排放。实验研究证明,解决ABS废水处理问题的关键是增设二级生物处理单元以及采用资源回收、清污分流、清洁生产等措施。     

降低采油污水处理中污泥产生量技术研究——室内试验研究——

为了降低采油污水处理过程中产生的污泥量,对“降低采油污水处理中污泥产生量技术”进行了研究,并在采油一厂文一污水站进行了为期66天的现场实验。结果表明,降低采油污水处理污泥产生量技术通过化学反应将污水中的部分离子转变为对污水净化有用的组分,并通过控制污水中的氧含量、pH及离子平衡,达到去除水中悬浮物、控制腐蚀、维持水中离子平衡的目的。当复合碱按600 mg/L加入并使系统的pH值控制在7.0～7.3且絮凝剂、助凝剂加入浓度分别为150 mg/L、100 mg/L时,污水的pH、含油量、总铁、悬浮物由处理前的6.0、109 mg/L、13.5 mg/L、78 mg/L下降为7.0、0、0～0.42、1～2,滤膜系数为35;污水腐蚀速率为0.0691 mm/a;处理后水中SRB、TGB含量分别为0、101个/mL;经中国科学院渗流流体力学研究所等单位监测和技术评价证实,处理后污水与地层水配伍性良好,对地层不伤害,所产生污泥可初步用做建筑材料。     

渭北油田污水处理工艺优选评价

渭北油田长3油藏为典型的特低渗油藏,为缓解注水开发对清水量的需求及对环境的不利影响,需要采用经济有效的工艺对污水进行处理。通过对不同污水处理工艺的特点、现场处理效果及与渭北长3污水的适应性进行对比分析,优选出微生物+膜处理工艺作为渭北长3的污水处理工艺,并优选出接触氧化法作为污水生化处理工艺,优选出超滤、管状膜组件及PVDF膜材料作为渭北长3污水处理的膜处理装置。室内实验显示,渭北污水经优选出的微生物+膜处理工艺处理后,悬浮物含量1 mg/L、含油量1.2 mg/L、SRB10个/mL、TGB100个/mL,IB100个/mL,满足SY/T 5329*2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》中对特低渗油藏回注污水水质指标的要求,且微生物+膜处理工艺的主体工艺运行成本为2.08元/m~3,相比传统处理工艺运行成本下降了50.5%,     

稠油污水处理系统改造与絮凝剂筛选试验研究

河南油田井楼稠油联合站含油污水中的污油和悬浮物含量较高,超过150mg/L。为此,对该处理系统进行了改造,并对絮凝剂的筛选进行了试验。结果表明:无机絮凝剂与有机絮凝剂联合作用,可对污水中所含有的污油和有机物杂质的悬浮物产生很好的絮凝沉降效果。加药浓度、加药顺序及沉降时间均对絮凝沉降效果有一定的影响。改造后的污水处理系统实现了污水达标回注,降低了无效回注费用。同时还回收了污油,降低了药剂成本,产生了十分明显的经济效益,每年节约成本约500万元。     

超声波处理三元驱采油废水的实验

利用超声技术对油田三元驱采油废水的处理进行了实验研究。通过实验确定了超声波的最佳反应频率、功率、反应时间以及絮凝剂的筛选复配。实验结果表明:在最佳的反应条件下(超声频率为28kHz,超声频率为95 W,超声时间40min,沉降分离之后添加絮凝剂PAC 25mg/L,PAM 5mg/L),测得处理后的含油污水中悬浮物含量为1.5mg/L和含油率为4.9%,达到SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》中低渗透油层注水水质要求。在不改变以重力沉降为主的传统采油污水处理工艺的前提下,为三元驱采油废水的处理提供一种经济高效的方法。     

微生物管式膜污水处理工艺试验与应用

某油田污水处理站设计处理规模1500 m³/d,实际处理量630 m³/d,处理工艺为“微生物接触氧化+加药絮凝沉淀+二级过滤”,在运行过程中投加的混凝剂等药剂成本高,且二级过滤器使用年限过长,其处理后出水无法达到Q/SYTH 0082—2020《油田注水水质规定》中油小于5 mg/L、悬浮物含量小于3 mg/L、粒径中值小于2μm的注水水质要求。该油田污水处理站开展了“特种微生物+低能耗管式膜”污水处理技术研究,并完成现场中试试验,处理后膜出水的悬浮物含量基本稳定在1 mg/L,出水水质达标,表明此工艺处理油田污水是可行和可靠的,为该油田污水处理工艺优化提供了可靠依据。     

MBBR工艺在生活污水处理装置完善项目中的应用

文章应用MBBR(流动床生物膜反应器)工艺对某石化公司生活污水处理装置进行改造,并研究影响该工艺高效脱氮的主要因素,即pH值、DO含量和污泥回流比。结果表明:实际运行中,pH值控制在7.5、DO在1～4mg/L、污泥回流比R≤3,能取得较好的脱氮效果,将氨氮降至3mg/L以下,同时,将污泥浓度维持在5～8g/L,还可在短时间内实现CODCr高去除率。实践证明,MBBR工艺在生活污水完善项目中的应用,能够有效降低污水中污染物含量,为后续深度处理系统的稳定运行提供可靠保障。     

电絮凝技术处理油田稀油污水的研究

文章以新疆油田风城油田作业区稀油污水处理为例,针对污水水质不稳定的问题,分析了污水处理工艺、运行状况及影响水质的原因.针对水质恶化的原因,在原污水处理流程不同位置开展电絮凝技术处理效果研究,优化出适宜的电流密度、极板间距以及电解时间等条件.试验结果表明：在二级过滤器进口安装电絮凝装置后,其出水石油类为0,悬浮物为2 mg/L以下,达到了油田的处理要求.     

污水处理系统中悬浮物形成机理与处理方法

文章以风城油田稀油污水处理为例,分析污水处理系统中悬浮物的形成机理,并对污水含油、悬浮物、固体含量、粒径中值、聚合物含量、细菌、温度、硫化物、二价铁、pH值等水质指标进行分析,找出影响污水处理的主要因素,并对油水悬浮物处理方法进行室内分析及现场物理、化学方法实践,解决污水处理系统中悬浮物问题。     

南京某医院污水处理工艺选择初探

随着医疗机构的飞速发展,医院的污水排放量也逐年增加,排放标准也愈加严格。部分医疗机构配套建设的污水处理站存在着污水工艺设计不合理等问题,使得现有的医院污水处理站不能满足污水量增加或稳定达标排放的要求。生物接触氧化法是处理医院污水极为有效的一种方法。南京某综合性医院新建污水处理站设计规模1 200m3/d,详细论述了该医院污水处理设计中各污水池功能及设计参数,并从污水水质、废气、污泥和噪音方面分别给出了优化措施。根据建设完成后的检测数据:化学需氧量(COD) 42. 94mg/L,余氯6. 29mg/L,p H 7. 2,悬浮物15mg/L,粪大肠菌群数20MPN/L,沙门氏菌未检出。检测结果显示水质良好,生物接触氧化法工艺设计处理污水效果极为有效。     

模拟油田采出水中硫化氢的脱除研究

硫化氢是油气田伴生气中的有害组分。在含硫油气田的采出水中,硫化氢的存在对于安全生产和和油田环境均会产生危害。采出水经处理后通常需作为地层回注水使用,由于油气生产的特殊性,常用的硫化氢脱除方法在使用中受到限制,探索适合于油气田生产的水处理方法十分必要。本文探讨了通常可用于油田水中硫化氢脱除的各种方法,对比了各类方法的优缺点,提出以次氯酸钠为主要脱硫剂的水处理方法,通过对模拟采出水的室内试验,证明次氯酸法可以快速有效地去除采出水中的硫化氢,并提出了消除过量氧化剂的后续处理方法。实验表明经处理后的水质可以达到油气田回注水质要求,处理成本较低。     

模拟油田采出水中H2S的脱除

采出水经处理后通常需作为地层回注水使用,由于油气生产的特殊性,常用的H2S脱除方法在使用中受到限制,探索适合于油气田生产的水处理方法十分必要。文章探讨了通常可用于油田采出水中H2S脱除的各种方法,对比了各类方法的优缺点,提出以NaClO为主要脱硫剂的水处理方法,通过对模拟采出水的室内实验,证明次氯酸法可以快速有效地去除采出水中的H2S,使H2S残留量低于1 mg/L。实验表明:经处理后的水质可以达到SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》要求,处理成本较低。     

Water Consumption in the Production of Ethanol and Petroleum Gasoline

We assessed current water consumption during liquid fuel production, evaluating major steps of fuel lifecycle for five fuel pathways: bioethanol from corn, bioethanol from cellulosic feedstocks, gasoline from U.S. conventional crude obtained from onshore wells, gasoline from Saudi Arabian crude, and gasoline from Canadian oil sands. Our analysis revealed that the amount of irrigation water used to grow biofuel feedstocks varies significantly from one region to another and that water consumption for biofuel production varies with processing technology. In oil exploration and production, water consumption depends on the source and location of crude, the recovery technology, and the amount of produced water re-injected for oil recovery. Our results also indicate that crop irrigation is the most important factor determining water consumption in the production of corn ethanol. Nearly 70% of U.S. corn used for ethanol is produced in regions where 10–17 liters of water are consumed to produce one liter of ethanol. Ethanol production plants are less water intensive and there is a downward trend in water consumption. Water requirements for switchgrass ethanol production vary from 1.9 to 9.8 liters for each liter of ethanol produced. We found that water is consumed at a rate of 2.8–6.6 liters for each liter of gasoline produced for more than 90% of crude oil obtained from conventional onshore sources in the U.S. and more than half of crude oil imported from Saudi Arabia. For more than 55% of crude oil from Canadian oil sands, about 5.2 liters of water are consumed for each liter of gasoline produced. Our analysis highlighted the vital importance of water management during the feedstock production and conversion stage of the fuel lifecycle.     

硅藻土水处理剂对采出水絮凝试验

不同加药量的采出水絮凝试验表明:硅藻土是一种能够用于采出水处理工艺的新型药剂,絮凝沉降后水的浊度可降低到1NTU左右,悬浮物的体积浓度降低到0.0005%以下,颗粒物的分布特征值向有利于通过过滤工艺去除的大尺度方向变化。适当的加药量为50mg/L。     

油气田开发水资源高效利用探

在油气田开发过程中,尤其是干旱缺水地区,处理好生产用水与产出废水之间的关系是油气田企业可持续发展的重要问题。油气田开发水资源高效利用的最终目的是减少淡水的消耗量,主要体现在新鲜水的合理使用及产出废水的回收再利用两个方面。提出应以产出废水为生产水源,研发适合其水质特征的工作液体系,实现产出废水"免处理"再利用;建立油气田开发水管理体系,根据水的不同用途,科学调配新鲜水和产出废水,实现水资源的高效利用。     

Potential environmental benefits of ionophores in ruminant diets

A concern of the USEPA is the volatilization of NH3 from animal manure and CH4 produced from ruminal fermentation. Excess N in the environment has been associated with adverse effects on human health, and CH4 and N2O emissions are sources of greenhouse gases. The objectives of this paper are to summarize and quantify the benefits of ionophores, principally monensin, in decreasing NH3 and CH4 emissions to the environment and reducing resource utilization in cattle (Bos spp.) production. The data indicate that monensin in the diets of ruminants may decrease protein degradation in the rumen and may increase feed protein utilization by an average of 3.5 percentage units. These changes would have an effect in reducing N losses and decreasing fecal N and the amount of protein that must be fed to meet animal requirements. Additionally, CH4 is produced by enteric fermentation in ruminants, which is responsible for about 33 to 39% of CH4 emissions from agriculture. Ionophores can reduce CH4 production by 25% and decrease feed intake by 4% without affecting animal performance. The inclusion of monensin in beef and dairy cattle diets may benefit air quality by reducing CH4 and N emissions and water quality by reducing N in manure, which can potentially leave the farm through leaching into ground water and through runoff into surface water.     

气田采出水处理系统优化运行效果评价

长北天然气处理厂气田采出水处理系统自投运以来,在生产运行过程中存在采出水悬浮物含量高、油分处理效果差的状况,回注水中含油、悬浮物较高,回注泵故障频发,回注压力高。分析水质变差原因,同时对现有采出水处理系统进行分析,优化缓蚀剂加注方案,制定加药程序,引入新设备、新工艺提升采出水处理效果,使回注水含油量、悬浮物含量达到SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》要求。     

DETERMINATION OF BEST TIMING FOR POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL: A MODELING APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: Confined production of poultry results in significant volumes of waste material which are typically disposed of by land application. Concerns over the potential environmental impacts of poultry waste disposal have resulted in ongoing efforts to develop management practices which maintain high quality of water downstream of disposal areas. The timing of application to minimize waste constituent losses is a management practice with the potential to ensure high quality of streams, rivers, and lakes downstream of receiving areas. This paper describes the development and application of a method to identify which time of year is best, from the standpoint of surface water quality, for land application of poultry waste. The procedure consists of using a mathematical simulation model to estimate average nitrogen and phosphorus losses resulting from different application timings, and then identifying the timings which minimize losses of these nutrients. The procedure was applied to three locations in Arkansas, and three different criteria for optimality of application timing were investigated. One criterion was oriented strictly to water quality, one was oriented only to crop production, and the last was a combination. The criteria resulted in different windows of time being identified as optimal. Optimal windows also varied with location of the receiving area. The results indicate that it is possible to land-apply poultry waste at times which both minimize nutrient losses and maximize crop yield.     

利用超滤膜技术处理油田含盐采出水研究

通过对超滤膜材料的优选研究,选定了一种较为适合高温含盐采出水水质特点的超滤膜。在确定了其最佳操作参数的基础上,对其操作稳定性进行了考察,并考察了温度对操作过程的影响,经实验证明,研究确定的超滤膜在高含盐水中同样具有较强的耐油抗污染性能,在连续运行15h后,经清洗剂和清水复合冲洗,通量可恢复至最初通量的95%以上。     

The Role of Ownership in Environmental Performance: Evidence from Coalbed Methane Development

One way coalbed methane production differs from traditional oil and gas extraction is in the large quantities of produced water. This water must be disposed of for production to occur. Surface discharge has proven to be a low-cost alternative; regulations are in place to protect surface water quality. This paper investigates the effects of alternative ownership regimes on regulatory compliance. A unique dataset linking coalbed methane wells in Wyoming to water disposal permit violations is used to explore differences in environmental performance across severed and unified minerals. Empirical analysis of these data suggest that ownership does impact environmental compliance behavior. Most violations occur on split estate. Federal split estate wells have more severe violations, though not necessarily more of them. Federal unified wells performed best, with fewer and less serious violations. Wells on private land have more, though not necessarily more severe, violations. These results suggest some room for policy proposals accounting for alternative ownership regimes.