钙基吸附剂捕集生物质燃气中的二氧化碳

生物质热解燃气中CO2的捕集,是提高燃气热值和实现碳减排的关键问题之一。为利用生物质热解燃气温度偏高的特点,拟通过化学吸附方法,捕集燃气中高浓度的CO2。为此,利用不同钙基前驱物制备了系列钙基固体吸附剂,系列钙基固体吸附剂对CO2的单次吸附和循环吸附实验结果表明,含钙和镁氧化物混合物的吸附剂具有较稳定的循环吸附特性以及较大的吸附负荷。孔结构特性分析表明,适宜于CO2吸附的有效孔径范围可能为小于4 nm。因此,可以通过对天然白云石的改性获得合适孔径的钙镁基固体吸附剂,达到有效捕集生物质燃气中CO2的目的。     

Sustainable oil and grease removal from synthetic stormwater runoff using bench-scale bioretention studies.

One of the principal components of the contaminant load in urban stormwater runoff is oil and grease (O&G) pollution, resulting from vehicle emissions. A mulch layer was used as a contaminant trap to remove O&G (dissolved and particulate-associated naphthalene, dissolved toluene, and dissolved motor oil hydrocarbons) from a synthetic runoff during a bench-scale infiltration study. Approximately 80 to 95% removal of all contaminants from synthetic runoff was found via sorption and filtration. Subsequently, approximately 90% of the sorbed naphthalene, toluene, oil, and particulate-associated naphthalene was biodegraded within approximately 3, 4, 8, and 2 days after the event, respectively, based on decreases in contaminant concentrations coupled with increases of microbial populations. These results indicate the effectiveness and sustainability of placing a thin layer of mulch on the surface of a bioretention facility for reducing O&G pollution from urban stormwater runoff.     

Low cost sorbents for the removal of methyl parathion pesticide from aqueous solutions

Sorptive potential of selected agricultural waste materials i.e. rice (Oryza sativa) bran (RB), bagasse fly ash (BFA) of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), Moringa oleifera pods (MOP) and rice husk (RH) for the removal of methyl parathion pesticide (MP) from surface and ground waters has been investigated. Optimization of operating parameters of sorption process, i.e. sorbent dose, agitation time, pH, initial concentration of sorbate, and temperature have been studied. The sorption data fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) sorption isotherms. The maximum capacities of RB, BFA, MOP and RH for MP were calculated to be 3.6+/-0.8, 5.3+/-1.4, 5.2+/-1.5 and 4.7+/-1.0 mmolg(-1) by Freundlich, 0.39+/-0.009, 0.39+/-0.005, 0.36+/-0.004 and 0.35+/-0.008 mmolg(-1) by Langmuir and 0.9+/-0.08, 1.0+/-0.10, 1.0+/-0.10 and 0.9+/-0.07 mmolg(-1) by D-R isotherms respectively, employing 0.1g of each sorbent, at pH 6, 90 min agitation time and at 303 K. Application of first order Lagergren and Morris-Weber equations to the kinetic data yielded correlation coefficients, close to unity. Thermodynamic parameters of sorption process, i.e. DeltaH, DeltaS and DeltaG were computed and their negative values indicated the exothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption process. The pesticide may be stripped by sonication with methanol, making the regeneration and reutilization of sorbents promising. The sorbents investigated exhibited their potential applications in water decontamination, treatment of industrial and agricultural waste waters.     

生物质锅炉烟气中PM-VOCs一体化脱除装置的设计

针对生物质成型燃料锅炉烟气中的颗粒物（PM）和挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放浓度高的问题,采用布袋除尘技术与生物炭吸附技术相结合的工艺技术,集成通风直接冷却技术,设计了颗粒物和挥发性有机物一体化脱除装置,并开展了脱除效果验证实验。结果表明：装置对颗粒物去除率87.8%~90.7%,VOCs去除率69.1%~72.0%,颗粒物和VOCs的排放浓度远低于《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》（GB 13271-2014）,表明该装置对生物质锅炉烟气中的颗粒物和VOCs具有较好的脱除效果,研究可为生物质成型燃料锅炉烟气净化工艺提供技术支撑。     

Utilization of two invasive free-floating aquatic plants (Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes) as sorbents for oil removal

Free-floating aquatic plants Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes are well-known invasive species in the tropics and subtropics. The aim of this study was to utilize the plants as cost-effective and environmentally friendly oil sorbents. Multilevel wrinkle structure of P. stratiotes leaf (PL), rough surface of E. crassipes leaf (EL), and box structure of E. crassipes stalk (ES) were observed using the scanning electron microscope. The natural hydrophobic structures and capillary rise tests supported the idea to use P. stratiotes and E. crassipes as oil sorbents. Experiments indicated that the oil sorption by the plants was a fast process. The maximum sorption capacities for different oils reached 5.1–7.6, 3.1–4.8, and 10.6–11.7 g of oil per gram of sorbent for PL, EL, and ES, respectively. In the range of 5–35 °C, the sorption capacities of the plants were not significantly different. These results suggest that the plants can be used as efficient oil sorbents.     

加油站埋地油罐呼吸排放因子法的本地化应用

加油站汽油挥发是挥发性有机物(VOCs)的重要来源之一。加油站VOCs排放包括卸油排放、加油排放、呼吸排放、加油枪滴油和胶管渗透排放等5个环节。针对加油站各环节排放因子已开展了诸多统计研究,但并未考虑加油站工艺及设备配置、日均加油规模等因素对排放因子的影响。参考美国CARB认证规程,采用自主研发的加油站呼吸排放测试系统,以北京某年销汽油量约9 000 t且未安装油气处理装置的加油站为测试站点,开展埋地油罐呼吸排放因子的本地化研究。通过对呼吸排放量的连续监测,采用实验检测与数据统计相结合的方法,研究呼吸排放因子与加油量的相关性。结果表明：加油站的埋地油罐呼吸排放因子与日均加油量显著相关;对于标准化加油站,日均加油量小于15 920 L时,呼吸排放因子为0;随着日均加油量的升高,呼吸排放因子逐步升高,且符合多项式方程;超过28 800 L后,呼吸排放因子变化趋于稳定在约30 mg·L⁻¹。综合考虑后处理装置安装成本和产生的环境效益,年汽油销售规模超过4 500 t的加油站应安装后处理装置,以降低呼吸排放的油气量。本研究结果可为不同规模加油站的VOCs排放分级管理提供参考。     

碱性催化剂对农业废物液化产生生物油和气体的影响

采用热化学处理法对农业废物玉米秸秆和苹果渣进行处理,3种碱性物质Na2CO3、K2CO3和KOH作为催化剂,都能不同程度提高液化生物油收率、减少固体残渣收率.但碱性催化剂会降低气体收率,因而不适合作为以获得气体产物为目的的生物质气化试验的催化剂.就增加液化生物油收率方面而言,Na2CO3的催化效果最好,KOH催化效果次之,K2CO3的催化效果最差.     

加油站油气回收系统VOCs泄漏FID现场检测方法及效果分析

油气回收系统密闭点VOCs泄漏质量分数值是衡量加油站是否存在超标排放的重要指标。为提高加油站VOCs泄漏检测的时效性、代表性与准确性,采用FID现场检测方法对郑州市某加油站油气回收系统进行了检测,全方位对比分析了实验室气相色谱法与现场检测法的检测时效性、准确性,提出了密闭区域检测及质量保证和控制建议,并根据实际检测数据分析了易泄漏点。结果表明：采用FID现场检测方法对油气回收系统密闭点进行检测,能使检测成本降低90%,检测效率提高 15 倍;在现场检测前完成仪器的校准、响应时间的测定与精密度的验证工作,可使VOCs最大质量分数偏差维持在5%以下,这进一步验证了FID现场检测方法测量的准确度;油气回收系统泄漏点的确定及现场检测流程和步骤的优化,可有效提高检测数据的代表性;检测设备的定期校准,可确保FID示值相对误差在±10％范围内,响应时间不超过30 s,从而为检测质量控制提供保障;为确保泄漏点完好,结合实际检测工作,应采用液位仪自动计量技术,加强设备的维护保养并设置加油枪气液比为1.05～1.15。综上所述,在保证FID的准确性与稳定性的前提下,采用FID现场检测方法对油气回收系统VOCs泄漏质量分数进行检测具有时效性强、准确度高、数据代表性强等优势。本研究结果可为加油站采用FID现场检测油气回收系统VOCs泄漏的质量分数提供参考。     

Assessing sorbents for mercury control in coal-combustion flue gas

Sorbent injection for Hg control is one of the most promising technologies for reducing Hg emissions from power-generation facilities, particularly units that do not require wet scrubbers for SO2 control. Since 1992, EPRI has been assessing the performance of Hg sorbents in pilot-scale systems installed at full-scale facilities. The initial tests were conducted on a 5,000-acfm (142-m3/min) pilot baghouse. Screening potential sorbents at this scale required substantial resources for installation and operation and did not provide an opportunity to characterize sorbents over a wide temperature range. Data collected in the laboratory and in field tests indicate that sorbents are affected by flue gas composition and temperature. Tests carried out in actual flue gas at a number of power plants also have shown that sorbent performance can be site-specific. In addition, data collected at a field site often are different from data collected     

雨水生物滞留系统控制径流污染物研究进展

雨水生物滞留系统作为《海绵城市建设技术指南》中推荐优先利用的技术措施,能够从源头上削减雨洪径流量和净化水质,达到降雨时吸水、蓄水、渗水、净水的目的。为促进该技术的推广运用,分析了生物滞留系统的结构及水文特性,重点总结了生物滞留系统去除径流污染物的研究现状,针对生物滞留系统对氮、磷等污染物去除效果较差的问题,论述了优化改进生物滞留系统的技术措施,为该技术的进一步研究和应用提供借鉴和参考。     

Bioretention column studies of phosphorus removal from urban stormwater runoff.

This study investigated the effectiveness of bioretention as a stormwater management practice using repetitive bioretention columns for phosphorus removal. Bioretention media, with a higher short-term phosphorus sorption capacity, retained more phosphorus from infiltrating runoff after 3 mg/L phosphorus loading. A surface mulch layer prevented clogging after repetitive total suspended solids input. Evidence suggests that long-term phosphorus reactions will regenerate active short-term phosphorus adsorption sites. A high hydraulic conductivity media overlaying one with low hydraulic conductivity resulted in a higher runoff infiltration rate, from 0.51 to 0.16 cm/min at a fixed 15-cm head, and was more efficient in phosphorus removal (85% mass removal) than a profile with low conductivity media over high (63% mass removal). Media extractions suggest that most of the retained phosphorus in the media layers is available for vegetative uptake and that environmental risk thresholds were not exceeded.     

Solvent extraction for heavy crude oil removal from contaminated soils

A new strategy of heavy crude oil removal from contaminated soils was studied. The hexane-acetone solvent mixture was used to investigate the ability of solvent extraction technique for cleaning up soils under various extraction conditions. The mixtures of hexane and acetone (25 vol%) were demonstrated to be the most effective in removing petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soils and approx 90% of saturates, naphthene aromatics, polar aromatics, and 60% of nC₇-asphaltenes were removed. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that the equilibrium was reached in 5 min and the majority of the oil pollutants were removed within 0.5 min. The effect of the ratio between solvent and soil on the extraction efficiency was also studied and results showed that the efficiency would increase following the higher solvent soil ratio. Then the multistage continuous extraction was considered to enhance the removal efficiency of oil pollutants. Three stages crosscurrent and countercurrent solvent extraction with the solvent soil ratio 6:1 removed 97% oil contaminants from soil. Clearly the results showed that the mixed-solvent of hexane and acetone (25 vol%) with character of low-toxic, acceptable cost and high efficiency was promising in solvent extraction to remove heavy oil fractions as well as petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soils.     

The application of regenerable sorbents for mercury capture in gas phase

Mercury is a well-known toxic element, and flue gas streams emitted from coal-fired utilities are one of the largest anthropogenic sources of this element. This study briefly reviews the proposed technologies for reducing mercury emissions from coal combustion, focusing on an emerging process which involves the use of regenerable sorbents and especially those loaded with noble metals. Among the mercury species formed during coal combustion, elemental mercury is the most difficult to remove from the flue gases due to its low reactivity and insolubility in water. The widespread interest in using regenerable sorbents with metals is due to their ability to retain elemental mercury. With this technology, not only can efficiencies of 100 % be reached in the retention of elemental mercury but also a way to avoid the generation of new wastes loaded with mercury. This study considers the main aspects that must be taken into account when developing effective regenerable sorbents for mercury capture, with special attention to sorbents containing noble metals. The characteristics of this process are compared with those of other processes in a more advanced state of development.     

Nitrogen removal from urban stormwater runoff through layered bioretention columns.

Bioretention is a low-impact technology used for the treatment of stormwater runoff in developed areas. The fates of mineral nitrogen compounds in two bioretention columns (RP1 and RP2) with different media-layering characteristics were investigated under multiple loadings of simulated urban runoff. The immediate capture of nitrogen was evaluated, with nitrogen transformation reactions that occurred during the drying periods between rainfall events. A greater proportion of ammonium was removed from runoff in RP2 (68 +/- 16%), which had a high permeability layer over a lower permeability layer, than in RP1 (12 +/- 6%), which had the inverse configuration. Both column systems demonstrated nitrate export (9 +/- 32% and 54 +/- 22% greater than input for RP1 and RP2, respectively), attributed to washout of nitrate resulting from nitrification processes between runoff loading events. Bioretention media with a less permeable bottom soil layer could form an anoxic/anaerobic zone for promoting nitrification/denitrification processes.     

粉煤灰合成沸石去除城市暴雨径流中氨氮

采用粉煤灰为原料,通过耦合碱熔-两步合成法制得3种合成沸石产品,并以合成沸石制备大粒径的功能填料。通过氨氮吸附速率实验和等温吸附实验探讨了合成沸石及功能填料的氨氮吸附速率和最大吸附容量(Qm),以功能填料构建模拟人工快速渗滤系统,研究其对城市暴雨径流中氨氮的去除效果。结果表明,合成沸石对氨氮的吸附速率极快,5min去除率约达到75%,氨氮最大吸附容量为11.36～16.13 mg/g;功能填料对氨氮的最大吸附容量有所下降,但氨氮吸附速率仍较快,应用于模拟人工快速渗滤系统时能在较高的水力负荷下快速去除城市暴雨径流中的氨氮。碱处理再生法更适于进行合成沸石功能填料原位再生,氨氮吸附容量一次再生率达到67%～87%。     

钙基烟气脱硫剂制备的实验研究

采用正交实验 ,研究了水合制备高效钙基烟气脱硫剂时各制备条件对产物的影响。结果表明 ,水合时间、水合温度Ca(OH) 2 /CaSO4的质量比 ,以及飞灰 / (Ca(OH) 2 +CaSO4)质量比四个条件对脱硫剂比表面积的形成有显著的影响 ;从而由单因素实验得出一最佳钙基脱硫剂制备条件组合。此外 ,通过XDR分析 ,测定了脱硫剂的物相组成 ,扫描电镜观察显示飞灰和水合吸收剂具有不同的表面形态     

2种改良土壤渗滤系统对降雨径流中氮的去除

为研究改良土壤渗滤系统对降雨径流中不同形态氮(NH4+-N,NO3--N,NO2--N,TN)的去除效果及径流中氮负荷对氮去除率的影响,实验分别以聚氨酯泡沫和人工草皮为改良材料,以降雨径流中的氮为处理对象进行室内模拟研究。结果表明,聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统及草皮土壤渗滤系统对TN,NH4+-N均具有较好的净化效果,并表现出良好的耐冲击负荷能力。TN平均去除率分别为72.65%和71.07%,NH4+-N平均去除率分别为98.10%和99.09%。2种渗滤系统对NO3--N去除效果均较差,表现为-420.07%和-171.66%的负去除率。聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统对NO2--N的平均去除率为87.29%,高于草皮土壤渗滤系统53.77%的平均去除率。总体上,聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统对径流中氮的去除效果优于草皮土壤渗滤系统,具有较好的应用前景。     

还原法二氧化硫脱除技术

介绍了催化还原法、CaS还原法、吸收还原法、碳还原法和生物还原法脱除烟气中二氧化硫技术的原理、特点以及研究和应用现状 ,指出了各种还原法脱除二氧化硫技术在工业应用中的限制因素和研究的方向。     

Use of activated Chromolaena odorata biomass for the removal of crystal violet from aqueous solution: kinetic,equilibrium, and thermodynamic study

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In the present study, biomass from the Chromolaena odorata plant’s stem was activated using sulfuric acid to adsorb crystal violet (CV) dye. The...     

3种草皮缓冲带对农田径流污染物的净化效果及其最佳宽度研究

通过对照试验,研究了百慕大、白花三叶草和高羊茅3种草皮缓冲带对农田径流污染物的净化效果.结果表明,空白对照带对径流水SS几乎没有去除效果,百慕大草皮缓冲带对径流水SS的去除率最高,达84%.其次为白花三叶草和高羊茅草皮缓冲带,对径流水SS的去除率分别为81%、73%;进水TN质量浓度在10 mg/L以内时,3种草皮缓冲带出水TN质量浓度都低于2mg/L,均达到<地表水环境质量标准>(GB 3838-2002)V类标准;进水TP质量浓度为0.54～1.50 mg/L时,3种草皮缓冲带出水TP质量浓度均为0.08～0.34 mg/L,也均低于GB 3838-2002V类标准规定的限值;3种草皮缓冲带径流水SS去除率和沿程距离具有显著的相关性,在径流水SS去除率为80%时.通过计算可知3种草皮缓冲带的最佳宽度为16.1～20.4 m.其中百慕大草皮缓冲带最低,为16.1 m.