耕作措施对华北夏玉米田土壤温度和酶活性的影响

为探讨长期耕作措施下华北平原夏玉米生长季土壤温度与酶活性的变化规律,本研究对四种耕作处理（免耕秸秆还田NTS,旋耕秸秆还田RTS,翻耕秸秆还田CTS和翻耕秸秆不还田CT）下土壤层次的温度和酶活性进行了测定和分析。结果表明：同一土壤层次的各耕作处理均从6：00．18：00呈现正弦波的变化特征;免耕、旋耕等保护性耕作处理在玉米的生育期内温度变化平稳,日均差均小于翻耕秸秆还田和翻耕秸秆不还田;免耕秸秆还田处理土壤酶活性最高,脲酶活性在夏玉米的3个生育期（播种期、大喇叭口期和收获期）分别高于翻耕秸秆不还田处理28．98％,35．62％和24．9％,碱性磷酸酶分别高32．7％,11．94％和10．39％,脱氢酶分别高27．53％,20．39％和30．53％,旋耕和翻耕秸秆还田处理3种酶的活性也明显高于翻耕秸秆不还田处理;旋耕与翻耕秸秆还田处理脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的差异不显著,脱氢酶的差异达到了5％的差异显著水平;通过研究表明在华北平原采用少免耕为主的保护性耕作措施,可以提高土壤酶活性,降低成本,提高经济效益。     

不同耕作方式对玉米田土壤有机碳含量的影响

在华北夏玉米生产体系中,采用田间试验,研究了撂荒、翻耕、免耕和旋耕4种耕作方式下,玉米4个生育期(苗期、拔节期、灌浆期、成熟期)耕层(0~20 cm)土壤总有机碳质量分数、活性有机碳质量分数和碳库管理指数的变化.结果表明:在观测期间,玉米不同生育期(0~20 cm)土层有机碳质量分数和活性有机碳质量分数均呈明显的动态变化,就3种耕作方式来讲,土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均表现为免耕最高,翻耕和旋耕次之;成熟期免耕、旋耕、翻耕3种处理的土壤碳库管理指数比撂荒分别提高了47.38%、30.43%、27.00%;土壤活性有机碳与总有机碳、碳库管理指数均存在显著相关关系,玉米产量与土壤总有机碳质量分数存在显著相关性,与土壤活性有机碳质量分数和土壤碳库管理指数无明显相关性.综合考虑以上因素,免耕有利于提高土壤有机碳质量分数和土壤碳库管理指数,改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力.     

生物菌肥、秸秆炭对麦田土壤酶活性及小麦产量的影响

为明确生物菌肥、秸秆炭对我国旱地麦田土壤酶活性及小麦产量的影响,通过田间试验研究农户施肥(FF)、测控施肥(MF)、菌肥无机肥(MFB)、秸秆炭无机肥(MFC)4种施肥处理对旱地小麦生育期土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活性及小麦产量和产量构成因素的影响.结果表明,旱地麦田0-20 cm土层3种酶活性随小麦生育期推进呈现不同变化趋势,脲酶活性高峰均在拔节至扬花期,过氧化氢酶活性高峰均在成熟期,碱性磷酸酶活性高峰均在返青期.在测控定量施肥基础上,菌肥无机肥较农户施肥显著提高了拔节至扬花期土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性.秸秆炭无机肥较农户施肥显著提高了拔节至扬花期碱性磷酸酶活性,提高幅度为16.1%-17.6%(P 0.05).菌肥无机肥和秸秆炭无机肥处理的冬小麦籽粒产量较农户施肥分别提高22.4%、21.5%(P 0.05),秸秆炭无机肥处理显著提高了冬小麦千粒重.拔节至成熟期脲酶活性与小麦籽粒产量呈显著正相关;拔节至扬花期碱性磷酸酶与小麦千粒重呈极显著正相关.综上所述,在测控定量施肥基础上,菌肥无机肥和秸秆炭无机肥可以提高冬小麦产量与生育期酶活性,因此适宜在旱地麦田推广应用.(图3表3参42)     

秸秆还田少免耕对冲积土微生物多样性及微生物碳氮的影响

土壤微生物是耕地质量的重要指标,为阐明秸秆还田少免耕对土壤质量的影响及其机理,在成都平原(温江)冲积水稻土区,开展了水稻–小麦/油菜轮作秸秆还田培肥定位试验(2003～2008年),在小麦生长季节,系统研究了土壤耕层微生物数量和微生物生物量的变化特征.结果表明,秸秆还田翻耕与秸秆还田免耕的土壤耕层微生物总量分别增加了51.7%、12.8%,土壤微生物数量增加主要来自土壤细菌数量的增加;从小麦全生育期看,在小麦分蘖期的增加幅度高于小麦播种期和小麦收获后,有利于促进小麦养分吸收与生长发育.秸秆还田少免耕显著增加了微生物生物量,秸秆还田翻耕和秸秆还田免耕处理土壤微生物碳总量分别比对照提高74.1%、25.8%,土壤微生物氮分别提高60.2%和12.1%.秸秆还田循环利用显著增加了土壤微生物数量和生物量,有利于土壤养分循环与转化,有利于提高土壤有机质含量并改善有机质质量,是耕地质量建设的重要途径.     

保护性耕作对潮土结构特性的影响

研究不同保护性耕作措施对潮土结构特性的影响,探求不同秸秆还田方式下土壤结构的变化规律.以河北省石家庄市栾城县长期定位试验为研究基础,采用了传统翻耕、翻耕秸秆还田、旋耕秸秆还田、免耕覆盖还田、免耕立秆还田和免耕粉碎还田6种处理,分别对不同耕层的土壤容重、有机碳含量、团聚体及有机无机复合体进行了测定,对比分析了不同保护性耕作对潮土结构特性的影响.结果表明:免耕覆盖还田的土壤容重值最低;干筛情况下,免耕秸秆覆盖还田的MWD值显著高于其它处理30.4%～47.4%,而湿筛情况下,免耕立秆还田与粉碎还田MWD值高于其它处理;立秆还田的土壤分散系数最低,而粉碎还田的分散系数比其它处理高20.48%～330.93%;翻耕处理的原土复合量、原土复合度分别高于免耕处理10.82%～21.62%、8.97%～20.97%.不同秸秆还田方式对土壤结构稳定性的影响有很大差异:覆盖还田能改善田间土壤结构;立秆还田能提高微团聚体的稳定性;粉碎还田通过增加土壤有机碳含量而增加水稳性大团聚体的含量.     

不同耕作方式对红壤旱地土壤理化性状及玉米产量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了免耕(T1)、翻耕(T2)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(T3)、翻耕+秸秆覆盖(T4)、翻耕+秸秆深埋(T5)5种耕作方式下土壤理化状况及玉米(Zea mays L)产量.结果表明,使用了秸秆的耕作方式(T3、T4、T5)有利于改良土壤的理化性状、提高玉米产量;翻耕与免耕相比,翻耕能改良土壤物理性状、提高土壤有机质和氮素含量、提高玉米产量,但翻耕土壤中有效磷和速效钾的含量比免耕土壤中低.T5对降低耕层土壤容重、增加土壤孔隙度、提高土壤含水量、改善土壤结构、提高有机质和氮素含量及提高玉米产量有最好的效果;T3对提高耕层土壤有效磷和速效钾含量最明显,对改善土壤结构也表现出较好的效果.因此,丘陵区红壤早地采用翻耕+秸秆深埋的耕作方式,对改良土壤理化性状,提高经济效益有重要意义.     

不同耕作模式对双季稻田生态系统净碳汇效应及收益的影响

耕作措施是影响稻田生态系统净碳汇效应和经济收益的关键因素。为探明南方双季稻区不同耕作模式下稻田耕层土壤(0—20 cm)固碳速率和土壤碳密度、年碳汇平衡和经济收益的变化特征,开展紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)-双季稻大田定位试验,设双季水稻翻耕+秸秆还田(CT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、双季水稻免耕+秸秆还田(NT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆不还田(RTO,对照)4种耕作处理,系统分析了不同耕作方式对稻田耕层土壤固碳速率和土壤碳密度、年碳汇平衡和经济收益的影响。研究结果表明,各处理稻田耕层土壤的固碳速率变化范围为2.98—3.43 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),耕层土壤碳密度为29.77—34.33 t·hm~(-2),其大小顺序均表现为CTRTNTRTO。不同耕作处理稻田生态系统作物的净碳固定变化范围为5.27—7.43 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),其大小顺序表现为CTRTNTRTO;CT和RT处理土壤的净碳汇量分别比NT处理增加40.26%和3.90%。不同处理稻田生态系统物质投入的碳成本为0.03—0.85 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),年经济收益为7.11—8.81×10~3 CNY·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),稻田生态系统经济效益大小顺序表现为CTRTNTRTO。总之,翻耕、旋耕结合秸秆还田处理均有利于提高双季稻田耕层土壤的固碳速率、碳汇效应和经济收益,是增加耕层土壤有机碳库贮量的有效措施。     

玉米秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤呼吸的影响

土壤呼吸是大气CO2的重要来源,而我国华北平原玉米秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤呼吸的影响的研究报道较少.该文的研究目的主要在于揭示玉米秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤呼吸的影响,为农作措施对碳循环的影响的研究提供理论依据.覆盖免耕试验结果表明,玉米秸秆覆盖免耕土壤CO2全年平均释放量为13.2 g·m-2·d-1,分别比还翻处理和清翻处理增加8.38％和27.6％.所有测定时间中,除去2007年4月24日外,在其余取样时间里处理之间CO2释放量均呈差异显著.不同处理土壤呼吸均表现出显著的季节性动态变化,7月是全年的呼吸高峰期,覆盖免耕在5月多出一次高峰期.玉米秸秆覆盖免耕全年土壤呼吸的最低峰值比最高峰值降低77.1%,显著高于清茬翻耕和还田翻耕,表明玉米秸秆覆盖免耕土壤呼吸季节性变化较为强烈.     

麦秸还田与土壤耕作对稻季CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

2008年在大田试验条件下,设置麦秸还田旋耕、麦秸不还田旋耕、麦秸还田翻耕、麦秸不还田翻耕4个处理,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法田间原位观测稻麦两熟制农田水稻生长季CH_4和N_2O排放通量,研究小麦秸秆全量还田与土壤耕作两项技术措施对稻季CH_4和N_2O排放的影响及其温室效应,以期为稻麦两熟制农田温室气体减排提供对策.结果表明:麦秸还田对稻季CH_4排放总量的影响达极显著水平,麦秸还田与耕作方式的互作效应对CH_4排放总量有显著影响,麦秸还田和耕作方式对N_2O排放总量的影响均达极显著水平;不同麦秸还田与土壤耕作处理稻季OH4排放总量为:麦秸还田旋耕>麦秸还田翻耕>麦秸不还田翻耕>麦秸不还田旋耕,N_2O的排放总量为:麦秸不还田翻耕>麦秸不还田旋耕>麦秸还田翻耕>麦秸还田旋耕;与麦秸不还田相比,相同耕作措施下麦秸还用排放CH_44和N_2O所产生的全球增温潜势(GWP)明显提高.麦秸还田条件下旋耕处理的GWP高于翻耕处理,而"单位产量的GWP"无明显差异,麦秸不还田条件下采用旋耕措施较翻耕可减轻温室效应.     

稻田土壤呼吸及酶活性对不同秸秆还田方式的响应

为了解秸秆还田通过改变土壤酶活性影响稻田土壤二氧化碳排放的过程,通过大田试验分析小麦和油菜秸秆翻埋还田(W1,R1)、覆盖还田(W2,R2)以及不还田(CK)处理下土壤呼吸和酶活性的变化及其对不同秸秆还田方式的响应.结果表明:(1)不同秸秆还田方式下土壤呼吸均表现为双峰值,峰值分别出现在6月(208.3±6.1 mL/kg)和9月(106.2±13.5 mL/kg).除油菜秸秆翻埋还田外,其他秸秆还田方式均增加了土壤呼吸作用.(2)土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶对不同秸秆还田方式响应各异.不同秸秆还田方式下土壤脲酶活性变化较小,没有表现出显著差异性.由此表明,不同秸秆还田对氮相关酶活性及氮素转化影响较小.而蔗糖酶在不同秸秆还田方式下差异较大.(3)蔗糖酶与土壤呼吸存在显著正相关关系(P0.05).上述结果表明蔗糖酶对秸秆还田较为敏感,可较好地表征秸秆还田过程中土壤呼吸变化状况,可为稻田营养循环利用提供有效依据.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).