太岳山森林土壤有机碳矿化随温度、湿度和培养时间的变化特征

温度和湿度是驱动土壤有机碳矿化的主要环境因子,其驱动作用又会随着培养时间而发生改变.以山西太岳山地区的油松林(Pinus tabulaeformis Carriere,PF)、辽东栎林(Ouercus wutaishansea Mary,QF)和油松辽东栎混交林(MF) 3种森林类型为研究对象,把其土壤放在水分含量为30%、60%、90%和温度为5℃、10℃、20℃、30℃的水热条件下进行培养,用CO_2自动测量系统按照不同的时间间隔测定土壤有机碳矿化速率,整个矿化周期为387 d.结果显示,土壤有机碳累积矿化量以辽东栎林的相对较高,最高值出现在20℃和90%水热条件下培养的辽东栎林,为18.58μg/g,最低值出现在30℃和30%含水量的油松林,为3.95μg/g.在前75 d培养时间内,累积碳矿化量随着水热梯度的提高而增加,而在从181-387 d的培养期内,累积碳矿化量则随着温度的升高而降低.温度对瞬时矿化速率的影响也随着培养时间呈现出了类似的变化规律.土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性以辽东栎林土壤在5℃和90%湿度培养时最高,为2.35;以在20℃和湿度60%培养的混交林土壤最低,为0.58.温度敏感系数值(Q_(10))随着培养时间的延长和温度梯度的增加呈现下降的趋势.综上所述,在太岳山地区,同样的培养条件下,以辽东栎林的土壤碳矿化量最高;在培养前期,水热互作对土壤有机碳矿化有正的驱动作用,而在培养后期,温度对土壤有机碳矿化的调控作用明显减弱.(图4表4参41)     

冻融作用下寒温带针叶林土壤碳氮矿化过程研究

以大兴安岭落叶松林土壤为研究对象,设置8℃恒温和-5-8℃冻融循环（1个冻融循环为在-5℃培养24 h,后在8℃培养24 h）2个处理,进行30 d的室内培养实验,探讨了寒温带针叶林土壤在冻融交替时期的碳氮矿化过程及其相互关系。结果表明,培养温度和培养时间对土壤碳矿化速率和碳矿化累积量均有显著影响。第1次和第5次冻融循环后,冻融处理土壤的碳矿化速率显著高于恒温培养下土壤的碳矿化速率;第7次和第15次冻融循环后,冻融土壤碳矿化累积量显著低于恒温土壤的碳矿化累积量。土壤氮矿化速率没有受到培养温度、培养时间以及二者交互作用的影响,但培养时间和培养温度对土壤净氮矿化累积量有显著的影响。第5、7、15次冻融循环后,冻融处理的土壤无机氮净矿化累积量低于恒温培养的土壤无机氮净矿化累积量。经过30 d的培养,恒温处理下的土壤碳、氮矿化累积量（碳累积量：92.82μg·g-1,氮累积量73.76 mg·kg-1）是冻融处理下（碳累积量：65.51μg·g-1,氮累积量33.45 mg·kg-1）的1.42倍和2.21倍。土壤碳矿化累积量与土壤净氮矿化累积量均为正相关关系,但在相同的碳释放量下冻融循环处理土壤累积的无机氮较少。以上结果表明,冻融循环减少了大兴安岭寒温带落叶松林土壤碳排放和无机氮的累积,有利于土壤碳的固持和减少养分的流失。     

黄土台塬不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳分解特性

为了探讨土地利用方式对土壤有机碳分解的影响,以黄土台塬的乔木林地、灌木林地、天然草地和耕地等不同植被类型土壤为研究对象,对土壤有机碳矿化分解特征进行分析。结果表明,不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳含量、有机碳密度、土壤可矿化碳含量和有机碳矿化速率均表现为天然草地和灌木林地较高,耕地最低;而土壤有机碳矿化率和呼吸速率表现为耕地和乔灌混交林地较高,灌木林地和天然草地较低。在土壤孵化的1 575 h内,不同土地利用方式下土壤矿化过程均可划分为4个阶段:0.5~5 h(第1阶段)、5~111 h(第2阶段)、111~399 h(第3阶段)和399~1 575 h(第4阶段);前399 h是可矿化碳排放的主要时段,前111 h是土壤可矿化碳排放速率最大且排放速率下降速度最快的主要时段;总体上,土壤可矿化碳累积排放量随培养时间的延长呈增加趋势,可矿化碳累积排放速率则逐渐降低。土壤有机碳矿化速率随土层深度的增加而递减。土壤有机碳矿化分解速率与有机碳总量有关,土壤呼吸与有机碳总量、矿化碳总量相关性不显著(P>0.05)。     

添加剂对污泥厌氧消化性能的影响

在间歇培养条件下,研究了还原型辅酶Ⅱ（NADPH）、乙酰辅酶A（Acetyl Co A）和对氨基苯甲酸（PABA）3种添加剂对污泥厌氧消化性能的影响.结果表明,3种微生物活性促进剂均能促进污泥厌氧消化产气.其中,NADPH的促进效果最为显著,消化第35 d,产甲烷量比对照组高15.90%.在污泥含固率为3%、未调初始pH（pH=6.7）和温度35℃的厌氧消化条件下,NADPH的最佳添加量为50 mg.L-1,消化第36 d,污泥累积产甲烷量127.13 mL.g-1VSS.在含固率3%、初始pH=8.5、温度55℃和NADPH添加量为50 mg.L-1的工艺条件下,污泥厌氧产气效果最佳,消化第30 d时累积产甲烷量达158.02 mL.g-1VSS.     

川西亚高山3种典型森林土壤碳矿化特征

为了解森林转化对土壤碳矿化过程的影响,采用室内培养法对川西亚高山3种典型森林(天然林、桦木次生林和云杉人工林)土壤碳矿化过程进行219 d的动态监测.结果表明,3种森林土壤碳矿化速率随培养时间增加而下降,矿化积累量随时间增加而增加,土壤有机层碳矿化速率和积累量均显著高于对应矿质土壤层;在土壤有机层,天然林和桦木次生林土壤碳矿化速率和积累量均显著高于云杉人工林,而在矿质土壤层3种森林无显著差异.培养结束时,3种森林有机层矿化积累量占总有机碳比值分别为11%、8%和11%,矿质土壤层分别为4%、6%和4%.森林群落、土壤层次和培养时间及三者交互作用对土壤碳矿化和积累量均有显著影响.土壤生物化学特性与土壤碳矿化率和积累量显著相关.单指数模型能很好地拟合土壤碳矿化特征.综上所述,森林转化对川西亚高山土壤碳矿化影响显著,主要表现在土壤有机层.     

赣南不同母质及植被覆盖红壤有机碳矿化研究

为探明不同母质及植被覆盖红壤有机碳矿化的变化规律,采集赣南地区3种不同成土母质(花岗岩风化堆积物、红砂岩风化堆积物、第四纪红土)及不同植被覆盖模式(林草地、灌草地、裸地)下的红壤样品,通过密闭培养法对有机碳矿化动态进行分析,结果表明,(1)花岗岩和第四纪红土母质土壤有机碳矿化速率表现为林草地灌草地裸地,红砂岩母质土壤则表现为灌草地林草地裸地,裸地土壤有机碳矿化速率较其他植被覆盖低。(2)有机碳日均矿化量随土壤深度及培养时间(28 d)的增加而降低;培养14 d,有机碳矿化累积量高达总量的70.26%~86.36%;培养14 d后,有机碳日均矿化量较小且相对稳定。有机碳矿化量与植被覆盖率呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。(3)不同母质及植被覆盖对土壤有机碳释放CO_2-C分配比例有较大影响,第四纪红土红壤有机碳释放CO_2-C分配比例最大,固碳能力较弱;裸地土壤有机碳矿化释放CO_2-C分配比例最大,固碳能力较弱。     

活性有机碳含量在凋落物分解过程中的作用

土壤凋落物的分解不仅是生态系统养分循环的重要环节,也是生态系统碳释放源之一。将呼伦贝尔森林草原过渡带的草原凋落物、白桦林凋落物、落松林凋落物分别添加在棕色针叶林土里进行恒温培养,探讨了不同凋落物类型有机碳分解速率差异及其影响因子。结果表明:不同凋落物的有机碳矿化速率和矿化累积总量在分解初期不一致,但由高到低的次序均为:草原凋落物→白桦林凋落物→落叶松林凋落物,40d的有机碳矿化累积量分别为76.53、47.42、20.56mg/g。这主要与凋落物的化学性质有关,主要决定于凋落物中易被微生物分解的热水溶性有机碳含量和易分解有机物含量,而与凋落物的总有机碳含量、全氮含量、w(C)/w(N)比等关系不明显。     

林业废弃物生物炭对红壤丘陵区瘠薄土壤碳矿化的影响

生物炭施入土壤的固碳潜力已引起了世界范围的关注,研究生物炭对土壤碳矿化的影响机制对深入理解土壤-生物炭的固碳机理有重要科学意义。选取我国红壤丘陵区广泛分布的典型树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)为原料制备生物炭,在控制培养条件下,生物炭按照1%、2%和5%的质量比加入土壤,研究生物炭对该区典型瘠薄土壤碳矿化的影响。培养过程中定期测定CO_2碳释放量(CO_2-C),培养结束后测定土壤微生物生物量、p H等性质。结果表明,生物炭促进了CO_2-C累积释放量,其中5%的生物炭效果最明显。采用First-order模型拟合相对碳总量(生物炭碳+土壤碳)的CO_2-C累积释放量,结果表明,该值随着生物炭施用量增加而降低,最高值出现在无生物炭的土壤对照处理。当施用量为5%时,生物炭可显著促进土壤碳总量释放;但施用量为2%时,生物炭对土壤碳释放的影响不明显。此外,土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量均随生物炭施用量增加而降低。两种生物炭均提高了土壤微生物生物量碳含量且最高值均出现在施用5%的处理(分别为53.93±9.87和43.45±3.44 mg·kg~(-1));两种生物炭按5%比例施用时,可显著提高土壤微生物生物量氮,但施用其他比例时土壤微生物生物量氮变化不明显。因此,对采用林业废弃物生物炭改良红壤丘陵区的土壤而言,应采取较低量的施用策略,在达到土壤-生物炭固碳目标的同时亦可避免短期内的土壤碳损失。     

川西高寒山地灌丛草甸不同海拔土壤碳矿化特征

研究不同海拔土壤碳矿化特征对深入认识不同海拔高寒灌丛草甸土壤有机碳动态变化有重要作用.以折多山3 800 m、4 000 m、4 200 m的半阴坡和半阳坡土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法对不同海拔土壤碳矿化差异进行探讨.结果表明:各海拔土壤有机碳矿化速率随着培养时间的推移逐渐降低,且前21 d降低幅度明显高于后21 d,土壤有机碳矿化速率和累积碳矿化量在坡向上和土层中大体呈现出半阴坡高于半阳坡,0-20 cm土层高于20-40 cm土层且差异显著(P 0.05),但在海拔上没有一致变化规律.一级动态方程均能很好地拟合各海拔土壤累积矿化量,各海拔土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量(C_0)、C_0/SOC值均表现出半阴坡高于半阳坡,且都在3 800 m灰化土达到最大,表明在相同的环境温度背景下,半阴坡土壤固碳能力低于半阳坡,且灰化土固碳能力最弱.各海拔土壤活性有机碳含量占总有机碳含量比例呈现出半阴坡大于半阳坡,说明与半阳坡相比半阴坡土壤有机碳质量更高.除3 800 m灰化土以外,土壤有机碳、活性碳含量均表现0-20 cm土层高于20-40 cm土层且差异显著(P 0.05).土壤碳矿化速率、累积矿化量与土壤有机碳、活性碳显著相关,且活性碳更能直接影响有机碳矿化.综上所述,高寒地区阴阳坡土壤有机碳矿化存在差异,阴坡有机碳矿化量高于阳坡.(图2表4参33)     

太湖地区水稻土有机氮厌氧矿化的温度效应

采用淹水密闭培养法研究了太湖地区六种典型水稻土在不同温度下的有机N厌氧矿化过程.结果表明,在28天的培养实验中,当温度设置为1535 ℃时水稻土的矿化量为全N含量的3.33%9.06% ( N 48105 mg·kg-1).随温度升高土壤矿化量增大,在30 ℃时达最大值.温度和土壤类型的差异造成矿化量的差别.选用有效积温式、One-pool、Two-pool和Special模型对有机N矿化进行了拟合,非线性拟合表明Special模型对矿化过程拟合最好,Two-pool模型等同于One-pool模型,不具意义.运用不同温度下One-pool和Special模型中的速率常数得到的Arrhenius方程能较好反映温度效应.温度效应系数Q10 在不同的温度范围内差别较大,显示了易矿化部分与有机氮整体矿化对温度变化的响应.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).