金属波纹填料在废油处理中应用的研究

文章主要对其结构特征进行剖析,并对波纹板在油液处理过程中的作用原理进行分析。通过两种油水分离材料进行真空脱水试验,真空脱水第一次循环中,金属波纹板的脱水率为79.12%,较传统折叠丝网脱水率高21%,证明金属波纹填料对废油真空脱水有良好的效果。最后通过两种不同规格的金属波纹板填料进行真空脱水试验,证明比表面积较大的350Y波纹板填料在废油脱水中并不优于比表面积较小的250Y金属波纹板填料。     

金属硫蛋白基因工程菌对Cd的去除研究

研究了金属硫蛋白基因工程菌对温度的耐受性,以及在一定温度条件下对Cd的去除率。通过10～50℃温度范围内的静态实验,表明枣金属硫蛋白基因工程菌的温度耐受范围为10～50℃,在工程菌的OD值能维持在2左右时,表明金属硫蛋白基因工程菌的最佳温度范围为25～45℃。通过陶瓷和活性炭两种填料的动态实验,考察了在不同温度条件下基因工程菌对Cd的富集情况,表明在陶瓷填料中基因工程菌下对Cd的去除率达到98.5%。     

饱和塔自燃的原因与防范措施

我厂在１９９４、１９９５年的年度大修中，曾连续两次发生饱和塔填料自燃事故。由于停车，无水、无汽，且着火部位高，人员上不去等原因，给灭火带来了极大困难，致使铁质矩鞍环全部烧毁报废，塔体鼓包变形，直接经济损失１９万多元。１事故经过１９９４年１２月２２日停...     

铝工业废渣——赤泥的综合利用

综述了赤泥用于生产建筑材料、保温材料、回收有价金属、作橡胶和塑料的填料等综合利用途径，不仅消除了环保上的隐患，并能创造出新的经济价值，实现了赤泥零排放。     

石墨加热器电极放电特性试验研究

采用试验方法研究了电极着火电压与表面温度、压强、距离、材料、环境气体成分的关系。结果表明,着火电压随电极表面温度升高而下降;在压强为10-2～103 Pa之间,着火电压先下降后升高,最小值为Ub,min;Ub,min右侧着火电压随电极间距的增大而增大,Ub,min左侧着火电压随电极间距的增大而减小;氮气环境相较于空气环境,电极着火电压更低;对于材料为石墨、钼和铜的电极,着火电压依次降低。     

铁炭填料去除模拟矿山酸性废水中Cu~(2+)的特性

研究了多孔铁炭填料对模拟矿山酸性废水中Cu~(2+)的去除特性,并与商业活性炭的吸附性能作了比较。研究表明,铁炭填料对Cu~(2+)的去除速度快,当填料投加量为1.14 g/L时,吸附10 min后Cu~(2+)的去除率超过95%,吸附平衡后Cu~(2+)的去除率达99.96%,模拟矿山酸性废水经铁炭微电解处理后,pH值从约3.0上升到5.0~5.5,降低了其酸污染。铁炭填料和活性炭对酸性矿山废水中Cu~(2+)的去除均符合准二级吸附动力学规律和Langmuir等温吸附模型,铁炭填料和活性炭对Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量分别为714.29和9.69 mg/g,铁炭填料去除Cu~(2+)的性能远高于活性炭。铁炭微电解去除Cu~(2+)包括了吸附、金属置换、微电解和絮凝等多种作用机理。     

Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水修复的PRB填料实验研究

Fe0与Cr(Ⅵ)发生表层反应使Fe0-渗透反应墙(PRB)利用率极低且易板结、堵塞.针对Fe0利用率低,易板结、堵塞问题,研究了不同高分子材料包裹铁粉对受污染地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除影响;实验结果表明,海藻酸钠(SA)作为包裹材料效果最好.FEI电镜扫描及EDX能谱分析结果表明,SA跟2价金属阳离子Ca2+交联形成孔隙结构,不仅为零价铁的附着提供了大量的吸附点位,还可使Cr(Ⅵ)进入到内部与铁粉反应.考察了SA包裹零价铸铁粉(SAC)和包裹还原铁粉(SAR)对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除影响;实验结果表明,SAC除铬性能是SAR的2倍.SAC填料工艺参数优化后,符合一级反应动力学;采用SAC填料进行动态实验,反应完全后铬/铁比高达32.25 mg.g-1,且填料仍然保持较高的渗透系数(2.38 cm.s-1);对SAC填料进行成本分析发现,SAC填料具有明显的价格优势,相比零价铸铁粉混砂填料节约成本76.56%.采用SAC填料治理Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水是可行的.     

实验条件对固定化铁粉填料除Cr(Ⅵ)特性的影响

Fe0与Cr(Ⅵ)反应,Fe0极易团聚,利用率极低。通过运用海藻酸钠(SA)固定化铁粉(SAC)来克服Fe0易团聚、利用率低的缺陷。实验结果表明:固定化材料的应用能显著提高零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的能力。FEI电镜扫描及EDX能谱分析结果表明,SA跟2价金属阳离子Ca2+交联形成孔隙结构,不仅为铁粉的附着提供了大量的吸附点位,还可使Cr(Ⅵ)进入到内部与铁粉反应。温度在10²0℃对固定化铁粉填料的除铬性能影响不大;摇床速率越快此填料除铬速率越快,但对Fe0的最终利用率影响不大;pH对填料除铬性能影响很大,酸性条件下去除率最高;此填料在一定程度上会提高含铬废水的pH,但最终都在中性范围波动。     

添加剂对煤燃烧特性的影响研究

为研究助燃添加剂对煤燃烧特性的影响 ,选择了 5种金属的氧化物及盐类作为基本成分 ,运用正交试验方法考察了添加剂对炭粒燃烧特性的影响 ,然后根据极差分析和方差分析 ,得到了添加剂的最佳组成。本研究所推荐的添加剂能有效降低煤的着火温度 ,并提高其燃烧发热量。与某商品煤伴侣比较 ,在各种添加量时的助燃效果均优于该商品煤伴侣。     

焦化辐射管爆裂着火事故的技术分析

1997年9月14日 ,湖北省荆门分公司焦化车间发生一起辐射管材质用错而造成的辐射管爆裂着火事故 ,这起事故虽然没有造成人员伤亡 ,但所反映的问题值得深入分析 ,认真吸取教训。1事故背景及经过1.1事故背景1996年该公司焦化装置扩建为60万t/年 ,当年开工投产。但1997年装置多处高温管线部位发现材质用错 ,造成多起管线泄漏着火事故 ,分别为1997年5月8日分馏塔底循环线着火 ,1997年7月3日炉 -1/2(新建加热炉 )西辐射烧焦短节破裂着火 ,1997年9月14日辐射集合管爆裂着火。其中以9月14日辐射管爆裂着火事故损失最大 ,所反映出的在设计和施工环节…     

汽车排气尾流中微粒分布及其变化特性的研究

根据微粒核化、凝并及凝结模型对汽车排气尾流中微粒分布的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,微粒的核化增加了排气尾流中超细微粒的数量;微粒的凝并和凝结将改变排气尾流中的微粒分布.在核化、凝并及凝结过程同时存在时,核化对微粒分布的影响相对较小,微粒分布的变化主要受凝并和凝结的作用.在排气管出口处,微粒的核化、凝并及凝结过程比较剧烈,微粒分布变化较大;随着距排气管出口距离的增加,微粒演变逐渐减弱.研究工作可以为汽车排放控制策略的确定以及汽车微粒对人体健康影响的研究提供依据.     

北京市交通路口大气颗粒物污染特征研究(Ⅱ)——大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物污染特征

研究了北京市交通路口大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的污染特征.通过对2000年6月采集的大气颗粒物样品的分析,研究了北京市崇文门路口大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的污染状况.结果表明:交通排放是大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的重要来源之一;总体上非烃类化合物主要富集在粒径较小的粒子中,细粒子中的非烃类化合物应主要来源于机动车尾气排放;白天ρ(非烃类化合物)随机动车流量的增加而增加,夜晚机动车流量减小,但ρ(非烃类化合物)却高于白天,显示出大型柴油车的主要影响和贡献;非烃类化合物的污染主要表现为酞酸酯和苯酚类化合物的污染.并对交通路口大气颗粒物中酞酸酯的来源进行了探讨.      

Effects of humic acid coatings on phenanthrene sorption to black carbon

Black carbon (BC) can strongly adsorb hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs).The HOC sorption to coated BC could be attenuated in soil and sediment compared with that of the parent BC.To study the potential causes of the sorption attenuation,humic acid (HA) and BC were isolated.Phenanthrene (PHE) was selected as the representative of HOCs.BC was coated with the precipitated HA.The PHE sorption to the HA-coated BC was determined.The HA coatings on BC could result in the significant sorption attenuation of PHE to BC.The attenuation varied in different HA origin and was positively correlated to the aromaticity of HA.The attenuation could be explained by the direct competition between HA and PHE for the available sorption sites on BC and the reduction of the available sorption sites as a result of the pore blockage of BC caused by the HA coatings.Therefore,the HA coatings on BC was one potential cause of the attenuation of HOC sorption to BC in soil and sediment.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

柴油机排气微粒冷却演变特性的实验研究

对柴油机排气微粒在冷却条件下的演变特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,排气的冷却作用对微粒的质量浓度具有重要的影响.引起微粒质量浓度变化的主要原因是排气中气态碳氢的冷凝,从而增加了微粒的质量浓度.排气的冷却促使柴油机微粒增大,分布在0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量有所减少,特别是小于0.1 μm以下的小微粒,微粒数量下降的幅度相对较大,并且冷却温度越低,变化越明显.排气冷却后,0.1-1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒体积浓度呈减少的趋势.此外,流速对排气冷却条件下的微粒演变特性亦有一定的影响,随排气流速的降低,0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量浓度和体积浓度减小.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

顺硝烯新烟碱杀虫剂环氧虫啶在水中的光降解

为了正确评估新型杀虫剂环氧虫啶(CYC)的环境风险,了解环氧虫啶在水环境中的光降解规律,探讨了CYC初始浓度、温度、初始pH值、过氧化氢浓度及硝酸根对CYC光降解的影响.结果表明,CYC的光降解符合一级动力学反应.直接光降解中,随浓度降低、温度升高,光解速率加快,环氧虫啶的反应活化能为21.27kJ/mol.通过测定CYC的pKa值为3.42以及模拟计算CYC不同粒子形式的光反应活性,可知pH值对CYC光解的影响较为复杂:酸性条件下,CYC的降解速率取决于其形态(阳离子和中性粒子)与单线态能量;碱性条件下,降解速率主要受羟基自由基数量的影响.间接光降解中,硝酸根和过氧化氢对CYC光解均表现为促进作用.在评估环氧虫啶的环境风险时,应综合考虑环境因素对其降解的影响.     

富营养化水体景观的微生物修复研究

把美国的基因工程菌应用于徐州市黄河故道富营养化水体，对水体中营养性指标进行了测定及分析，并对水体中生物生长变化情况进行观察，从而了解在富营养状态下水体水质变化的基本情况。在了解水体水质变化状况的基础上，利用消氮细菌及沉淀细菌对实验水体进行生物修复。     

Characterization of surface runoff from a subtropics urban catchment

Characteristics of surface runoff from a 0.14-km^2 urban catchment with separated sewer in Macau was investigated. Water quality measurements of surface runoff were carried out on five rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TN, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that TN and COD are the major pollutants from surface runoff with mean concentration of 8.5 and 201.4 mg/L, both over 4-fold higher compared to the Class V surface water quality standard developed by China SEPA. Event mean concentration （EMC） for major pollutants showed considerable variations between rainfall events. The largest rainfall event with the longest length of antecedent dry weather period （ADWP） produced the highest EMC of TN, TSS and COD. From the pollutographs analysis, the peak concentration of TN precedes the peak runoff flow rate for all three rainfall events. The tendency of the concentration of TSS, turbidity and COD changing with runoff flow varies between rainfall events. The relationship between TSS and other parameters were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the physical treatment process to control the surface runoff in the urban catchment. Based on the correlation of parameters with TSS, high treatment efficiency of TSS, TN and COD was expected. The most significant event in term of first flush is the one with the strongest rainfall intensity and longest length of ADWP. TN always showed first flush phenomenon in all three rainfall events, which suggested that the surface runoff in the early stage of surface runoff should be dealt with for controlling TN losses during rainfall events.     

Electrokinetic movement of multiple chlorobenzenes in contaminated soils in the presence of β-cyclodextrin

This study investigated the electrokinetic (EK) behavior of multiple chlorobenzenes, including 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB), 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (i-TeCB), and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (TCB) in contaminated clayed soils. The effect of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the EK removal of the chlorobenzenes was studied. The largest removal was obtained when Na2CO3/NaHCO3 buffer was used as anodic purging solution without β-CD. The removal efficiencies were related to the aqueous solubilities of chlorobenzenes. With the same cumulative electroosmotic flow, greater solubility led to higher removal efficiency. The addition of β-CD inhibited the EK removal efficiency of all chlorobenzenes. The inhibition increased with the increase of β-CD concentration. With the same β-CD concentration, the inhibition increased with the rise of electric potential. It was found that the inclusion compounds between β-CD and chlorobenzenzes were less soluble than chlorobenzenes. The formation of the less soluble inclusion compounds reduced the aqueous solubility of chlorobenzenes and led to the partial immobilization of the chlorobenzenes that desorbed from soil. It was feasible to use the EK technology to remove chlorobenzenes in contaminated soils using water as the anodic flushing solution. The addition of β-CD was not recommended for the EK removal of chlorobenzenes.