联合国气候变化框架公约(1)

为使本刊读者更好地了解巴西里约热内卢联合国环境与发展大会有关文件的内容,从本期开始分期刊登《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《生物多样性公约》、《关于森林问题的原则声明》,以飨读者.     

联合国气候变化框架公约(2)

第七条缔约方会议1. 兹设立缔约方会议.2. 缔约方会议作为本公约的最高机构,应定期审评本公约和缔约方会议可能通过的任何相关法律文书的履行情况,并应在其职权范围内作出为促进本公约的有效履行所必要的决定.为此目的,缔约方会议应:(a) 根据本公约的目标,在履行本公约过程中取得的经验和科学与技术知识的发展,定期审评本公约规定的缔约方义务和机构安排;     

联合国气候变化框架公约中的联合履约

联合国气候变化框架公约中的联合履约夏光(国家环境保护局环境与经济政策研究中心,北京100035)本文是从制度分析的角度对联合国气候变化框架公约中的联合履约作的一个理论分析。之所以选取理论的而非实证的分析角度,是因为①联合履约至今为止仍基本上是一项理论      

《联合国气候变化框架公约》第25次缔约方大会观察

<正>当地时间2019年12月15日下午,在拖堂了两天后,《联合国气候变化框架公约》(简称《公约》)第25次缔约方大会(COP25)/《京都议定书》第15次缔约方大会(CMP15)/《巴黎协定》(简称《协定》)第二次缔约方大会(CMA2)在马德里正式闭幕。经过缓慢而艰难的谈判进程,大会通过了名为"智利·马德里行动时刻"(Chile Madrid Time for Action)的决议。大会在性别与气候变化、损失与损害华沙国     

联合国召开气候变化公约缔约方第二次大会

联合国于1996年7月8日至19日在瑞士日内瓦召开了《联合国气候变化框架公约》第二次缔约方大会。151个缔约国,14个观察国,9个联合国有关组织和机构,10个政府间组织和103个非政府组织派出代表团近1500人出席了会议。我国以外交部副部长李肇星为团长的中国代表团一行14人出席了会议,代表团由外交部、国家计委、国家科委、财政部、电力部、国家环保局和中国气象局组     

《联合国气候变化框架公约》与《京都议定书》及其谈判进程

本文简要介绍了《联合国气候变化框架公约》与《京都议定书》的主要内容、谈判进程、各主要谈判集团及其主要立场,展望了气候变化谈判前景,简单介绍了我国应对气候变化所做的努力和贡献。     

联合国气候变化公约缔约国第一次会议的决定

3月28日至4月17日在德国柏林举行的联合国气候变化框架公约缔约国第一次会议上,代表们在讨论有关联合履约和技术转让等问题时,发展中国家和发达国家矛盾突出,斗争激烈。一些发达国家提出,发展中国家也要承诺减少温室气体排放的义务,遭到发展中国家强烈反对。中国代表团团长、国家计委副主任陈耀邦在发言中也指出,发达国家对公约义务的完成是不充分的,同时,也没有履行其在提供“新     

联合国防治荒漠化公约20年

《联合国防治荒漠化公约》是一个保护全球土地资源的多边环境协议,核心是各国政府、地方公众和民间组织合作制定国家和次区域/区域的行动方案,以及通过这些方案实现履约。20年来,履约工作取得了一定的成绩,但由于发展中国家资金、技术和能力的短缺,以及管理机制等方面存在的问题,履约工作困难重重,全球土地资源仍在继续丧失,荒漠化仍在继续发展。     

生物多样性公约23年

<正>《生物多样性公约》(以下简称《公约》)于1992年5月22日通过,1992年6月在里约热内卢联合国环境与发展大会开放签字,1993年12月29日正式生效。这是1992年联合国环发大会《21世纪议程》框架下的三个称为"里约公约"的重要多边环境协议之一,目前有194个缔约方,秘书处设在加拿大蒙特利尔,由联合国环境规划署管理。     

Perceptions of the effectiveness of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in advancing national action on climate change

This paper aims to characterise the ways in which the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is trickling down to affect national level action on climate change. State and non-state actors were interviewed at the 8th UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COP8) during October and November 2002. The interviews revealed that, among interviewees, climate change was already perceived to be, or was becoming a priority issue. In a number of countries substantial legislation is already in place to facilitate climate change preparedness (both adaptation and mitigation), although respondents suggest that in the majority of cases these changes are not being developed in response to the UNFCCC, but to other drivers. While all respondents saw change occurring at the national level, mostly through planning and research, few saw climate change response actions at the local level. Respondents agreed that climate risks must be managed through various mechanisms, from finding ways to participate in the Kyoto Protocol mechanisms to managing the impacts of foreign direct investments. The majority of respondents focussed on in-country actions such as identifying the most vulnerable groups, but few identified the need for greater global cooperation.To conclude, the Convention plays a role in shaping the discourse of climate change and in generating national level responses. These responses are played out differently according to the geographic, environmental, economic, social and cultural conditions of each country. The Convention is clearly important, but perhaps it is not adequate to inspire national action to resolve the problems of climate change. There is scope for many additional initiatives, through collaboration, trade or aid, and through bilateral agreements.     

联合国防治荒漠化公约亚洲防治荒漠化的战斗(2006)

荒漠化本身在广大的亚洲有许多不同的形式。在总共43亿公顷的土地中,从地中海沿岸到太平洋海岸的亚洲拥有17亿公顷的干旱、半干旱和半湿润干旱地区。退化的地区包括中国、印度、伊朗、蒙古和巴基斯坦正在扩大的沙漠。叙利亚的沙丘,尼泊尔被侵蚀的陡峭山坡以及老挝人民民主共和国被砍伐的森林和过度放牧的高地。从荒漠化和干旱所影响的人数而言,亚洲是最严重的大陆。为了提高效率,荒漠化的防治活动必须谨慎地根据每个国家的特殊情况和特殊需要做出安排。     

Socio-economic impacts of climate change on rural United States

Directly or indirectly, positively or negatively, climate change will affect all sectors and regions of the United States. The impacts, however, will not be homogenous across regions, sectors, population groups or time. The literature specifically related to how climate change will affect rural communities, their resilience, and adaptive capacity in the United States (U.S.) is scarce. This article bridges this knowledge gap through an extensive review of the current state of knowledge to make inferences about the rural communities vulnerability to climate change based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios. Our analysis shows that rural communities tend to be more vulnerable than their urban counterparts due to factors such as demography, occupations, earnings, literacy, poverty incidence, and dependency on government funds. Climate change impacts on rural communities differs across regions and economic sectors; some will likely benefit while others lose. Rural communities engaged in agricultural and forest related activities in the Northeast might benefit, while those in the Southwest and Southeast could face additional water stress and increased energy cost respectively. Developing adaptation and mitigation policy options geared towards reducing climatic vulnerability of rural communities is warranted. A set of regional and local studies is needed to delineate climate change impacts across rural and urban communities, and to develop appropriate policies to mitigate these impacts. Integrating research across disciplines, strengthening research-policy linkages, integrating ecosystem services while undertaking resource valuation, and expanding alternative energy sources, might also enhance coping capacity of rural communities in face of future climate change.     

Modeling potential climate change impacts on the trees of the northeastern United States

We evaluated 134 tree species from the eastern United States for potential response to several scenarios of climate change, and summarized those responses for nine northeastern United States. We modeled and mapped each species individually and show current and potential future distributions for two emission scenarios (A1fi [higher emission] and B1 [lower emission]) and three climate models: the Parallel Climate, the Hadley CM3, and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model. Climate change could have large impacts on suitable habitat for tree species in this region, especially under a high emissions trajectory. Results indicate that while species with potentially increasing areas of suitable habitat in the Northeastern US substantially outnumber those with decreasing areas of habitat, there are key species that show diminishing habitat area: balsam fir (Abies balsamea), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), red spruce (Picea rubens), bigtooth and quaking aspen (Populus grandidentata and P. tremuloides), and black cherry (Prunus serotina). From these results we identified the top 10 losers and gainers for each US state in the region by scenario and emissions trajectory. By combining individual species importance maps and developing assembly rules for various classes, we created maps of potential forest types for the Northeast showing a general loss of the spruce–fir zone with advancing oak–hickory type. Further data, maps, and analysis can be found at http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/atlas.     

An integrated climate change assessment for the Northeast United States

The papers in this Special Issue are the primary technical underpinnings for the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA), an integrated regional-scale assessment of projected climate change, impacts and options for mitigation and adaptation across the US Northeast. The consequences of future pathways of greenhouse gas emissions on projected climate and impacts across climate-sensitive sectors is assessed by using downscaled projections from three global climate models under both higher (Alfi) and lower (B1) emissions scenarios. The findings illustrate that near-term reductions in emissions can greatly reduce the extent and severity of regionally important impacts on natural and managed ecosystems and public health in the latter half of this century, and increase the feasibility that those impacts which are now unavoidable can be successfully managed through adaptation.