Fuzzy-AHP在LNG接收站风险辨识中的应用

笔者以液化天然气(LNG)接受站的生产工艺、设备、作业环境的特点为背景,提出一种基于模糊层次分析方法(Fuzzy-Analytic Hierarchy Process)的风险评估方法。首先,根据LNG接收站风险事故多层次、多因素及不确定的特点,结合本行业的安全标准,确立了LNG接受站的风险因素和评价指标,建立接受站的安全评价体系;随后,运用Fuzzy-AHP方法确定权重矢量和模糊评价矩阵,并通过模糊运算求出决策矢量,实现对风险因素的排序以达到风险辨识目的;最后,对国内某LNG站进行了实例计算。计算表明该接收站的硬件设施完善,但应加强风险管理,制定相应的措施应对因气候条件、储罐区管理不当及船舶安全保护不到位等引发的事故。结果表明基于LNG站的Fuzzy-AHP风险辨识模型的安全性综合评价是有效的。     

基于风险指数RI的选址评价在LNG储备库中的应用

研究基于风险指数RI的选址评价方法,确定评价方法的框架和程序,并将该评价方法用于某拟建LNG储备库的选址.结果表明,沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸在拟建LNG储备库可能发生的事故中的后果最严重.以沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸的计算结果为依据,在GIS中对LNG储备库进行缓冲区分析,得到直观显示的事故影响区域和影响对象.计算拟建LNG储备库的选址风险并与可接受风险水平进行比较,确定选址的合理性且适当调整周边布局.研究表明,基于风险指数RI的选址评价方法对合理确定重大工程选址是切实可行的.     

LNG船舶进出港航行移动安全区宽度定量计算分析

为保障液化天然气(LNG)船舶进出港通航安全,提出一种基于LNG船舶碰撞事故概率和风险的LNG船舶移动安全区宽度界定方法。该方法以船舶碰撞概率模型、船舶碰撞损害模型和LNG池火危害模型为基础,计算LNG船舶在航行过程中的事故概率和风险,并根据其分布特征,结合事故概率与风险可接受标准,定量界定LNG船舶移动安全区的宽度。研究表明,LNG船舶移动安全区宽度与通航水域交通流分布、事故船舶的排水量、航行速度等相关。在水上交通管理应用中,可根据LNG船舶及应用水域交通的实际情况确定LNG船舶进出港航行移动安全区的宽度。     

液化天然气场站事故定量风险评价方法研究

液化天然气（LNG）具有低温、易挥发、易燃、易爆的特性,其场站安全问题凸显。研究结合某LNG汽车加注站加注枪或管道LNG溢出的可能性事故,对事故发生概率及后果进行定量分析,其中事故后果的确定采用DEGAD IS和LNGF ire3模型。文章结合相关文献提供的伤害准则数据,得出人员受伤等级和死亡率,进而确定事故造成的个人风险值。与英国、荷兰等国家和机构制定的个人风险标准进行比较,所得的个人风险大大低于标准极限值,同时表明将5kW/m2作为安全距离临界热辐射强度的合理性。     

风险积分参数RI在LPG站风险分析及评价中的应用

对液化石油气站选址风险进行定量分析,判断风险的可接受性,从而确定选址是否合理.拟建液化石油气站的F/N曲线未知,辨识液化石油气站可能发生的最严重事故,并应用风险积分参数确定液化石油气站的风险.经判断,液化石油气站可能发生的最严重事故为沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸(BLEVE),应用BLEVE火球模型对事故后果进行评价并确定事故影响范围,进而确定影响范围内的最大人数及事故发生频率,在此基础上对LPG站的风险积分参数进行计算.将计算结果与英国安全卫生执行局应用ALARP准则制定的风险可接受标准进行比较.结果表明,该液化石油气站的风险处于合理可接受区.采取一定风险减缓措施后,可考虑在此地点建设液化石油气站.     

考虑多米诺效应的LNG事故后果定量风险分析

为提高液化天然气(LNG)事故后果定量风险分析(QRA)的准确性,在分析中考虑多米诺效应对后果(个人风险)的影响。个人风险计算步骤包括确定初始事故,选择合适的模型计算初始事故产生的热辐射和超压值,计算事故周边设备的损坏概率以及多米诺场景概率;根据多米诺场景概率和人体脆弱性模型,计算目标点个人风险值;以LNG加注时火灾爆炸事故为例,计算个人风险值。通过案例分析,对比考虑多米诺效应和不考虑多米诺效应2种情况所得出的个人风险值。最终研究表明:考虑多米诺效应所得出的个人风险值明显高于不考虑多米诺效应所得出的值,且更加准确。     

定量改进JHA法的建筑施工高危作业风险分析

为预防建筑施工高危作业事故,将定量改进作业危害分析(JHA)法应用于建筑施工高危作业风险分析。首先,采用作业条件危险性评价法,识别建筑施工高危作业,并引入事故致因"2-4"模型建立危害辨识模型;然后,采用风险等级评价法确定作业步骤风险等级,结合各作业步骤权重,运用复合风险度确定关键步骤;最后,采用加权风险度确定高危作业等级,并以某建筑施工脚手架搭设作业为例,进行定量改进JHA分析。结果表明:作业步骤配备个人防护用品和高处作业(脚手架搭设)为关键步骤;复合风险度确定的关键步骤是安全管理的重点,加权风险度确定的高危作业风险等级与实际情况相符。     

天然气管道泄漏爆炸后果评价模型对比分析

天然气管道失效可能导致多种严重后果,爆炸灾害给周围的人员和建筑物造成重大的危害,对其爆炸危害范围的评价进行研究具有重要现实意义。笔者综合分析蒸气云爆炸(VCE)定量评价模型和API pub 581后果评价模型;并以某输气管道为实例对爆炸后果进行了定量模拟评价;得到死亡区域与泄漏时间的关系,确定了其爆炸事故的伤害范围;对两种模型的评价结果进行了对比分析。爆炸后果评价模型的研究与其对比探讨,为今后输气管线的定量风险后果评价模型选取提供参考依据。     

复合赋权云模型在户外体育赛事风险研究中的应用

为降低户外体育事故发生率，采用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP)、熵权和云模型相结合的方法对户外体育赛事的风险因素进行综合评价。根据安全综合管理四要素，从人、机、环、管4个方面出发，构建户外体育赛事风险评价指标体系。利用层次分析法和熵权法计算各指标的主观、客观和综合权重，并基于云模型对比分析评价云图与标准云图，确定优势指标。最后结合事故实例进行风险评价。结果表明复合赋权云模型对各项风险因素指标赋权合理，其分析得到的优势指标与真实事故原因基本一致。相较于其他赋权评价模型，本评价方法在大型复杂体育赛事风险评价中，能实现主客观结合，有利于实现对风险因素指标的精确赋权，使评价结果更加真实可靠。     

钢铁企业动力管道物理爆炸事故风险模糊综合评判

以风险评价理论为基础,根据事故风险率由事故发生可能性和严重性共同确定的原则,应用模糊关系合成原理将影响事故发生可能性和严重性的风险因素进行定量描述,同时应用层次分析法确定各因素权重,建立了钢铁企业动力管道物理爆炸事故风险模糊综合评判模型,最终应用风险矩阵法直观显示出该事故的风险等级。以某钢铁企业为例说明完整的动力管道物理爆炸事故的风险模糊综合评判过程,模型计算结果基本反映该钢铁企业动力管道物理爆炸事故的风险实际水平。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。