Determination of atmospheric concentrations of halocarbons in Beijing area

Gas chromatography with ambient temperature injection and frozen-trapped techniques was used to determine the atmospheric concentrations of halocarbons over Beijing. Halogenated compounds such as CFC-11, CFC-12, CHCl_3, CCl_4, CH_3CCl_3, CHCl =CCl_2, and CCl_2=CCl_2 were measured and their concentrations are 109±8, 234±13, 47±22, 97±24, 88±29, 11±1 and 17±3 (pptv), respectively.     

夏季长江口及其邻近海域海水及大气中挥发性卤代烃的分布与海-气通量研究

挥发性卤代烃(Volatile halocarbons,VHCs)是大气中重要的痕量温室气体,在全球变暖和大气化学中扮演着重要的角色.运用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法于2016年7月4—16日对长江口及其邻近海域6种常见的挥发性卤代烃(CFC-11、CFC-12、CH2Cl2、CCl_4、C_2Cl_4、CHBr3)的浓度进行了测定.同时,测定了大气中的CCl_4、CFC-11、CFC-12和C_2Cl_4浓度.结果表明,受陆源输入、水团及生物作用因素的影响,海水中6种VHCs的浓度分布总体呈现出近岸高、远海低的趋势.受地理位置和水文等条件影响,不同的VHCs垂直分布有所差别,但浓度的高值区出现在0~20 m水体中.相关性分析表明,CHBr3与Chl-a之间存在显著正相关,说明CHBr3分布受到浮游植物生物量的影响;CCl_4、C_2Cl_4与CFC-11显著正相关,推测三者拥有相似的来源.另外,分析结果显示,CHBr3与pH之间没有相关性.大气中除CFC-11外,CCl_4、CFC-12和C_2Cl_4的平均浓度均高于全球平均值.大气中4种VHCs浓度分布表现出近岸高、外海低的趋势.后向轨迹分析表明,近岸的陆源污染及大气的扩散输送是长江口及其附近海域上方大气VHCs的重要来源.采用双膜模型估算了卤代烃的海-气通量,结果表明,夏季长江口及其邻近海域是大气中CCl_4、C_2Cl_4、CHBr3、CH2Cl2的源.     

青藏高原高海拔背景站点纳木措夏季卤代烃的特征和来源分析

采用预浓缩仪-气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用方法测定了2020年夏季青藏高原高海拔背景站点纳木措(海拔4730 m)的卤代烃浓度，结合后向轨迹模型分析了采样点卤代烃传输轨迹及潜在源区域。结果表明：纳木措站大气中主要卤代烃为氯甲烷(3.81×10^-10)、一氟三氯甲烷(CFC-11,2.32×10^-10)、四氯化碳(9.30×10^-11)、三氯三氟乙烷(CFC-113,8.60×10^-11)和二氯甲烷(6.80×10^-11);纳木措站的氟氯烃化合物(CFCs)浓度在全球范围其他背景站点中处于较低水平。采样点CFC-11和CFC-113浓度变化之间呈显著相关(r=0.928,P<0.01),分析认为是受大气本底传输的影响；而其浓度的变化幅度较大，与现有其他高海拔背景站点特征一致，大于平原地区两者浓度变化幅度。除CFC-11和CFC-113外，其他卤代烃化合物日变化幅度均较小(2%～12%),无明显昼夜变化特征。后向轨迹模型分析结果显示，四氯化碳浓度可能受印度等周边地区传输的...     

青岛环境大气和海洋表层水中挥发性硫化物的测定

建立了采用预浓缩和GC FPD测定环境大气和海洋表层水中挥发性硫化物(COS、DMS和CS2)的方法.该方法对气态COS、DMS和CS2的回收率分别为(95±4)%,(86±3)%和(91±6)%(n=5),精密度分别为4 75%,8 26%和7 55%(n=5).对水体中COS、DMS和CS2的回收率分别为(86±8)%,(80±6)%和(97±12)%(n=5),精密度分别为8 17%,5 59%和11 70%.COS、DMS和CS2检出限分别为33pg,387pg和22pg.采用该方法测定了青岛近岸海域大气和表层海水中COS、DMS和CS2的浓度.结果表明,COS是近岸海域大气中主要挥发性硫化物,DMS是表层海水中最主要的挥发性硫化物.3种挥发性硫化物的浓度有明显的季节差异,夏季浓度远高于冬季浓度.     

北京大气中CFC-11的浓度观测与变化趋势

近几年大气中CFC的浓度在人类活动的影响下发生了迅速变化,考虑到CFC浓度变化对平流层臭氧和全球变暖的影响,采用两步深冷冻浓缩自动进样系统,配以气相色谱/质谱联机对北京大气中的CFC-11进行了连续观测.结果表明,1999～2003年CFC-11的浓度季节变化均呈单峰形态,峰值出现在7～8月,月平均浓度最高值为1149.5±531.9×10^-12(体积分数);谷值出现在春季的3～5月份,月平均浓度最低值为487.5±131.5×10^-12(体积分数);北京大气中CF-11年平均浓度在观测时间段内呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中1995～1998年增长较快,平均增长率为17.9%,1999年后呈缓慢下降趋势,平均下降率为10.7%,平均浓度是Mauna Loa全球基准观测站观测到大气本底CFC-11浓度的3～5倍.     

春季东海海水和大气中挥发性卤代烃的分布特征研究

挥发性卤代烃（VHCs）是大气中一类重要的痕量温室气体和臭氧破坏者。于2017年5月对东海海水及大气中CFC-11（CC1₃F）、CFC-12（CC1₂F₂）、CFC-113（CC1₂FCC1F₂）和CH₃I的浓度进行了同步测定,讨论了4种VHCs浓度水平分布规律及其影响因素,并估算了CFC-11、CFC-12和CH₃I的海-气通量。结果表明,表层海水中CFC-11、CFC-12、CFC-113和CH₃I浓度平均值分别为（8.1±5.1）、（3.9±1.6）、（10.4±2.3）和（6.3±2.7）pmol/L。VHCs浓度高值出现在东海东北部和闽浙沿岸海域,显著受水团、生物活动及人类活动等因素的影响。相关性分析发现海水中CH₃I浓度与Chl a浓度之间存在显著性相关关系（r=0.403,p < 0.01）,说明CH₃I浓度分布可能主要受浮游植物生产释放的影响。大气中CFC-11、CFC-12、CFC-113和CH₃I的浓度平均值分别为（9.8±1.0）、（21.1±2.4）、（3.0±0.9）和（0.2±0.2）pmol/L。结合气象参数（风速和风向）和后向轨迹模拟计算分析可得,陆源污染气团的输送、外海气团的扩散和海-气交换是影响大气中VHCs浓度分布的重要因素。海-气通量的估算结果表明春季东海是大气中CFC-11和CFC-12的汇,是CH₃I的源。     

HILIC/LC-MS直接分离测定大气颗粒物中的15种有机胺

本文建立了一种基于亲水作用液相色谱柱(HILIC)和液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)的大气颗粒物有机胺的直接测定方法。颗粒物样品经甲醇提取、富集、浓缩后,对不同色谱柱与分析条件进行测试、对比,发现HILIC色谱柱可有效分离有机胺类化合物,高浓度以及低pH值的缓冲溶液可缩短大部分有机胺的保留时间,而流动相中有机相比例增加会延长保留时间。优化的HILIC/LC-MS分析方法可同时测定11种脂肪胺、2种脂环胺、1种芳香胺及1种醇胺,结合内标的有机胺标准曲线的线性相关系数R²为0.991—0.999。本方法的检出限(S/N=3)为0.59—75.46 ng·mL^-1,加标回收率为59%—92%,具有较高的精密度。该方法初步应用于青岛冬季大气细颗粒物样品中有机胺的测定,为大气有机胺的深入研究提供了方法参考与技术支撑。     

气相色谱法测定工业废气中1—氯化苯

本法采用气相色谱法测定工业废气中的1-氯化苯。经5个实验室验证,对统一样品测定的相对标准偏差为1.1～2.4％,回收率为91.7～99.9％;对实际样品测定的CV为0.4～5.0％,回收率为92.0～108.0％。实验部分一、仪器与试剂(一)仪器 1.M1N1-3型气相色谱仪,附有氢火焰检测器(日本岛津);2.色谱柱:2mm×2m玻璃柱,内装填涂渍2％有机皂土—34和2％DC-200的上试101担体(白色,80—100目);3.医用注射器:100ml10支;2ml、5ml、10ml各1支;4.玻璃迴流装置(一套)。(二)试剂1.固定液有机皂土—34(色谱纯);2.固定液 D C—200(色谱纯);     

气相色谱法测定环境中氯化氰

本文采用气相色谱直接进样法,测定环境样品中的氯化氰。方法简便、快速。在0.014～0.82mg/m~3范围内,线性关系良好。方法精密度实验结果,变异系数为2.1％。一、实验部分(一)仪器和试剂1.SP-6000型气相色谱仪,ECD检测器(北京分析仪器厂);2.氯化氰标样(自制);3.60～80目GDX-102担体(天津试剂二厂);4.季戊四醇四正庚酸酯(色谱纯)(北京化工厂)。(二)色谱条件1.色谱柱:20％季戊四醇四正庚酸酯/GDX-102,柱长1m,内径3mm;2.柱温:35℃;检测室温度:110℃;     

泰山大气卤代烃的长期变化趋势与来源

卤代烃是大气环境与气候变化研究的热点问题.基于2003 ～2018年在泰山山顶(36.25°N,117.10°E,海拔1534 m)的6期强化观测数据,结合气流轨迹模型与受体源解析模型,分析了华北平原区域背景大气中卤代烃的长期变化趋势和主要来源.结果 表明,《蒙特利尔议定书》已淘汰物种(CFC-12、CFC-11、CF...     

北京市CFCs和CCl_4的浓度水平与变化趋势

采用预浓缩-GC/MS方法对2009年4—8月北京市大气中CFC-11,CFC-12,CFC-113,CFC-114和CCl45种主要消耗臭氧层物质进行了监测.结果表明:观测期内北京市大气中φ(CFC-11),φ(CFC-12)和φ(CCl4)的平均值高于全球本底站观测值,而φ(CFC-113)和φ(CFC-114)与全球本底水平相当,其原因是这5种物质在我国的排放水平差异所致,其中CFC-11,CFC-12和CCl4仍存在一定量的排放.不同季节的日变化分析表明,4月5种物质的体积分数日变化趋势平缓,而8月观测日内基本呈现出夜间物质的体积分数高于白天的特征.8月φ(CFC-11),φ(CFC-12)和φ(CCl4)的平均值比4月高,这可能是由于8月的温度较高,致使这3种物质现有排放源的排放量增加.     

Evidence of the phase-out of CFC use in Europe over the period 1987–1990

European regulations exist to phase-out production of the ozone-depleting man-made CFCs. High frequency measurements of the principal CFCs and other radiatively active gases have been collected at Mace Head, Ireland from 1987–1990 as part of the Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE). These measurements provide the first clear evidence that this phase-out is effective. Allocation of the time series beginning at the end of 1988, to a particular wind sector combined with simple modelling techniques indicates a significant reduction in European source strengths for CFC-11 and CFC-12 which is consistent with reliable emission estimates for CFC-11, but which seem to indicate a slightly smaller reduction for CFC-12, when likewise compared to emission figures. The study provides evidence that European CH₄, CCl₂F₂ and CCl₃F emission have already declined to about one-third of 1987 levels by the end of 1990. Over the same period, no evidence of any phase-out in the European usage of methyl chloroform and CFC-113 was detected.     

北京上甸子区域大气本底站甲基氯仿在线观测研究

利用GC-ECD在线观测系统,在北京上甸子区域大气本底站开展了甲基氯仿(CH3CCl3)2年在线观测,利用逐步逼近回归法进行本底值筛分,讨论了上甸子站CH3CCl3浓度水平及其变化趋势.该站2009年和2010年的年均大气CH3CCl3本底浓度(摩尔分数,下同)分别为(9.03±0.53)×10-12和(7.73±0.47)×10-12,本底数据出现频率为61.1%(2009年)和60.4%(2010年).上甸子站CH3CCl3浓度水平与北半球同纬度带本底站观测结果基本一致,低于文献报道的2001~2005年间我国华南区域和城市观测的结果.观测期间本底浓度呈下降趋势,下降率为1.39×10-12a-1.结合风向分析,该站CH3CCl3平均浓度最高的风向来自西南扇区,而平均浓度最低的风向来自东北扇区,不同风向的浓度差值分别为0.77×10-12(2009年)和0.52×10-12(2010年).2010年各风向CH3CCl3平均浓度比2009年降低1.03×10-12~1.68×10-12.     

Comparison of annular denuder and filter pack collection of HNO3 (g), HNO2((g), SO2 (g), and particulate-phase nitrate,nitrite and sulfate in the south-west desert

During the 15 January–4 February 1986 SCENES Special Study, a comparison study was conducted to determine atmospheric HNO₃ (g), HNO₂ (g), SO₂ (g), and particle-phase nitrate, nitrite and sulfate sampled with annular diffusion denuder and filter pack sampling systems for 12-h periods. The results of the ion chromatographic analyses of the denuder and filter extracts from the annular denuder system showed that an average of 88% of the total nitrate measured was HNO₃ (g), 97% of the total nitrite was HNO₂ (g), and 91% of the total sulfur was present as SO₂ (g). Analyses of the various gas-phase species collected by replicate annular denuder systems indicated that a precision of ± 3% to ± 18% was achieved using these denuders. The good agreement in HNO₃ (g) concentrations observed between the filter pack and the denuder (r²=0.873, slope=1.06±0.03, intercept=0±3.5 nmol m⁻³) results from the fact that the majority of the atmospheric nitrate consisted of HNO₃ (g), which minimized any positive artifact in HNO₃(g) due to loss of HNO₃(g) from particles collected in the filter pack. The particulate-phase nitrate correlation between the two sampling systems was not as good (r²=0.709, slope=0.519±0.045, intercept =0±1.2 nmol m⁻³) because the lower percentage of nitrate present as the particulate species was more affected by the loss of particulate nitrate during sampling with the filter pack.     

Electrochemical measurement of carbon monoxide in breath: Interference by hydrogen

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in blood (COHb) and breath to demonstrate that breath hydrogen (H₂) can be a significant interferant. For this purpose, we measured blood COHb with CO-oximetry and breath CO with an electrochemical analyzer. In addition, the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The concentration of CO in breath, collected with a Priestley tube after a 20 s breath hold, from healthy, nonsmoking adult males (n = 20) and females (n = 10) had a mean ± SD (range) of 2.6 ± 0.4 ppm (2.0–3.9), respectively, when measured by GC. However, these same samples when measured with an electrochemical (EC) analyzer showed elevated CO values of 4.7 ± 2.9 ppm (2.6–17.6). The concentration of H₂, a prominent trace gas in breath known to interfere with EC analyzers, correlated strongly with the observed EC analyzer response [EC (ppm CO) = 0.336 H₂ (ppm) + 1.93, r² = 0.98]. The EC analyzer was linear for H₂ concentrations up to 40 ppm, with a sensitivity of 0.035 V ppm⁻¹. The analyzer sensitivity to CO was 0.10 V ppm ⁻¹. Blood from this population showed COHb concentrations of 0.56 ± 0.11% (0.40–0.97), as measured by GC, but elevated values were found when measured by CO-oximeter (Ciba Corning Diagnostics Corp., Models 2500 and 270), 1.3 ± 0.2% (1.1–1.6) and 1.0 ± 0.3% (0.1–1.6), respectively. When breath CO was compared to blood COHb, only measurements by GC significantly correlated [COHb% = 0.241 CO(ppm) — 0.076, r² = 0.78]. We conclude that, relative to quantitative analysis by GC, (1) EC analyzers are susceptible to H₂ interference that cause falsely elevated CO measurements, and (2) CO-oximeters overestimate COHb concentrations in the range typical for healthy nonsmokers.     

Monitoring the dry deposition of SO2 in the Netherlands: Results for grassland and heather vegetation

An automated system based on the micrometeorological gradient technique has been developed to measure the dry deposition of SO₂ on a routine basis. Measurements were made at two locations in the Netherlands. From these results dry deposition fluxes, dry deposition velocities and surface resistances for a heathland and for an agricultural grassland site were estimated using a selected set of data and a calculation procedure based on micrometeorological considerations. An extensive analysis was made to determine uncertainties in the resulting deposition parameters. From this analysis it has been concluded that the uncertainty in these parameters is almost completely determined by the random errors in measured concentrations. The meteorological surface exchange parameters can be estimated sufficiently accurately (<20% uncertainty). At the grassland site, average surface resistances to deposition of 6(±8) and 13(±12) s m⁻¹ were calculated for wet and dry conditions, respectively. At the heathland site, a similar distinct difference between R_c values for wet and dry conditions was found. These values are 20(±21) and 70(±90) s m⁻¹, respectively. The yearly average dry deposition flux for SO₂ at the grassland site amounts to 585(±330) mol ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, while at the heathland site the yearly average flux was 300(±270) mol ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The yearly average dry deposition velocity at 4 m height was 1.2(±0.3) cm s⁻¹ at the grassland site and 0.8(±0.4) cm s⁻¹ at the heathland site.     

Characteristics and recent trends of sulfur dioxide at urban, rural, and background sites in North China: Effectiveness of control measures

SO₂ measurements made in recent years at sites in Beijing and its surrounding areas are performed to study the variations and trends of surface SO₂ at different types of sites in Northern China. The overall average concentrations of SO₂ are (16.8 ± 13.1) ppb, (14.8 ± 9.4) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb at China Meteorological Administration (CMA, Beijing urban area), Gucheng (GCH, relatively polluted rural area, 110 km to the southwest of Beijing urban area), and Shangdianzi (SDZ, clean background area, 100 km to the northeast of Beijing urban area), respectively. The SO₂ levels in winter (heating season) are 4-6 folds higher than those in summer. There are highly significant correlations among the daily means of SO₂ at different sites, indicating regional characteristics of SO₂ pollution. Diurnal patterns of surface SO₂ at all sites have a common feature with a daytime peak, which is probably caused by the downward mixing and/or the advection transport of SO₂-richer air over the North China Plain. The concentrations of SO₂ at CMA and GCH show highly significant downward trends (-4.4 ppb/yr for CMA and -2.4 ppb/yr for GCH), while a less significant trend (-0.3 ppb/yr) is identified in the data from SDZ, reflecting the character of SDZ as a regional atmospheric background site in North China. The SO₂ concentrations of all three sites show a significant decrease from period before to after the control measures for the 2008 Olympic Games, suggesting that the SO₂ pollution control has long-term effectiveness and benefits. In the post-Olympics period, the mean concentrations of SO₂ at CMA, GCH, and SDZ are (14.3 ± 11.0) ppb, (12.1 ± 7.7) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb, respectively, with reductions of 26%, 36%, and 13%, respectively, compared to the levels before. Detailed analysis shows that the differences of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction were not the dominant factors for the significant differences of SO₂ between the pre-Olympics and post-Olympics periods. By extracting the data being more representative of local or regional characteristics, a reduction of up to 40% for SO₂ in polluted areas and a reduction of 20% for regional SO₂ are obtained for the effect of control measures implemented for the Olympic Games.