生物质对水体油污染吸附处理的研究进展

随着石油资源的开发与利用,水体油污染日益严重,寻求价廉、高效、环保的除油方法引起人们的关注,其中吸附法除油效率高,应用范围广,具有很好的发展前景。介绍了水体油污染现状、危害、处理方法,比较了不同类型吸油材料的吸油特性,提出生物质是兼具价廉、环保等多重优点的高效吸油材料。基于此,对生物质吸油材料的选择标准及除油影响因素进行了总结,介绍了常用的吸油机制微观分析方法,并对生物质除油的研究前景进行展望。     

响应面分析法优化给水污泥吸附除磷工艺

以给水污泥为吸附材料,对模拟含磷废水进行了吸附研究。在单因素实验基础上,选取投加量、pH和粒径3种因素为影响因子,以磷的去除率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法(BBD)研究了3种因素对磷去除率的影响以及各因素间的交互作用。建立了二次多项式回归方程预测模型,成功预测出最佳除磷工艺条件为污泥投加量3.88 g/L,pH=3.00,粒径1.00 mm,该条件下磷的去除率可达95.13%.因此,响应面分析法是优化给水污泥吸附除磷工艺的可行方法。     

粉状褐煤对水中草甘膦的动态吸附

采集内蒙霍林河煤矿褐煤样品,加工成粒径0.38~0.83 mm作为吸附剂,对模拟草甘膦废水进行动态吸附实验。考察了吸附柱高(3、5和10 cm)、草甘膦初始浓度(0.5%、0.75%和1.0%)、流速(1、2和3 mL/min)、pH(9、11和13)和离子强度(IS, 0.001、0.01和0.1 mol/L)对草甘膦的吸附穿透曲线和传质区长度的影响。实验结果表明,降低柱高、增大初始浓度、提高流速、增加离子强度均会使穿透时间提前,pH变化对穿透时间影响很小;柱高、初始浓度、流速、IS和pH引起的传质区长度的平均变化率绝对值分别为0.675、6.300、1.625、47.727和0.263,可见,与柱高、初始浓度和流速相比,IS对传质区长度的影响较大,pH影响较小。低浓度条件下,吸附穿透曲线的实验数据符合BDST模型拟合条件(R2 >0.99),在仅改变柱高或流速时,穿透时间理论值与实测值的最大误差均为5.71%,运用该模型能够准确地预测褐煤吸附柱的操作时间。     

顶空气相色谱测试水中苯系混合物在不同材料上的吸附行为

设计了正交实验对5种材料吸附模拟废水中苯系混合物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)的条件进行优化,CD02硅藻土与X型纳米分子筛以2∶1(质量比)进行复合后,对苯系混合物去除效果最好.采用顶空气相色谱法测定8种不同材料对水中苯系混合物的去除情况,结果表明复合材料对苯系混合物具有良好的去除效果,仅次于活性炭.复合材料在pH为7、搅拌时间为25 min、用量为1.8g/L时,对苯系混合物质量浓度为4.0 mg/L模拟废水的平均去除率为87.56％.经过4次再生后,复合材料的再生率仍高达84.90％,对苯系混合物的平均去除率为91.49％.     

响应曲面法对污泥热解剩余半焦吸附水中刚果红的优化

为了实现市政脱水污泥的资源化,以污泥快速热解制备富氢燃气剩余半焦作为吸附材料,对刚果红(CR)模拟染料废水进行了吸附研究。采用响应曲面法的Box-Behnken实验设计原理探究了吸附剂投加量、CR初始浓度、温度和溶液pH对CR去除率的影响,并分析了剩余半焦对CR的吸附机理。结果表明:各因素对CR去除率的影响顺序为吸附剂投加量CR初始浓度溶液pH温度;最佳吸附条件下CR的去除率为98.97%,与预测值(99.61%)基本吻合;由交互作用响应曲面分析结果得出,适当的增加吸附剂投加量,降低CR初始浓度和溶液pH均有助于提高CR的去除率;污泥热解剩余半焦的XRD和FT-IR表征结果显示,其主要成分为含硅无机物,BET结果显示孔隙结构发达,可提供较多的吸附位点;吸附CR后,没有新的官能团产生,表明剩余半焦对CR的吸附主要为物理吸附。     

pH对活化前后废弃铁铝泥吸附不同种磷动力学的影响

实验研究了300℃热活化前后的给水厂废弃铁铝泥（R-FARs和H300-FARs）对正磷酸盐、聚磷酸盐和有机磷酸盐的吸附动力学特性,并考察pH对不同磷吸附动力学的影响。结果表明,pH对不同磷吸附动力学过程的影响趋势相似,即低pH有利于吸附。准二级动力学模型能够更真实地反映不同磷在R-FARs和H300-FARs的吸附动力学行为,由拟合结果可知焦磷酸盐和六肌醇磷酸盐的初始吸附速率相对较大,而甘油磷酸盐最小;且活化作用明显提高了不同磷的初始吸附速率,并减弱了pH对初始吸附速率的影响。不同磷的吸附速率受到液膜扩散、颗粒内扩散和吸附反应三者共同控制,其中吸附反应是主要的控制步骤。     

城市给水厂污泥对污水中磷的动态吸附

以城市给水厂污泥为原料,制备了2种不同粒径的颗粒状吸附剂,探讨了这2种颗粒吸附剂不同应用方式动态吸附初沉池水中磷的效果,并对吸附的影响因素进行了探究。结果表明,在使用2 mm粒径的吸附剂进行动态吸附时,在颗粒投加量固液比为20 g·L~(-1)的条件下,运行8 h后,出水磷浓度最低,总磷、可溶性总磷、可溶性活性磷酸盐的出水浓度分别可达到1.52、0.27、0.16 mg·L~(-1)。干化大颗粒的固定床吸附实验结果表明,空床停留时间应控制在30 min左右,有效滤层高度为11.5 cm,滤柱连续运行前80 h,对初沉池水有良好的处理效果,为该吸附剂投入使用提供了初步依据。对给水厂污泥颗粒吸附剂进行了技术经济分析,得出颗粒吸附剂理论上处理初沉池水所需药剂费用为0.021 2元·t~(-1),具有较高的经济效益。以上结果可为给水厂的污泥在实际生产中的应用提供参考。     

Effective elution of RDX and TNT from particles of Comp B in surface soil

During live fire training exercises, large amounts of explosives are consumed. Low order detonations of high explosive payloads result in the patchy dispersal of particles of high explosive formulations over large areas of firing range soils. Dissolution of explosives from explosive formulation particles into soil pore water is a controlling factor for transport, fate, and effects of explosive compounds. We developed an empirical method to evaluate soils based on functionally defined effective dissolution rates. An automated Accelerated Solvent Extractor was used to determine the effective elution rates under controlled conditions of RDX and TNT from soil columns containing particles of Comp B. Contrived soils containing selected soil geosorbants and reactive surfaces were used to quantitatively determine the importance of these materials. Natural soils from training ranges of various soil types were also evaluated. The effects of geosorbants on effective elution rates were compound- and sorbent-specific. TNT elution was less than that of RDX and was greatly slowed by humic acid. Iron and iron-bearing clays reduced the effective elution rates of both RDX and TNT. This empirical method is a useful tool for directly generating data on the potential for explosives to leach from firing range soils, to identify general bulk soil characteristics that can be used to predict the potential, and to identify means to engineer soil treatments to mitigate potential transport.     

A critical review on adsorption and recovery of fluoride from wastewater by metal-based adsorbents

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Rapid industrialization is deteriorating water quality, and fluoride pollution in water is one of the most serious environmental pollution problems....     

Evaluation of spatial-temporal variations and trends in surface water quality across a rural-suburban-urban interface

Water quality degradation is often a severe consequence of rapid economic expansion in developing countries. Methods to assess spatial-temporal patterns and trends in water quality are essential for guiding adaptive management efforts aimed at water quality remediation. Temporal and spatial patterns of surface water quality were investigated for 54 monitoring sites in the Wen-Rui Tang River watershed of eastern China to identify such patterns in water quality occurring across a rural-suburban-urban interface. Twenty physical and chemical water quality parameters were analyzed in surface waters collected once every 4–8 weeks from 2000 to 2010. Temporal and spatial variations among water quality parameters were assessed between seasons (wet/dry) and among major land use zones (urban/suburban/rural). Factor analysis was used to identify parameters that were important in assessing seasonal and spatial variations in water quality. Results revealed that parameters related to organic pollutants (dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (manganese) (COD_Mn), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅)), nutrients (ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP)), and salt concentration (electrical conductivity (EC)) were the most important parameters contributing to water quality variation. Collectively, they explained 70.9 % of the total variance. A trend study using the seasonal Kendall test revealed reductions in COD_Mn, BOD₅, NH₄ ⁺-N, petrol, V-phen, and EC concentrations over the 11-year study period. Cluster analysis was employed to evaluate variation among 14 sampling sites representative of dominant land use categories and indicated three, three, and four clusters based on organic, nutrient, and salt water quality characteristics, respectively. Factors that are typically responsible for water quality degradation (including population, topography, and land use) showed no strong correlation with water quality trends implying considerable point source inputs in the watershed. The results of this study help inform ongoing water quality remediation efforts by documenting trends in water quality across various land use zones.     

介电泳增强吸附法去除饮用水中的氟离子

高氟水的危害引起了人们的广泛关注。为减少饮用水中含量过高的氟离子(F~-),基于介电泳技术建立了一种新的去除水体中F~-的方法,组装了介电泳装置,将介电泳技术和吸附法结合,增强了对F~-的去除效果。探讨了吸附剂种类、投加量和外加电压对于F~-去除效果的影响,并用SEM对电极进行表征。结果表明,羟基磷灰石对F~-具有最佳的吸附性能,其饱和吸附量为5.88 mg·g~(-1),Langmuir吸附等温方程能够很好地描述羟基磷灰石对F~-的吸附热力学行为,说明吸附满足单分子层吸附模型。在优化的实验条件下(羟基磷灰石投加量6 g·L~(-1),外加电压15 V),F~-去除率由单纯吸附法的67.02%提高到90.39%,达到了WHO饮用水水质标准,且无二次污染。SEM的表征结果表明,经过介电泳后,羟基磷灰石在电极上相互连接形成细长的线状结构。研究为减少高氟水中的氟离子提供了一种快速、高效的新方法。     

Strong adsorption of metolachlor by biochar prepared from walnut shells in water

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, we investigated the removal of metolachlor (MET) by biochar (BC) prepared from walnut shells (W-BC) compared with BCs made from cow...     

铁和铝氧化物涂层砂的过滤与吸附性能评价

总结性地对3种不同氧化物涂层砂和未涂层砂的表面特性、过滤和吸附性能进行了比较与分析,明确了适用范围。改性滤料的高温加热和碱性沉积两种制备方法中,涂铁宜选前者,涂铝宜用后者。涂层砂的比表面积增大,吸附容量增加,使石英砂表面电荷的带电性质改变,有利于水中杂质的去除。涂铁砂适合于除氟和除砷及除有机物;涂铝砂适合于除浊、除有机物和除锌。     

Estimation of surface area of montmorillonite by ethylene oxide chain adsorption

This study investigates the feasibility of using ethylene oxide chain adsorption to determine the surface area of an expandable clay, montmorillonite. Experimental results indicate that high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) or nonionic surfactant with long ethylene oxide chain should be used to provide reasonable estimations for monolayer capacity. The method has advantages over Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller method in that it is readily applicable to a wide range of areas, particularly to 2:1 layer silicates under aqueous conditions.     

Simultaneous adsorption and immobilization of As and Cd by birnessite-loaded biochar in water and soil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A novel biochar was prepared by loading birnessite to improve its capability to simultaneously adsorb As(III), As(V), and Cd(II) in water and soil....     

Determination of atrazine in rainfall and surface water by enzyme immunoassay

Rainwater and surface water from four sites in Germany (Bavaria and Lower Saxony) were analyzed for atrazine by enzyme immunoassay from June 1990 until October 1992. The limit of quantification of the immunoassay was 0.02 μg/L with a middle of the test at 0.2 μg/L. About 60 % of the samples contained measurable amounts of atrazine. Seasonal trends were observed, with the highest concentration in the summer months of up to 4 μg/L for rainwater and up to 15 μg/L for surface waters. The highest concentrations were found in agricultural areas, while in the investigated national parks up to 0.56 μg/L could be detected in rain water. This points to long-range atmospheric transport from agricultural areas to pristine national parks. Samples from forest stands usually showed higher atrazine concentrations than samples from open fields. Deposition rates of 10 – 50 μg/m² · yr were observed in the national parks and 10–180 μg/m² · yr at the agricultural sites. Comparison of results obtained by enzyme immunoassay and GC/MS showed a good correlation of r = 0.95.     

Determination of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in surface water by means of liquid chromatography using on-line sample preconcentration and different spectroscopic detection techniques

Three different spectroscopic techniques, UV absorbance, fluorescence and sensitized room temperature phosphorescence are examined for the detection of polychlorinated dibenzofurans. A pre-column enrichment step is used prior to reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation. The fluorescence detection mode offers the best sensitivity and selectivity but UV detection in combination with pre-column technology provides also a powerful means for trace analysis of the dibenzofurans. The method presented allows the determination of ppt-ppb concentration levels in polluted surface waters with good recoveries and reproducibility.     

Evaluation of the procedures for the measurement of water solubility and n-octanol/water partition coefficient of chemicals results of a ring test in Japan

A ring test by 19 labolatories in Japan was carried out in 1984 for the evaluation of the experimental manuals for the measurements of water solubility and partition coefficient (n-octanol/water). The experimental data obtained by the procedures in the manuals were collected by Environmental Agency, Japan. In the measurement of water solubility, this manual applies a modified batch method (the glass beads technique), whereas the OECD Test Guidelines suggests the use of the column elution method for chemicals having water solubility lower than 10 mg/L. Anthracene and flouranthene were used as test chemicals for the measurement of water solubility, and γ -hexachlorocyclohexane (γ -HCH) and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene were used for partition coefficient. Good agreements were observed at a practical basis between the OECD methods and our methods for the results of mesurements of water solubility and partition coefficient. We concluded that the present ring test showed an advantage of the use of the glass beads method which requires only simple apparatus in water solubility measurement, and the HPLC method is very useful to measure partition coefficient because of the simplicity of procedure and the wide range of measurement, especially at higher values of partition coefficient.