NaCl盐度波动对处于污泥膨胀的耐盐脱氮污泥沉降性能的影响

以处于污泥膨胀的耐盐脱氮污泥为研究对象,分别采用有效容积为2和240L的SBR装置（编号1#和2#）,在进水NH3-N浓度为40—100mg／L,pH为7．45～8．0,溶解氧为3～5mg／L,温度为28～30℃的条件下,分别研究不同NaCl盐度（0、10、20和30g／L）对污泥沉降性的影响。实验结果表明,在NaCl盐度条件下,可以明显改善耐盐脱氮污泥的沉降性。NaCl盐度越高,污泥絮凝体体积减小、丝状菌及原生动物减少趋势越明显,污泥沉降性效果越好。在30g／L盐度时,1#和2#SBR的SV30分别从95％和80％降至53％和30％,SVI分别从185．5和170．8mL／g降至127．3和78．4mL／g。     

高效阿特拉津降解菌株DNSIO降解条件优化

从长期施用阿特拉津的寒地黑土耕层（0～10cm）土壤中筛选到一株能以除草剂阿特拉津为氮源生长的降解菌株,结合16SrRNA序列分析结果,将该菌株命名为Arthrobacter sp．DNSl0。在接种量为10。CFU／mL的条件下,菌株DNSl0在24h内对100mg／L阿特拉津的降解率为99．41％。单因子实验结果表明,菌株DNSl0适宜生长和降解的条件范围是：温度25～35＇12,pH值5．0～8．0,培养液盐度0．1％～2％,对阿特拉津最大耐受浓度可达1200mg／L。正交实验法进一步表明,该菌株保持较好生长及降解能力的最优方案是温度30℃,pH值7．5,培养液盐度0．5％。影响其降解能力的环境因素的主次顺序依次是：温度〉盐度〉pH值。     

天然和CPB改性沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附特征

通过静态实验研究溴代十六烷基吡啶（CPB）改性沸石和天然沸石对废水中Hg^2＋的吸附特性,探讨了吸附动力学、吸附平衡和吸附热力学机制。研究表明：Langmuir方程能较好地描述2种沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附,CPB改性沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附率得到显著提高。实验条件下,改性沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附率从67．5％提高到98．9％,吸附容量从0．521mg／g提高到3．07mg／g。利用准一级动力学方程、假二级动力学方程、颗粒内扩散模型和Elovich方程分别对动力学过程进行拟合,发现2种沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附均满足假二级动力学方程,且离子的颗粒内扩散对整个吸附过程有影响。动力学拟合、D-R方程拟合和热力学研究综合表明：2种沸石对Hg^2＋的吸附既存在化学吸附又存在物理吸附,吸附吉布斯自由能变（△G^0）、焓变（△H^0）、熵变（△S^0）均小于0,反应为自发的放热反应,低温有利于吸附的进行。     

臭氧氧化法处理焦化废水生化出水的反应动力学

对臭氧氧化去除焦化废水生化出水COD的反应动力学及其影响因素进行了实验研究,结果表明,在臭氧投加量为8．50mg／min,反应温度为20＇E和初始pH为10．61条件下,对COD的降解符合表观一级反应动力学模型,其相关系数R。=0．9991,表观反应速率常数k。。=1．01×10^-3s-1。该条件下,臭氧氧化对COD的降解主要来源于高活性羟基自由基的强氧化作用。在不同的臭氧投加量（4．25～12．75mg／min）、不同的反应温度（10～40℃）和不同的初始pH（3．76～12．53）下,COD的降解也同样遵循一级反应动力学规律。随着臭氧投加量的增大,COD降解的表观反应速率常数从（0．554×10^-3）s-1增加到（1．06×10＆-3）s-1;随着反应温度的升高,表观反应速率常数从（0．427×10^-3）s-1增加到（1．40×10-3）s-1,温度越高反应速率提高的幅度却越小;在初始pH3．76～10．61范围内,表观反应速率常数从（0．218×10^-3）s-1增加到（1．01×10^-3）s-1,在初始pH为12．53时表观反应速率常数下降到（0．857×10^-3）s-1。     

高盐条件下硝基苯降解菌的分离及降解特性

在高盐条件下,从某制药厂曝气池的活性污泥中分离、筛选得到6株硝基苯高效降解菌,其中菌株N18在高盐条件下对硝基苯降解效率最高.经形态特征和生理生化特征分析,初步鉴定N18属于棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium sp.).硝基苯降解试验表明,菌株最佳培养条件为30℃、培养基pH 7、摇床转速150 r/min.最佳培养条件下,当硝基苯初始质量浓度低于150 mg/L时,菌株培养72 h后硝基苯降解率达75％以上.当盐度为1％～3％时,盐度对硝基苯降解率的影响不明显,当盐度为10％时菌株生长微弱,因此N18属于中度耐盐细菌.     

烟酰胺降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

采用HPLC对某烟酰胺生产废水的主要成分进行分析，并模拟废水中的主要成分烟酰胺（nicotinamide）的浓度，对以烟酰胺为唯一碳源配制的培养基进行降解实验，获得有较佳降解率和生长能力的菌株YSI-1和YSI-2。结果表明．YSI菌株的混合菌降解效果优于单株菌，混合菌在初始OD600值为0．4，pH为7．0时，对浓度为2000mg／L的烟酰胺降解2d的降解率可达32．8％。延长处理时间或提高菌种的初始OD600值，烟酰胺的去除率均有较大的增加。     

同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术研究

讨论了影响同步硝化反硝化反应的各参数，并进行了单因素实验与正交实验，获得了同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺运行的最佳条件：DO浓度控制在0．5～2mg／L，COD浓度为600～800mg／L，混合液悬浮固体（MLSS）为5000mg/L，pH值在8．0左右，反应时间为6h。在此条件下，氨氮及COD的去除率都较高，分别达85％和95％，总氮去除率为68．5％。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对亚铁离子的氧化及其动力学研究

采用9K培养基研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化Fe^2＋过程中,pH和氧化还原电位的变化规律,并对Fe^2＋的氧化过程进行动力学分析,确定了其反应级数及反应速率常数。结果表明,（1）在温度为30℃,摇床转速为150r／min的条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的最佳接种量为10．0％;（2）Fe^2＋初始质量浓度在11．39～21．72g／L时,随着浓度的增大,Fe^2＋达到100％转化率需要的时间增加;（3）氧化亚铁硫杆菌对Fe^2＋的氧化可近似看作一级反应,反应速率常数为0．0527～0．0788h。     

2株反硝化聚磷菌的筛选及其影响因素

反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)是一种可以在缺氧条件下,同时完成反硝化过程和过量摄磷过程的细菌,筛选出耐盐高效反硝化聚磷菌对处理沿海地区废水有重要意义。以某污水处理厂中的成熟活性污泥作为菌种来源,采用常规的微生物分离筛选方法,结合吸磷实验、硝酸盐还原产气实验、异染颗粒染色和PHB染色实验,分离出2株反硝化聚磷菌qdcs18和qdcs28。通过分子生物学鉴定,确定了这2株菌属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。通过温度和pH实验确定了qdcs18的最适生长温度为28℃,最适生长pH为8.0;qdcs28的最适温度条件为30℃,最适生长pH为7.0。对这2株菌进行耐盐驯化的实验表明,在盐度条件为2 g/L时,经驯化后的菌株脱氮除磷率最高,均超过80%。反硝化聚磷菌经过驯化后,在高盐条件下能有很好的脱氮除磷效果。     

活性炭三维电极法处理超高盐榨菜腌制废水

将粒状活性炭作为三维电极的粒子电极处理超高盐榨菜腌制废水。采用静态实验,对比了二维电极与三维电极对该废水COD和磷酸盐的去除效果,考察了三维电极条件下极板间距、活性炭填充量、电解时间、电解电流及初始pH等对该废水COD和磷酸盐去除率的影响。结果表明：三维电极对超高盐榨菜腌制废水COD和磷酸盐的去除率明显高于二维电极;在原水pH（4．3—5．0）,废水体积600mL,电流8A,活性炭填充量250g,极板间距6．5cm,电解时间150min时,处理效果良好,COD和磷酸盐去除率分别为76．47％和97．81％。由波长扫描图可初步认为部分有机物直接被氧化为二氧化碳。     

直接驯化嗜盐菌处理高盐废水的研究

从大连旅顺盐场底泥中筛选出适合高盐度的嗜盐菌,在序批式间歇反应器(SBR)中对其进行3.5%(质量分数)盐度的驯化,污泥混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)平均质量浓度达600mg/L。污泥比耗氧速率(SOUR)测量结果显示,内源呼吸阶段污泥SOUR为10.36mg/(g.h),外源呼吸阶段污泥SOUR达到29.09mg/(g.h),表明所筛选的嗜盐菌培养的污泥具有较高活性。利用培养的污泥进行高盐模拟废水处理试验,结果表明,对盐度为3.5%、COD为240～340mg/L的高盐废水,在每周期12h、曝气量0.6L/min、污泥MLSS为600mg/L、污泥龄为18d条件下,COD去除率达95%以上,NH4+-N去除率达61%,TP去除率达55%。改变进水有机负荷对出水COD去除影响不大,该系统耐有机负荷冲击能力较强;盐度负荷的改变对COD的去除影响不大,而NH4+-N去除率有明显变化,在3.5%和5.0%的盐度下,NH4+-N去除率分别为61%和31%。     

活性污泥的耐盐驯化培养

以某污水处理厂二沉池好氧污泥为接种污泥,采用逐步提高盐度和稳定盐度2种方法对活性污泥进行耐盐性驯化培养,考察驯化结果表明,前一种方法更有利于耐盐菌的培养。对比不同盐度情况下各项指标的去除效果得出:本实验污泥适宜盐度为1%。使用稳定进水盐度的方法,出水指标及各指标的去除率均低于逐步提高盐度法,且镜检结果表明大量微生物死亡。     

Study of atrazine degradation in subsurface flow constructed wetland under different salinity

To evaluate the treatment capability of subsurface flow constructed wetland (SFCW) and the effect of salinity on the degradation of atrazine, the degradation of atrazine in SFCW was studied. Under the static condition, the degradation of atrazine in SFCW followed first-order kinetics: c=0.09679 exp(-0.0396t) (c, residue concentration, mg l(-1); t, retention time, d), with a half-life of approximately 17.5 days. The atrazine degradation kinetic functions were established for salinities of 1.5, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 g l(-1), respectively, which appeared to approach first-order kinetics. The effect of salinity on the atrazine treatment efficiency showed an exponential inhibition: lnk=3.204+0.04991 C (k, degradation constant; C, NaCl concentration, mg l(-1)). The attenuation of atrazine in SFCW cannot be a result of hydrolysis or sorption process. It was considered that some bacteria in the wetland system degraded atrazine into deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and sequentially into CO(2) and H(2)O. Salinity impacted on the growth of bacteria resulting in a switch of the microbial community. With the increase of salinity, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index in the SFCW system declined. The relationship between atrazine degradation constant (k) and Shannon Index was established as shown in linear phase, y=-0.07286+0.0363x. The positive correlation between them indicated that microbial community played an important role in the atrazine degradation process.     

Climate change and soil salinity: The case of coastal Bangladesh

This paper estimates location-specific soil salinity in coastal Bangladesh for 2050. The analysis was conducted in two stages: First, changes in soil salinity for the period 2001–2009 were assessed using information recorded at 41 soil monitoring stations by the Soil Research Development Institute. Using these data, a spatial econometric model was estimated linking soil salinity with the salinity of nearby rivers, land elevation, temperature, and rainfall. Second, future soil salinity for 69 coastal sub-districts was projected from climate-induced changes in river salinity and projections of rainfall and temperature based on time trends for 20 Bangladesh Meteorological Department weather stations in the coastal region. The findings indicate that climate change poses a major soil salinization risk in coastal Bangladesh. Across 41 monitoring stations, the annual median projected change in soil salinity is 39 % by 2050. Above the median, 25 % of all stations have projected changes of 51 % or higher.     

碳纳米管对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌的毒性效应及其作用机制

以嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans）为实验菌株,探讨不同条件下碳纳米管（CNTs）对其生长的影响,并采用SEM、EDS和FT-IR等手段分析CNTs对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌的毒性机制。实验结果表明,CNTs对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans生长有抑制作用,并随着CNTs剂量的增加,毒性增大。在CNTs投加量为500 mg/L时,培养40 h后菌株的生长量OD420达到最大值0.117,低于空白组的0.163。培养温度和培养基的pH对CNTs的细胞毒性效应有较大影响,在菌体生长的适宜条件下（pH 3.0,温度为30℃）,CNTs对菌体的毒性最强。SEM、EDS和FT-IR分析结果显示,CNTs附着在细胞表面,与细胞表面的羟基、氨基等基团相互作用,并可能诱发菌体细胞产生活性氧自由基（ROS）,从而导致细胞死亡。     

The use of oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion to evaluate the toxicity of cadmium on Farfantepenaeus paulensis with respect to salinity

The main purpose of the present study was to detect the acute toxicity of cadmium (Cd) in F. paulensis and to investigate its effect on oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion different salinities. First, we examined the acute toxicity of Cd in F. paulensis at 24, 48, 72, and 96-h lethal concentration (LC50). Cd was significantly more toxic at 5 salinity than at 20 and 36. The oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion were estimated through experiments performed on each of the twelve possible combinations of three salinities (36, 20 and 5), at temperature 20 °C. Cd showed a reduction in oxygen consumption at 5 salinity, the results show that the oxygen consumption decreases with respect to the Cd concentration. At the highest Cd concentration employed (2 mg L⁻¹), the salinity 5 and the temperature at 20 °C, oxygen consumption decreases 53.7% in relation to the control. In addition, after separate exposure to Cd, elevation in ammonium excretion was obtained, wish were 72%, 65% and 95% higher than the control, respectively. The results show that Cd is more toxic to F. paulensis at lower salinities.     

pH、盐度对微生物还原硫酸盐的影响研究

采用厌氧生物处理工艺,研究了在不同盐度下pH连续降低对硫酸盐还原和有机物去除率的影响。实验结果表明,硫酸盐还原菌有很强的适应pH变化的能力,在pH值达到4以下仍有60％的硫酸盐去除率。NaCl浓度由4g／L增加到50g／L抑制了各厌氧菌的活性,导致硫酸盐和有机物去除率的下降,但硫酸盐还原菌耐受性高于产甲烷菌等其他厌氧菌,在NaCl浓度为50g／L下,硫酸盐去除率能达到50％,而有机物去除率则低于30％。qRT—PCR表明了系统菌落中SRB随着环境的变化情况与化学指标结果相一致,该反应器体系中SRB在整个厌氧菌群落中只占了很小部分。     

Kinetics of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-Cl-m-cresol degradation by Pseudomonas sp. cultures in the presence of glucose

Comparison of the ability of Pseudomonas sp. to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-Cl-m-cresol in separate cultures in the presence of glucose, as a conventional carbon source, is reported. The specific growth rates at 0.1 mM 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-Cl-m-cresol were estimated to be 0.181 and 0.154 h(-1), respectively, showing that Pseudomonas sp. is mainly inhibited by 4-Cl-m-cresol. The percentage of consumption ranges between 65% and 11% for 2,4-dichlorophenol and between 37% and 8% for 4-Cl-m-cresol, respectively, depending on its initial concentration. The dechlorination of the two compounds was investigated in the growth media and it was found that chloride liberation in the case of 2,4-dichlorophenol took place during the exponential phase of growth, followed by pH decrease from 6.1 to 5.8 at 0.1 mM. In contrast, in the case of 4-Cl-m-cresol chloride ion release was observed to a lesser extent, indicating the different metabolic pathway of 4-Cl-m-cresol. 2,4-Dichlorophenol and 4-Cl-m-cresol degradation followed a first-order kinetics model, whereas glucose consumption fitted well a zero-order kinetics model.