两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液的启动研究

采用两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理早期城市生活垃圾渗滤液。系统出水按不同比例回流到一级UASB中进行反硝化，同时进行产甲烷反应，有机物在二级UASB中被进一步降解，好氧池完成剩余有机物的去除和氨氮的硝化。启动阶段通过对原渗滤液不同比例的稀释，分5次逐步提高进水浓度，启动结束时完成了对原渗滤液的高效处理。在进水COD浓度从3000mg／L提高到15000mg／L，氨氮浓度从250mg／L提高到1400mg／L时，最终COD去除率稳定在92％左右，氨氮去除率可达99％以上，一级UASB中反硝化率接近100％，回流比为300％时系统总氮去除率为70％～80％。     

潜流人工湿地-生物接触氧化处理低温低浓度生活污水

在低温低浓度生活污水的实验研究中,回流比和气水比是影响潜流人工湿地一生物接触氧化组合工艺污染物去除效果的重要因素,推荐回流比R=1．0,气水比为4：1,在该工况下,进水COD浓度在170．8～221．3mg／L时,平均去除率可达90％;进水NH3-N浓度在17．3～25．9mg／L,平均去除率45％～65％;进水TN浓度在25．1～38．49mg／L时,平均去除率45％～65％;进水TP浓度在2．2～3．1mg／L时,平均去除率65％～80％。污染物沿程浓度分析结果表明,该组合工艺可以在低温季节通过曝气促进氨氮硝化,大幅提高NH3-N和TN去除率,同时可以充分发挥复合潜流湿地功能。     

膜生物反应器同步硝化反硝化系统的研究

设计结构合理的膜生物反应器,驯化培养硝化污泥,复配反硝化细菌,构建了具有同步硝化反硝化功能且能去除COD的膜生物反应器系统.MLVSS的增高和污泥结构的改善为同步硝化反硝化提供条件.进水氨氮浓度在50 mg/L,MLVSS为8 g/L时,最佳HRT为4～6 h,气量控制在0.5 m3/h左右,TN去除率达80%以上.系统承受负荷变化范围0～0.36 kg N/(m3·d),TN去除率均能保持80%左右,COD去除率稳定在90%.系统投加粉末活性炭的方法可以改善污泥结构,进而减轻膜污染.在试验阶段内,添加了PAC的活性污泥MLVSS的高低对膜通量的影响不大,膜通量基本保持稳定.     

同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术研究

讨论了影响同步硝化反硝化反应的各参数，并进行了单因素实验与正交实验，获得了同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺运行的最佳条件：DO浓度控制在0．5～2mg／L，COD浓度为600～800mg／L，混合液悬浮固体（MLSS）为5000mg/L，pH值在8．0左右，反应时间为6h。在此条件下，氨氮及COD的去除率都较高，分别达85％和95％，总氮去除率为68．5％。     

一体化膜生物反应器中短程硝化反硝化对氨氮的脱除

采用一体化膜生物反应器处理模拟氨氮废水,通过改变温度、pH、DO实现了反应器中短程硝化的稳定运行。结果表明,在进水氨氮、COD分别为67~86、240~342 mg/L的情况下,当温度为30℃、进水pH为8.1时,通过逐渐降低DO至1.2mg/L,亚硝态氮得到富集,氨氮和COD的去除率均能达到80%以上,且系统的耐冲击负荷能力较好;整个运行期间保持了较高的混合液悬浮固体浓度(MLSS),处于3 200~8 210mg/L,污泥沉降比和污泥体积指数(SVI)相对稳定,SVI处于75~138mL/g。     

低氨氮、低碱度废水的亚硝化研究

通过实验室血清瓶培养试验，研究了pH、碱度、FA、FN、HRT等因素对低氨氮、低碱度废水亚硝化过程的影响。研究结果表明：出水的pH值可以通过控制反应器内部的碱度来进行调节。控制进水碱度在113．1～269．7mg／L，HRT为48h，其亚硝酸累积率可达到67．15％。在氨氮亚硝化过程的同时，有部分有机氮也在向亚硝酸盐进行转化。通过污泥亚硝化驯化过程，游离氨对亚硝化单胞菌抑制浓度的临界值可以达到0．96mg／L。     

A／O-MBR工艺处理校园生活污水中水回用工程的设计与运行

针对Et处理量为1500m3的高校中水处理设施,论述了缺氧／好氧-MBR（A／O—MBR）处理工艺运行特性,完成了长效监测及经济性评价。系统MBR池污泥浓度（MLSS）控制在8～12g／L,缺氧池和好氧池水力停留时间（HRT）分别为3h和7h,污泥回流比为200％～300％。当进水COD、总氮、氨氮平均浓度分别为481．3、75．1和65．8mg／L时,出水COD、总氮、氨氮平均浓度分别为16．5、13．4和0．7mg／L,平均去除率分别为96．4％、81．9％和99．0％。在进行化学除磷的情况下,出水总磷的平均浓度为0．8mg／L,平均去除率86．5％。出水水质优于《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》（GB／T18920—2002）中的相应水质指标要求。经济性分析结果显示,该中水站的电耗为0．58kWh／m3。     

低温下聚氨酯水凝胶包埋硝化菌去除氨氮

采用聚氨酯水凝胶为固定化载体制备了包埋硝化菌颗粒,并在上流式内循环反应器内以人工配制的模拟氨氮废水对包埋硝化菌颗粒进行驯化。在驯化完成后实验考察了温度变化和水力停留时间(HRT)对低温下聚氨酯水凝胶包埋硝化菌颗粒去除氨氮的影响以及出水中亚硝态氮、硝态氮的累积情况。结果表明,在进水氨氮浓度为40 mg/L,HRT为4h,水温从22℃降低到10℃时,包埋硝化菌颗粒对氨氮的去除率从97%下降到48%,调整10℃运行时的HRT,氨氮去除率可达到75%。将进水氨氮浓度降低至15 mg/L,当HRT为4 h,温度在7~13℃范围内变动时,氨氮去除率稳定在80%左右。在整个运行过程中,保持DO充足,没有出现亚硝酸盐积累的现象。     

两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液的启动研究

采用两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理早期城市生活垃圾渗滤液.系统出水按不同比例回流到一级UASB中进行反硝化,同时进行产甲烷反应,有机物在二级UASB中被进一步降解,好氧池完成剩余有机物的去除和氨氮的硝化.启动阶段通过对原渗滤液不同比例的稀释,分5次逐步提高进水浓度,启动结束时完成了对原渗滤液的高效处理.在进水COD浓度从3000 mg/L提高到15000 mg/L,氨氮浓度从250 mg/L提高到1400 mg/L时,最终COD去除率稳定在92%左右,氨氮去除率可达99%以上,一级UASB中反硝化率接近100%,回流比为300%时系统总氮去除率为70%～80%.     

水解酸化＋CAST作为盐酸金霉素生产废水二级处理的工艺设计与应用

研究采用水解酸化＋CAST工艺,对盐酸金霉素生产废水进行二级处理。试验结果表明,在进水COD质量浓度高达6000mg／L左右、氨氮质量浓度高达2200mg／L的情况下,系统出水COD浓度为350mg／L,去除率达94％以上;氨氮出水质量浓度为400mg／L,去除率达到81％,取得了较好的去除效果。     

Effect of operational parameters on the removal of particulate chemical oxygen demand in the activated sludge process.

The removal of particulate material in the aeration basin of the activated sludge process is mainly attributed to bioflocculation and hydrolysis of particulate substrate. The bioflocculation process in the aeration tank of the activated sludge process occurs only under favorable conditions in the system, and several common operational parameters affect its performance. The principal objective of this research was to observe the effect of mixed liquor suspended solids, solids retention time (SRT), and extracellular polymer substances on the removal of particulate substrate by bioflocculation. A first-order particulate removal expression, based on flocculation, accurately described the removal rates for supernatant suspended solids and colloidal chemical oxygen demand. Based on the results presented in this investigation, a mixed liquor concentration of approximately 2200 mg/L, an SRT of at least 3 days, and a contact time of 30 minutes are needed for relatively complete removal of the particulate substrate in a plug-flow reactor.     

Effects of nano-copper(II) oxide and nanomagnesium oxide particles on activated sludge

Effects of nano-copper(II) oxide (nano-CuO) and nanomagnesium oxide (nano-MgO) particles on activated sludge endogenous respiration (aerobic digestion), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) biodegradation, and nitrification were investigated through respiration rate measurement. For comparison, the effects of Cu(II) and Mg(II) ions on activated sludge were also studied. Results indicated that soluble Cu(II) has half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 19, 5.5, 53, and 117 mg Cu/L for endogenous respiration, BOD biodegradation, ammonium oxidation, and nitrite oxidation, respectively. However, nano-CuO only inhibited BOD biodegradation at 240 mg Cu/L or more, and its associated toxicity was primarily caused by soluble Cu(II). In contrast, soluble Mg(II) was not toxic to activated sludge in the experimental concentration range, but nano-MgO inhibited BOD biodegradation and nitrification with IC50 values of 70 and 143 mg Mg/L, respectively. Further study indicated that the toxicity of nano-MgO resulted primarily from increased pH following MgO hydrolysis.     

污泥热干化和燃烧特性试验研究

分别在桨叶式干化机和热重仪上进行污泥干化和燃烧试验,研究了污泥干化特性和污染物排放特性,并对污泥的燃烧特性进行分析。结果表明,污泥干化过程分为黏稠区、粘滞区和颗粒区3个阶段。干化过程排放的污染气体有氨气、氯化氢、氟化氢、氰化氢、甲烷和挥发性有机酸等,其中氨气为主要污染气体。经冷凝吸收和活性炭吸附处理后,各种污染气体浓度均显著降低,其中氨气去除率最高,达97.04%。污泥干化冷凝液的BOD5和COD质量浓度分别为4 040、8 510mg/L,氨氮的质量浓度为1 025mg/L,pH为9.84,属于高浓度有机废水。污泥的燃烧过程可以分为3个失重阶段:水分析出阶段(50～150℃),挥发分燃烧阶段(150～450℃),固定碳燃烧阶段(450～650℃)。分别用Kissinger法和Ozawa法计算挥发分燃烧阶段和固定碳燃烧阶段的活化能和动力学方程,挥发分燃烧阶段的活化能低于固定碳燃烧阶段,表明挥发分燃烧阶段污泥更易燃烧。污泥的燃烧过程在650℃时基本完成,因此实际工程应用中,设计干化污泥的焚烧温度在750℃比较合理。     

盐度变化对SBR中硝化作用的动态影响研究

针对含氨氮废水,研究了逐步提高盐度（以氯离子浓度计）驯化活性污泥过程、淡水活性污泥受到一定盐度冲击过程以及经过30 000 mg Cl/L驯化后的活性污泥在盐度波动时对SBR反应器中亚硝化和硝酸化过程的影响。研究结果表明:在逐步提高盐度驯化的过程中,NH⁺₄-N的降解速率在盐度提高为15 000 mg Cl/L时先降低后升高,当盐度为25 000 mg Cl/L时,反应周期末有大量的NO^-₂-N累积,当盐度高达30 000 mg Cl/L时, NH⁺₄N的降解速率仍然维持在一定水平,这说明硝酸化过程比亚硝化过程更容易受到高盐度的抑制。而在冲击实验中,当淡水活性污泥受到20 000 mg Cl/L盐度冲击时,即使经过长时间的驯化后亚硝化过程仍然受到较大的抑制,且反应周期末有大量NO^-₂-N累积,当受到30 000 mg Cl/L盐度冲击时硝化作用几乎完全被抑制。经过30 000 mg Cl/L驯化后的活性污泥的硝化作用对盐度波动具有较强的适应性。     

Oxidation-reduction potential changes in aeration tanks and microprofiles of activated sludge floc in medium- and low-strength wastewaters.

Real-time control of aeration tank operation is key to high-efficiency pollutant removal and energy savings. One of the aims of this study was to examine the potential for using redox potential (oxidation-reduction potential [ORP]) to indicate wastewater quality online in aeration tanks treating medium (chemical oxygen demand [COD] of 70 to 150 mg/L) and low (COD of 15 to 30 mg/L) pollutant-concentration wastewaters. The field-scale data provide a good relationship between ORP values and nutrient removal along the length of the aeration tanks. The ORP values increased dramatically as organic matter was removed along the aeration tanks, indicating the improvement of the bulk liquor redox status. Dissolved oxygen higher than 1.0 mg/L was necessary for good biodegradation and improvement of the liquid redox status. Nitrification occurred at higher ORP values (380 to 420 mV) than was the case for organic substrate oxidation (250 to 300 mV). The microprofiles obtained from microelectrode measurements substantiate the heterogeneity of the microbial processes inside activated sludge flocs. Because of microbial oxygen utilization, the aerobic region in the activated sludge floc was limited to the top layer (0.1 to 0.2 mm) of the activated sludge aggregate present in medium-strength wastewater, with an anoxic zone dominating inside the flocs. When dissolved oxygen in the bulk water was higher than 4.0 mg/L, the anoxic zone inside the floc disappeared. At low wastewater pollutant concentrations, the ORP and dissolved oxygen inside the activated sludge aggregates were higher than those from medium-strength wastewater. The prospect of using ORP as an online control approach for aeration tank operation and the potential reasons for activated sludge floc size varying with pollutant strengths are also discussed.     

Improving nitrogen removal in two modified decentralized wastewater systems

Efficient nutrient removal in decentralized wastewater treatment systems is a challenging task. To improve the removal of organic matter and nitrogen from wastewater, two types of bioreactors using membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) and microbial fuel cell (MFC) techniques were evaluated. During more than 250 days of continuous-flow reactor operation, both reactors showed consistently high chemical oxygen demand removal (>86%). At an influent ammonium-nitrogen (NH4(+)-N) concentration of 30 mg N/L, the average effluent NH4(+)-N concentrations were 6.2 and 0.5 mg N/L for the MABR and MFC reactor, respectively, while the effluent nitrate-nitrogen (NO3(-)-N) concentrations were 5.4 mg/ L in the MABR and 19.2 mg/L in the MFC-based reactor. The overall total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiencies were 64% and 36% for the MABR and MFC reactor, respectively. At the measured dissolved oxygen concentrations of 5.2 and 0.23 mg/L in the aerobic/anoxic zone of the MFC and MABR, respectively, a specific oxygen uptake rate of 0.1 g O2/g VSS-d, resulting from ammonia oxidation, was detected in the settled sludge of the MFC, while no nitrifying activity of the sludge from the MABR was detected. Molecular microbial analysis demonstrated a link between the bacterial community structure and nitrifying activity. The relatively high abundance of Nitrosomonas europaea was associated with its detectable nitrification activity in the settled sludge of the MFC. The results suggest that MABR and MFC techniques have the potential to improve organic and nitrogen removal in decentralized wastewater systems.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol by combining photo-assisted Fenton reaction and biological treatment.

The photo-Fenton reaction effect on the biodegradability improvement of 100 mg/L solution of 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) has been investigated. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at 5 and 21 days, BODn/ chemical oxygen demand (COD) and BODn/total organic carbon (TOC) ratios, average oxidation state, and inhibition on activated sludge were monitored. For 50 mg/L hydrogen peroxide and 10 mg/L iron(II) initial concentrations and 40 minutes of reaction time in the photo-Fenton process, the biodegradability of the pretreated solution, measured as BOD5/COD ratio, was improved from 0 for the original DCP solution up to 0.18 (BOD21/COD = 0.24). At that point, all DCP was eliminated from the solution. To study the effect of the pretreatment step, the biological oxidation of pretreated solutions was tested in two semicontinuous stirred tank reactors, one operated with activated sludge and one with biomass acclimated to phenol. Results showed that more than 80% TOC removal could be obtained by codigestion of the pretreated solution with municipal wastewater. Total organic carbon removals of approximately 60% were also obtained when the sole carbon source for the aerobic reactors was the pretreated solution. The hydraulic retention times used in the bioreactors were of the same order of magnitude as those used at domestic wastewater treatment plants (i.e., between 12 and 24 hours). Kinetic studies based on pseudo-first-order kinetics have also been carried out. Constants were found to be in range 0.67 to 1.7 L x g total volatiles suspended solids(-1) x h(-1).     

蚯蚓生物滤池对小城镇污泥处理效果简

针对小城镇污泥的处理问题,提出了蚯蚓生物滤池解决方案,为此在实验中设置了无蚯蚓对照组,并对污泥的稳定性、污泥性状、蚯蚓与微生物的协同作用以及污泥含有的各种元素存在状态进行了研究,通过蚯蚓生物滤池处理后污泥有机质含量平均相对减少量为11.1%,溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）增加,滤液中氨氮（NH₃-N）含量由20.6~23.9 mg/L降至1.9~4.6 mg/L、滤液中硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量由0.2~9.5 mg/L升高到42.0~50.8 mg/L,因此,实验结果表明,蚯蚓生物滤池能显著提高污泥的稳定性,改善污泥脱水性能,有利于污泥后续处理。     

Hydraulic residence time effects on performance of an activated sludge unit treating wastewater containing dichlorophenol.

Wastewaters containing chlorophenol compounds are difficult to treat by biological means because of the toxic effects of those compounds on microorganisms. To investigate the adverse effects of chlorophenols on microorganisms, synthetic wastewater containing 2,4 dichlorophenol (DCP) was biologically treated in an activated sludge unit at different hydraulic residence times (HRTs) between 5 and 40 hours, whereas the feed chemical oxygen demand (COD), DCP concentrations, and sludge age were kept constant at 2500 +/- 50 mg/L, 150 mg/L, and 20 days, respectively. The resazurin method based on dehydrogenase activity was used for assessment of the feed and effluent wastewater toxicity. Percent COD, DCP, and toxicity removals increased, and the effluent COD, DCP, and toxicity levels decreased with increasing HRT. Biomass concentration in the aeration tank increased with increasing HRT because of low levels of DCP at high HRT levels, resulting in high COD, DCP, and toxicity removals. The sludge volume index decreased with increasing HRT, yielding well-settling organisms as a result of low levels of toxicity and high concentrations of active cells. Percent DCP and COD removals decreased with increasing specific DCP loading rate. The rates of DCP and COD removals showed a maximum at a low DCP concentration of 6 mg/L in the aeration tank, corresponding to a 25-hour HRT.     

Anaerobic treatment of high-saline wastewater using halophilic methanogens in laboratory-scale anaerobic filters.

The presence of a high concentration of sodium in wastewater is considered inhibitory for anaerobic biological treatment. This research was designed to investigate the potential use of halophilic methanogens and a mixed culture of halophilic methanogens and digester sludge, in anaerobic filters, for treatment of organic pollutants in high-saline wastewater at 35 degrees C. Data related to startup of the filters are presented. Both halophilic and mixed-culture anaerobic filters were able to operate at a sodium chloride concentration of 35 g/L, at organic loading rates (OLRs) of 6.2 and 5 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m(3) x d, respectively. The COD removal efficiency was as high as 80%, and the systems were able to maintain a low volatile fatty acids concentration of 500 mg/L. No significant difference in COD removal was observed between the halophilic filter and the mixed-culture filter. Increasing the salt concentration to 37 g/L at an OLR of 3 kg/m(3) x d caused system failure.