磺胺间甲氧嘧啶在土壤中的吸附/解吸特性研究

通过吸附/解吸动力学、吸附/解吸热力学试验研究了磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)在河南土壤上的吸附/解吸行为,并分析了影响SMM吸附/解吸的因素。结果表明,SMM在土壤中的吸附系数为18.9mL/g,土壤有机碳吸附系数为466.2mL/g,SMM在土壤中具有一定的移动性,对地下水和地表水存在一定的污染风险;描述SMM吸附过程的最优动力学方程为一级反应动力学方程,土壤对SMM的吸附近似于一级反应,且SMM在土壤中的吸附以物理吸附为主;用Freundlich方程来描述SMM在土壤的等温吸附行为最适宜,且SMM在土壤中的吸附经验常数的倒数均小于1,属于L-型吸附等温线。     

镉对土壤丁草胺降解作用的影响

本文初步研究了重金属镉对土壤丁草胺降解作用的影响。试验结果表明,镉浓度即使存10ppm时,也会显著降低丁草胺的降解速率。而1000ppm镉的抑制效应几与灭菌处理等同。     

用于石油污染土壤降解的高效降解菌的筛选及其降解条件优化

经过富集、分离优选出高效石油降解菌L-1,根据形态观察和生理生化特征初步鉴定为琼氏不动杆菌;采用单因素花盆实验模拟微生物原位修复并对其降解条件进行优化。结果表明,将高效石油降解菌应用于修复石油污染土壤,适宜接种量、表面活性剂浓度、CNP比、翻耕频率分别为15%、0.1%、100∶10∶1和1 d 1次;在该降解条件下修复28 d,可达到16.80%的石油降解率,远远高于土著微生物6.92%的降解率。     

Fenton 法降解抗生素磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠

应用Fenton高级氧化技术降解水溶液中抗生素磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠(SMMS),系统探讨了起始pH、CSMMS、CFe2+、CH2O2和温度等因素对SMMS降解效果的影响。结果表明:CSMMS=4.53 mg/L,pH=4.0,CH2O2=0.49 mmol/L,CFe2+=19.51μmol/L,T=25℃为最佳反应条件。在最佳条件下,87.4%的SMMS可以在120 min内降解。反应动力学研究表明Fenton氧化降解SMMS分为两个阶段,快速反应阶段和慢速反应阶段,并建立了两阶段动力学模型,模型拟合结果较好。研究结果为含有SMMS的污废水处理提供了基础数据和科学参考。     

外源营养物质对土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解效能的影响

实验以水淹法营造厌氧环境,研究了4种外源营养物质葡萄糖、乙酸、硫酸亚铁、氯化铁及其组合在不同添加浓度下对实际工业污染土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解效能的影响。研究结果表明,在低添加浓度下,无论单独添加还是组合添加营养物质都能明显强化六氯苯的厌氧降解效能,其强化能力大小顺序为：乙酸+硫酸亚铁>乙酸>葡萄糖>乙酸+氯化铁>氯化铁>硫酸亚铁。当乙酸和硫酸亚铁的添加浓度分别为8 g/L和1 g/L时,六氯苯的降解率达到最大,为62.72%,乙酸与硫酸亚铁的组合对六氯苯的降解起到了协同降解的作用。此外,研究还对高添加浓度下,六氯苯降解效能降低的原因进行了初步探索。     

黑麦草对土壤中残留抗生素的降解及其对微生物活性的影响

为了研究抗生素污染土壤的修复方法,利用黑麦草对土壤中残留抗生素进行降解,并探讨土壤微生物生态活性及根系体表特征的响应。结果表明：黑麦草对土壤中四环素、金霉素、恩诺沙星、洛美沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星的降解速率均显著大于对照（pr=-0.948,p<0.05）。     

添加给水厂残泥对稻田土壤中毒死蜱环境赋存及厌氧降解的影响

给水厂残泥(WTR)是给水厂混凝过程产生的安全废弃物,是一种高效低廉的毒死蜱吸附材料。为评估将WTR作为吸附材料添加于土壤中缓解毒死蜱危害的可行性,探究了添加WTR对稻田土壤中毒死蜱环境赋存、厌氧降解及其代谢产物TCP形成的影响。实验结果表明:毒死蜱首要厌氧降解途径是快速水解为TCP,添加WTR显著降低了土壤中毒死蜱与TCP的生物有效性(P<0.05)。72 d厌氧培养时间内,未添加WTR土壤中高达79%的毒死蜱主要以生物可利用态存在;在WTR添加土壤中,72%～95%的毒死蜱以稳定的残渣态存在,但毒死蜱在土壤中的降解速度因此减慢,TCP生成量随之减少。在未添加WTR土壤中,92%以上的TCP以水溶态为主,添加WTR可有效减少其水溶态所占比例,WTR添加量为10%时,其水溶态含量降至47%。随着WTR添加量增加,毒死蜱与TCP由土壤向上覆水迁移的量显著减少(P<0.05)。未添加WTR的土壤水溶液体系上覆水中毒死蜱和TCP浓度分别高达537 μg·L-1和1 750 μg·L-1,添加2%WTR可使其最高浓度分别降低50%。在厌氧滞水的稻田土壤中,WTR主要金属元素(Fe、Al和Mn)稳定性强,二次污染风险较低。综合以上研究结果,WTR适于作为土壤添加物应用于毒死蜱与TCP污染控制。     

不同前处理方式对铁屑还原降解土壤中对硝基苯酚的影响

为推动铁屑在治理受硝基酚类化合物污染土壤中的实际应用,常温(25±1℃)常压下,利用不同前处理方式处理的铁屑、还原铁粉对土壤中的对硝基苯酚(p-NP)进行了还原降解研究;分析了土壤部分理化性质对p-NP还原效果的影响;并对反应时间、铁屑用量和土壤含水量3个人工易控因素作了最优化选择。结果表明:铁屑和铁粉对p-NP还原降解效果影响的大小顺序为:酸洗铁屑还原铁粉水洗铁屑碱洗铁屑;适中的土壤含水量、偏酸性的土壤初始pH值及较高的土壤有机质含量均可显著提高铁屑对p-NP的还原率;正交实验结果显示反应时间对p-NP还原效果影响最大,铁屑用量次之,土壤含水量最小;处理1.5 g p-NP浓度约为1.3×10-5mol/g的模拟污染土壤的反应最优化条件为:酸洗铁屑用量26 mg,土壤含水量0.35 mL,反应时间130 m in,还原率可达到96.4%。     

微生物降解土壤中石油污染物的研究进展

石油的开采、加工、输送及使用过程中，对大气、土壤、水体带来了严重污染，目前在利用微生物降解石油污染物的研究已有很多，并筛选出许多可降解石油污染物的细菌和真菌，这些菌株在降解过程中，主要受营养元素和表面活性的影响，特别是在多环芳烃的微生物降解方面，因此，针对国内外在石油污染物生物降解方面的研究成果进行了综述及展望。     

氟乐灵在土壤中的残留与降解

笔者综述了氟乐灵在土壤中的残留与降解问题。多数学者认为,由于氟乐灵岛挥发和光解,施用后,又往往被土壤强烈吸附在耕层,难于迁移。因此,一般不会因土壤残留造成对环境的污染。气候条件和土壤性质是影响氟乐灵残留与降解的重要因素。     

多环芳烃降解菌菌群构建及其适宜降解环境条件的确定

利用富集培养技术从某焦化厂土壤中筛选出来的菌种,根据3种不同的配伍方式构成3种不同的菌群。以苯并[a]芘、苯并[b]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽和茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘5种多环芳烃为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基,不同菌群降解效率均达到60%以上。模拟多环芳烃污染的土壤环境,利用正交实验对菌群组合、菌量等因素不同水平探索降解的适宜条件。降解14 d的适宜条件为组合二：菌量20%、温度30℃、土壤含水率15%、营养盐质量比（m（C）：m（N）：m（P））为120：10：1、表面活性剂500 mg·kg-1、Fenton试剂和植物油2.5%;降解28 d的适宜条件为组合三：菌量10%、温度30℃、土壤含水率15%、m（C）：m（N）：m（P）为100：10：1、表面活性剂1 000 mg·kg-1、Fenton试剂和植物油5%;降解52 d的适宜条件为组合三：菌量20%、温度20℃、土壤含水率35%、m（C）：m（N）：m（P）为120：10：1、表面活性剂500 g·kg-1、Fenton试剂和植物油为0。m（C）：m（N）：m（P）随着降解时间的延长影响作用逐渐减小。在降解的整个阶段,菌群组合的类型对于降解率的影响最大。对于降解14 d时,菌群组合二为最优菌群,对于降解28和52 d时,菌群组合三为最优菌群。     

Effect of soil properties on degradation and sorption of methyl bromide in soil

Methyl bromide (CH₃Br) is currently the most widely used soil fumigant, and its emission into the atmosphere after application reportedly contributes to ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Irreversible degradation and partially reversible sorption reactions affect the quantity of this furnigant reaching the soil surface and escaping into the atmosphere. Incubation studies in closed headspace vials under controlled conditions showed that degradation of CH₃Br was highly dependent on soil organic matter content, and to a lesser extent, on the moisture level in the soil. Methylation of CH₃Br on organic matter was suggested to be the major reaction that CH₃Br undergoes in the soil environment. Other soil constituents such as clay did not contribute to the degradation under moist or air-dried conditions, though enhanced degradation was observed on oven-dried montmorillonite and kaolinite clays. Within soil profiles, degradation of CH₃Br decreased with soil depth mainly due to the reduction of soil organic matter content with depth. In both Greenfield and Wasco sandy loams, the degradation rate of CH₃Br in soil layers from 0 to 270 cm could be estimated from soil organic matter content. Sorption of CH₃Br on moist soils was generally limited, and varied with soil depth. The degree of sorption could be predicted from soil moisture alone or soil moisture and organic matter content.     

Effect of ferrous sulfate on parathion degradation in flooded soil.

In an isotope study, the effect of ferrous sulfate on the degradation of parathion was studied under flooded soil conditions. The addition of ferrous sulfate to flooded soil led to more rapid and extensive degradation of parathion with the formation of additional degradation products in ferrous sulfate-amended soil. This effect was not pronounced when ferrous sulfate was added to non-flooded soil or to flooded autoclaved soil. Sulfate, rather than Fe2+, was implicated in the extensive degradation of parathion.     

超微淀粉基薄膜环境降解特性研究

采用物理方法制备超微淀粉，并研究了超微淀粉基薄膜的环境降解特性，结果表明，物理法制备超微淀粉没有废水产生。超微淀粉平均粒径为3.3μm，结晶度降至13.1%；超微淀粉基薄膜中淀粉质量分数可高达55％，高质量分数的超微淀粉对于薄膜的光降解有促进作用，而土埋120d后，该薄膜生物降解率达52％。     

Effect of fluctuating soil humidity on in situ bioavailability and degradation of atrazine

This study elucidates the effect of fluctuating soil moisture on the co-metabolic degradation of atrazine (6-chloro-N²-ethyl-N⁴-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) in soil. Degradation experiments with ¹⁴C-ring-labelled atrazine were carried out at (i) constant (CH) and (ii) fluctuating soil humidity (FH). Temperature was kept constant in all experiments. Experiments under constant soil moisture conditions were conducted at a water potential of −15 kPa and the sets which were run under fluctuating soil moisture conditions were subjected to eight drying-rewetting cycles where they were dried to a water potential of around −200 kPa and rewetted to −15 kPa. Mineralization was monitored continuously over a period of 56 d. Every two weeks the pesticide residues in soil pore water (PW), the methanol-extractable pesticide residues, the non-extractable residues (NER), and the total cell counts were determined. In the soil with FH conditions, mineralization of atrazine as well as the formation of the intermediate product deisopropyl-2-hydroxyatrazine was increased compared to the soil with constant humidity. In general, we found a significant correlation between the formation of this metabolite and atrazine mineralization. The cell counts were not different in the two experimental variants. These results indicate that the microbial activity was not a limiting factor but the mineralization of atrazine was essentially controlled by the bioavailability of the parent compound and the degradation product deisopropyl-2-hydroxyatrazine.     

土壤中异黄酮植物雌激素降解体系的研究

利用睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(菌株C.test十act5)具有消化多环芳烃类化合物这一特性,以异黄酮植物雌激素为底物筛选菌株C.test+act5降解雌激素的培养条件,使异黄酮植物雌激素在土壤中的含量相对降低,以期为高效降解环境中激素类物质奠定基础.结果表明:菌株C.test+act5降解异黄酮植物雌激素的最适质量浓度为100～200 μg/mL,最适温度为30℃,最适pH为6.0;在此条件下,降解48 h时的降解率达85％左右,72 h后几乎完全被降解.     

染料厂污染土壤中六氯苯的水淹法厌氧降解

以乙酸为碳源,采用正交实验的方法,探讨了水淹法厌氧降解某染料厂污染土壤中六氯苯的效果,研究考察了初始pH、反应温度和固液比3个环境因素对六氯苯降解率的影响,确定了六氯苯最佳的厌氧降解条件。结果表明,初始pH对土壤中六氯苯的降解率影响最大。在初始pH为5,反应温度为45℃,固液比为1∶1的最佳反应条件下,六氯苯的降解率最高达到52.56%。     

Carbofuran degradation in soil profiles

Abstract

Two soils, Puyallup fine sandy loam from Puyallup, WA, and Ellzey fine sand from Hastings, FL, each with a prior history of carbofiiran exposure but with different pedological and climatological characteristics, were found to exhibit enhanced degradation toward carbofiiran in surface and subsurface soil layers. The treated Puyallup and Ellzey soils exhibited higher mineralization rates for both the carbonyl and the aromatic ring of carbofiiran when compared to untreated soils. Disappearance rates of [¹⁴C‐URL (uniformly ring labeled)] carbofiiran in the treated Ellzey soil was faster than in untreated soil, and also faster in surface soil than in subsurface soil. Initial degradation patterns in the treated Ellzey soil were also different from those in the untreated soil. The treated Ellzey soil degraded carbofuran mainly through biological hydrolysis, while untreated soil degraded carbofuran through both oxidative and hydrolytic processes.