Chicken manure increased concentration of organic sulfur compounds in field-grown onions

A field study was conducted at Kentucky State University (KSU) Research Farm. The soil in five plots was mixed with sewage sludge, five plots were mixed with yard waste compost, five plots were mixed with laying hen manure each at 15 t acre^?1, and five unamended plots that never received soil amendments were used for comparison purposes. Plots were planted with onion, Allium cepa L. var. Super Star-F1. The objectives of this investigation were to: 1) determine the concentrations of two organosulfur compounds (dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide) in onion bulbs and 2) investigate the effect of mixing soil with three amendments (sewage sludge, yard waste, and chicken manure) on the concentration of dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide in onion bulbs. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analyses of onion oil in chloroform extracts revealed the presence of two major fragment ions that correspond to dipropyl disulfide and – trisulfide. Concentration of these two organic sulfur compounds was greatest (1.5 and 0.8 mg 100 g^?1 fresh weight, respectively) in onion bulbs of plants grown in chicken manure and lowest (0.4 and 0.07 mg 100 g^?1 fresh weight, respectively) in onion bulbs of plants grown in yard waste compost treatments. We concluded that chicken manure could be exploited in growing onions with health-promoting properties.     

Modeling effects of moisture content and advection on odor causing vocs volatilization from stored swine manure

Abstract

Two models for evaluating the contents and advection of manure moisture on odor causing volatile organic compounds (VOC‐odor) volatilization from stored swine manure were studied for their ability to predict the volatilization rate (indoor air concentration) and cumulative exposure dose: a MJ‐I model and a MJ‐II model. Both models simulating depletion of source contaminant via volatilization and degradation based on an analytical model adapted from the behavior assessment model of Jury et al. In the MJ‐I model, manure moisture movement was negligible, whereas in the MJ‐II model, time‐dependent indoor air concentrations was a function of constant manure moisture contents and steady‐state moisture advection. Predicted indoor air concentrations and inhaled doses for the study VOC‐odors of p‐cresol, toluene, and p‐xylene varied by up to two to three orders of magnitude depending on the manure moisture conditions. The sensitivity analysis of both models suggests that when manure moisture movement exists, simply MJ‐I model is inherently not sufficient to represent a more generally volatilization process, which can even become stringent as moisture content increases. The conclusion illustrates how one needs to include a wide variety of manure moisture values in order to fully assess the complex volatilization mechanisms that are present in a real situation.     

Chicken manure enhanced yield and quality of field-grown kale and collard greens

Organic matter and nutrients in municipal sewage sludge (SS) and chicken manure (CM) could be recycled and used for land farming to enhance fertility and physical properties of soils. Three soil management practices were used at Kentucky State University Research Farm, Franklin County, to study the impact of soil amendments on kale (Brassica oleracea cv. Winterbar) and collard (Brassica oleracea cv. Top Bunch) yields and quality. The three soil management practices were: (i) SS mixed with native soil at 15 t acre^?1, (ii) CM mixed with native soil at 15 t acre^?1, and (iii) no-mulch (NM) native soil for comparison purposes. At harvest, collard and kale green plants were graded according to USDA standards. Plants grown in CM and SS amended soil produced the greatest number of U.S. No. 1 grade of collard and kale greens compared to NM native soil. Across all treatments, concentrations of ascorbic acid and phenols were generally greater in kale than in collards. Overall, CM and SS enhanced total phenols and ascorbic acid contents of kale and collard compared to NM native soil. We investigated the chemical and physical properties of each of the three soil treatments that might explain variability among treatments and the impact of soil amendments on yield, phenols, and ascorbic acid contents of kale and collard green grown under this practice.     

TiO2纳米粒子光催化降解室内挥发性有机污染物苯的研究

利用溶胶凝胶法制备了纳米TiO2粒子。通过X射线粉末衍射分析，晶相为锐钛矿和金红石混晶，晶粒尺寸约为13nm。以苯为目标污染物，研究了不同的苯初始浓度、氧气、催化剂的用量以及光源强度和波长对光催化效率的影响。结果发现，氧气可以提高光催化降解苯的效率；无论在有氧条件还是无氧条件下，随着苯初始浓度的降低，光催化效率升高；光源的强度和波长对光催化效率具有影响；对于光催化降解0．70μg／cm^3苯而言，最佳的TiO2投入量为0.1g。     

TiO2纳米粒子光催化降解室内挥发性有机污染物苯的研究

利用溶胶凝胶法制备了纳米TiO2粒子.通过X射线粉末衍射分析,晶相为锐钛矿和金红石混晶,晶粒尺寸约为13 nm.以苯为目标污染物,研究了不同的苯初始浓度、氧气、催化剂的用量以及光源强度和波长对光催化效率的影响.结果发现,氧气可以提高光催化降解苯的效率;无论在有氧条件还是无氧条件下,随着苯初始浓度的降低,光催化效率升高;光源的强度和波长对光催化效率具有影响;对于光催化降解0.70μg/cm3苯而言,最佳的TiO2投入量为0.1g.     

紫外光降解气态氯苯的影响因素及其动力学研究

紫外光降解挥发性有机物(VOCs)是一种新型的废气处理技术.采用主波长为365 nm的500 W高压汞灯为光源,重点考察了空塔停留时间、氯苯初始浓度、反应介质等对氯苯光降解效果的影响.结果表明,在氯苯初始浓度较低时.氯苯去除率随着空塔停留时间的延长而呈线性升高.最大去除率达87%;而氯苯初始浓度过高时会使单位分子接受的光子和活性基团数量下降,引起氯苯去除率降低,空气介质中的O2和H2O在光照下可转化为活性基团.进而增强了光降解效果;而在氮气介质下光降解氯苯的效率大大降低,最大去除率仅为61%.在氯苯为0.36～8.64 mg/L时,紫外光降解氯苯遵循二级反应动力学方程.     

车内空气中挥发性有机物的研究

采用热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用法对4辆处于静止状态下的车辆内部空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了研究,共定性检出了48种有机物,其中C6～C9之间的组分较多;并对VOCs的总浓度进行了定量,1#～4#车分别为1846、2289、1104和3146 μg/m^3;其中BTEX占VOCs总量的20%～30%;车内VOCs浓度与温度及车辆使用年限密切相关.     

土壤气监测在污染地块调查评估中的优势、局限及解决思路

目前,我国污染地块调查评估以土壤监测为主,辅以地下水监测。这套方法对于挥发性有机物(VOCs)的特殊性考虑不足,可能出现遗漏污染区域的可能性。与土壤监测相比,土壤气监测在VOCs污染地块调查评估中具有可捕捉VOCs污染区域的能力更强,能更准确反映VOCs的气态扩散迁移过程和呼吸暴露风险,以及长期监测成本较低等优势,故有必要将土壤气监测作为VOCs污染地块调查评估的常规工作内容。针对土壤气监测在国内推广应用中仍受到缺乏土壤气采样技术规范、分析检测标准方法、土壤气环境质量标准或风险筛选值及相应的数据分析方法等问题的局限,提出相应的解决思路以供参考。     

臭氧氧化苯乙烯有机气体性能及机制

采用臭氧高级氧化处理高浓度苯乙烯有机废气,研究了进气苯乙烯浓度、臭氧浓度、停留时间、O₃/C₈H₈摩尔比对苯乙烯去除效率的影响。研究结果表明,臭氧氧化能有效净化苯乙烯有机废气,苯乙烯去除效率可达66.6%。适宜运行条件为：停留时间为3.6 s,O₃/C₈H₈摩尔比为0.46。采用GC-MS分析臭氧氧化苯乙烯出口气样,研究结果表明,苯甲醛（C₆H₅CHO）和苯甲酸（C₆H₅COOH）为臭氧氧化苯乙烯的中间产物。臭氧高级氧化苯乙烯机制为苯乙烯气体被臭氧氧化为苯甲醛和苯甲酸,然后继续臭氧氧化为最终产物二氧化碳和水。     

车内空气中挥发性有机物的研究

采用热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用法对4辆处于静止状态下的车辆内部空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行了研究,共定性检出了48种有机物,其中C6~C9之间的组分较多;并对VOCs的总浓度进行了定量,1#~4#车分别为1846、2289、1104和3146μg/m3;其中BTEX占VOCs总量的20%~30%;车内VOCs浓度与温度及车辆使用年限密切相关。     

天津市挥发性有机物污染特征与来源及其O3生成潜势

为深入了解天津市大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)来源及对O3的影响,基于2020年天津市VOCs在线监测数据,统计分析了VOCs污染特征,用主成分分析法对天津市VOCs的来源进行解析,用最大增量反应活性法分析VOCs的O3生成潜势(OFP).结果表明:2020年天津市VOCs的年均质量浓度总和为56.56μg/m3,其中,...     

Bioefficacy,dissipation kinetics and safety evaluation of selected insecticides in Allium cepa L

This paper reports the bioefficacy of selected insecticides against thrips and their pre-harvest intervals (PHI) in onion pertaining to their recommended application rates and maximum residue limits. Profenophos, methomyl and imidacloprid showed comparatively higher bioefficacy against thrips. GC-MS and LC-MS/MS-based residue analysis methods in onion bulbs and composite matrix of bulbs+leaves were thoroughly validated. The residue data for bulb+leaves was assessed with reference to the EU-MRLs applicable for spring onion. Dimethoate was the most stable chemical with PHI of 52.5 days, followed by monocrotophos (24 days) and carbofuran (20.5 days). The PHIs of profenophos, chlorpyrifos, methomyl and cypermethrin were similar and within the range of 10–13 days. Imidacloprid and λ-cyhalothrin had similar PHI of 4.5 days. Spinosad was the fastest-degrading chemical with PHI of 2 days. The combined bioefficacy and residue dynamics information will support label-claim of these insecticides for the management of thrips in onion, help in scheduling their applications in pest management program as per relative PHIs and minimize the residue accumulations at harvest. The dietary exposure was less than the maximum permissible intake for most of the insecticides on all sampling days except for dimethoate and monocrotophos.     

吸附法净化工业VOCs的研究进展

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)是大气中PM2.5及O3的关键前体物,大多易燃易爆,部分属有毒有害物质,会造成大气环境污染,有损人群健康.吸附法因简单高效及低成本等优点被广泛应用于VOCs的净化.综述了工业VOCs的类型及特点,分析了影响VOCs吸附净化效果的主要因素,如吸附材料、吸附剂物化参数(比表面积、孔结构、表面官能...     

石油石化挥发性有机液体装载源项VOCs排放管控现状及减排策略建议

综合消费量、真实蒸气压和单物质最大增量反应活性 (MIR) 等影响挥发性有机物 (VOCs) 光化学反应的关键因素,筛选10种大宗挥发性有机液体,对其载运工具、装载方式、装载环节VOCs排放和治理现状进行调研。结果显示,10种大宗挥发性有机液体整体以汽车装载为主,其次为船舶和火车,占比依次为53.6%、26.5%、19.8%;汽车装车基本建成油气回收,多数实现底部装载;火车装车油气回收较为普遍,但全部为上装,收集效率较低;装船建成油气回收设施较少。根据装载源项VOCs的治理现状、标准要求及减排潜力分析,提出我国当前装载环节VOCs减排策略：原油是目前装载环节重点管控物质,应加快各类装载方式油气回收进程;装载工具方面,应加快装船VOCs治理进度;治理措施方面,应重点加强VOCs收集效果的优化和监管。本研究可为我国石油石化领域装载环节的VOCs污染管控提供参考。     

菜籽饼施加对镉-铜污染土壤中重金属形态转化及其植物有效性的影响

选择菜籽饼作为有机物料,模拟水田条件,研究菜籽饼施用后重金属污染土壤中镉-铜的赋存形态的变化及其有效性的影响。结果表明,菜籽饼施加后,土壤pH波动在0.5内,变化较小。但在一定程度促进土壤中镉、铜由弱酸提取态向可还原态转化,残渣态占比变化均较小。经培养一定时间,植物有效态DTPA-Cd由1.26±0.03下降至0.69±0.03,下降幅度约为45.2%,DTPA-Cu由82.9±0.09下降至48.7±0.09,最大下降幅度约为41.3%,下降较为明显。同时,土壤溶液中可溶性碳（DOC）和可溶性氮（DON）的含量显著增加,分别增加约4.14倍和6.48倍,因此,菜籽饼应用于重金属污染水稻土改良,可以间接降低水稻中重金属的含量。     

基于SPECIATE数据库的典型行业挥发性有机恶臭物质筛选

恶臭物质成分复杂、来源广泛,故需要筛选并优先控制恶臭物质。基于美国SPECIATE数据库,选取涂料、垃圾填埋、污水处理、纸浆和造纸、石油炼制、堆肥、合成橡胶和合成树脂共8类典型行业,以质量分数、嗅阈值、饱和蒸气压和大气周围环境目标值为评估参数,建立合适的筛选原则、程序和方法。通过分级赋值和多参数综合评分筛选出84种(类)典型行业挥发性有机恶臭物质。结合国内外标准和研究,建议将苯乙烯、丙醛、丙酸、丁醛、丁酸、二甲苯、二甲基二硫醚、二硫化碳、甲苯、甲基乙基酮、甲基异丁基酮、甲硫醇、甲硫醚、戊醛、戊酸、乙醛、乙酸丁酯、乙酸乙酯和异丁醇,共19种(类)物质作为优先控制挥发性有机恶臭物质,以作为监控管理、评估空气异味和标准制修订的参考。     

印刷环节挥发性有机物无组织排放特征测定研究

对使用溶剂型油墨的凹版印刷设备和使用水性油墨的柔版印刷设备无组织排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)浓度进行了实际监测,并采用计算流体动力学模拟无组织排放VOCs的收集效率。结果表明：(1)使用溶剂型油墨的凹版连续印刷过程非甲烷总烃(NMHC)最高均值达到5 975.67 mg/m³,约为使用水性油墨的柔版印刷(191.67 mg/m³)的31.2倍。虽然使用水性油墨可明显降低NMHC的排放,但其操作空间的浓度依然存在超过《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分：化学有害因素》(GBZ 2.1—2019)的现象。(2)印刷车间应该设置专门的调墨室,能缓解印刷车间内挥发性污染气体浓度的波动。(3)计算流体动力学模拟显示,设置合理的集气罩可有效降低VOCs的无组织排放,收集效率为70%～75%。     

Cr-Ce/Al2O3催化剂对挥发性有机物的催化降解

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同铬铈负载量和铬铈负载比例的Cr-Ce/Al2O3催化剂,采用XRD、BET、NH3-TPD以及H2-TPR对所制得的催化剂进行表征。在空速为15 000 h-1、挥发性有机物体积分数为1 500 μL·L-1的条件下,于固定床反应器上考察了催化剂在三氯乙烯(TCE)催化氧化降解反应中的催化活性。实验结果表明,Cr-Ce/Al2O3(5%,10%)系列催化剂具有较好的低温催化降解三氯乙烯活性,其中Cr-Ce/Al2O3(5%,10%)活性最高,在271.3 ℃时可将尾气中90%的三氯乙烯降解。催化剂反应800 min后活性仅有轻微下降,说明该催化剂具有较好的稳定性。此外,将该催化剂用于其他VOCs催化降解反应中同样具有较好的活性,在350 ℃时可以将尾气中VOCs完全降解。     

Determination of disulfoton and permethrin residues in an organic soil and their translocation into lettuce,onion and carrot 1

Abstract

The residues of disulfoton and permethrin in an organic soil and in vegetables grown in soil treated with a granular formulation of the pesticides were determined by gas chromatography. The residues were removed from soil or plant samples by successive extractions with acetone and hexane. Permethrin persisted in the soil for the initial 28 days and declined slowly during the rest of the season but disulfoton after persisting for one week at the applied concentration was degraded in the next two weeks. The insecticides did not translocate into the edible parts of the vegetables but were present in the root system of onion and lettuce. Carrot and lettuce yields were not significantly different from those of the controls but onion yields were substantially decreased by the use of per‐methrin.     

室内空气污染分析方法研究进展

本文对室内空气污染分析方法进行了详细综述 ,以期对开发室内空气污染分析的新方法及新技术提供参考。