Reducing ammonia emissions and volatile fatty acids in poultry litter with liquid aluminum chloride

This study was a pen trial in which the effects of adding different rates of liquid aluminum chloride (AlCl(3)) on litter pH, total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and ammonia (NH(3)) fluxes was evaluated. Liquid AlCl(3) treatments used in this study were sprayed on the rice hull surface at rates of 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g liquid AlCl(3)/kg rice hulls; untreated rice hulls served as controls. Litter pH, total VFAs, and NH(3) fluxes were all lowered (P< 0.05) by all of the liquid AlCl(3) treatments compared with controls during certain times of the 5 week study. However, there were no significant differences among treatments on litter pH at the end of the study (from 3 to 5 weeks) or NH(3) fluxes at beginning of the study (0 to 3 weeks). Total VFAs were reduced 16 %, 29 %, and 53 % by 100 g liquid AlCl(3)/kg rice hulls, 200 g liquid AlCl(3)/kg rice hulls, and 300 g liquid AlCl(3)/kg rice hulls, respectively. Liquid AlCl(3)additions reduced NH(3) fluxes by 35 %, 57 % and 67 %, respectively, at the low, medium and high rates. In summary, these results indicate that adding liquid aluminum chloride to rice hulls would be a useful tool in reducing the negative environmental impact of poultry litter. It should be noted that the decreased VFA production and NH(3) volatilization was chiefly associated with reduction in litter pH.     

Direct and indirect effects of ammonia, ammonium and nitrate on phosphatase activity and carbon fluxes from decomposing litter in peatland

Here we investigate the response of soils and litter to 5 years of experimental additions of ammonium (NH₄), nitrate (NO₃), and ammonia (NH₃) to an ombrotrophic peatland. We test the importance of direct (via soil) and indirect (via litter) effects on phosphatase activity and efflux of CO₂. We also determined how species representing different functional types responded to the nitrogen treatments. Our results demonstrate that additions of NO₃, NH₄ and NH₃ all stimulated phosphatase activity but the effects were dependent on species of litter and mechanism (direct or indirect). Deposition of NH₃ had no effect on efflux of CO₂ from Calluna vulgaris litter, despite it showing signs of stress in the field, whereas both NO₃ and NH₄ reduced CO₂ fluxes. Our results show that the collective impacts on peatlands of the three principal forms of nitrogen in atmospheric deposition are a result of differential effects and mechanisms on individual components.     

Impact of biochar application to a Mediterranean wheat crop on soil microbial activity and greenhouse gas fluxes

Biochar has been recently proposed as a management strategy to improve crop productivity and global warming mitigation. However, the effect of such approach on soil greenhouse gas fluxes is highly uncertain and few data from field experiments are available. In a field trial, cultivated with wheat, biochar was added to the soil (3 or 6 kg m⁻²) in two growing seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010) so to monitor the effect of treatments on microbial parameters 3 months and 14 months after char addition. N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes were measured in the field during the first year after char addition. Biochar incorporation into the soil increased soil pH (from 5.2 to 6.7) and the rates of net N mineralization, soil microbial respiration and denitrification activity in the first 3 months, but after 14 months treated and control plots did not differ significantly. No changes in total microbial biomass and net nitrification rate were observed. In char treated plots, soil N₂O fluxes were from 26% to 79% lower than N₂O fluxes in control plots, excluding four sampling dates after the last fertilization with urea, when N₂O emissions were higher in char treated plots. However, due to the high spatial variability, the observed differences were rarely significant. No significant differences of CH₄ fluxes and field soil respiration were observed among different treatments, with just few exceptions. Overall the char treatments showed a minimal impact on microbial parameters and GHG fluxes over the first 14 months after biochar incorporation.     

掺Al-TiO2改性膨润土去除微污染水中COD和NH4-N

采用掺Al-TiO2作为改性剂制备改性膨润土,考察了微波辐射功率、辐射时间、TiO2改性剂用量、铝盐掺杂量、pH值对微污染水中COD和NH4-N去除效果的影响。实验表明,微波辐射功率为460 W,辐射时间为8 min,TiO2改性剂用量为1.3 mmol/g,铝盐掺杂量为0.2 mmol/g为最佳制备条件。pH值为6.0,改性膨润土投加量为40 mg/L,沉淀时间为30min时,对微污染水中初始浓度15 mg/L的COD和5 mg/L的NH4-N去除率分别达到92%和59%以上。     

O3/H2O2处理嘧啶废水的研究

采用O3/H2O2法对嘧啶废水进行处理,考察了不同反应条件对嘧啶和COD去除率的影响,并对O3/H2O2降解嘧啶的反应机制和动力学进行了初步探讨.实验结果表明,在pH值为11,反应时间为70 min,O3流量为4g/h,H2O2投加量为50 mmol/L的条件下,废水的嘧啶和COD的去除率分别达到86.46%和74.9...     

超声波-膜生物法联合处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液

采用超声波-膜生物法(MBR)联合处理垃圾渗滤液,探讨了超声波辐射时间和MBR的水力负荷对COD、NH3-N和TP去除的影响。结果表明,(1)超声波单独处理时,超声波辐射时间在30～90 s时,COD、NH3-N最大增加率分别34.31%、3.36%,而对TP的去除没有影响;(2)超声波-膜生物(MBR)联合处理时,超声波辐射时间为300 s,MBR的水力负荷为6.4 L/(m2.d)时,COD、NH3-N和TP的最佳去除率分别为92.20%、80.10%和91.12%;MBR的水力负荷为12.8 L/(m2.d),超声波辐射时间在5～20 min时,COD、NH3-N的最佳去除率分别为92.34%、79.93%,TP的浓度低于0.2 mg/L;MBR反应时间为7 h,超声波辐射时间为5～20 min,与未进行超声波辐射处理(超声波辐射时间为0 min)相比,COD、NH3-N的去除率增加了11.37%、15.26%;超声波预处理有助于提高后续MBR对COD、NH3-N的去除作用。     

均相催化强化US/FCME协同体系降解硝基苯

考察了NaCl、AlCl3、Na2SiO3、CuSO44种均相催化剂对超声波(US)/铁炭微电解(FCME)协同体系降解硝基苯的催化效果,结果表明,CuSO4的催化效果最好,在体系反应液初始pH为3.0,混合填料投加量为5.0 g/L(铁炭质量比为1∶1),CuSO4投加量为800 mg/L时,体系对硝基苯的降解率达到99.2%,但溶液COD值仅下降了24.6%,矿化效果一般,红外光谱分析表明降解体系的主要中间产物为苯胺。     

新型微生物菌剂对垃圾渗滤液的除臭效果

利用从食材中筛选纯化的特定微生物制成新型复合菌剂,以不同浓度梯度处理垃圾渗滤液,测定其在自然条件下的嗅阈值,监测NH3和H2S即时挥发浓度的变化,评价菌剂的综合除臭效果,设计三因素三水平实验并采用响应面优化法对反应适宜的实验参数进行了优化。研究结果表明,新型复合菌剂的投加会使垃圾渗滤液嗅阈值明显下降;响应面优化模型分析表明,反应时间2.5 d时和0.5%的菌剂投加对抑制NH3的挥发效果最好,而反应时间2.5 d和0.2%的投入量对抑制H2S的挥发效果最好,氧气的供应情况对两者的挥发抑制效果影响不显著。     

Processes and factors controlling N₂O production in an intensively managed low carbon calcareous soil under sub-humid monsoon conditions

An automated system for continuous measurement of N₂O fluxes on an hourly basis was employed to study N₂O emissions in an intensively managed low carbon calcareous soil under sub-humid temperate monsoon conditions. N₂O emissions occurred mainly within two weeks of application of NH₄⁺-based fertilizer and total N₂O emissions in wheat (average 0.35 or 0.21 kg N ha⁻¹ season⁻¹) and maize (average 1.47 or 0.49 kg N ha⁻¹ season⁻¹) under conventional and optimum N fertilization (300 and 50-122 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively) were lower than previously reported from low frequency measurements. Results from closed static chamber showed that N₂O was produced mainly from nitrification of NH₄⁺-based fertilizer, with little denitrification occurring due to limited readily oxidizable carbon and low soil moisture despite consistently high soil nitrate-N concentrations. Significant reductions in N₂O emissions can be achieved by optimizing fertilizer N rates, using nitrification inhibitors, or changing from NH₄⁺- to NO₃^ˉ-based fertilizers.     

臭氧辅助UV/Fenton法处理电镀添加剂生产废水

采用臭氧辅助光芬顿法处理电镀添加剂生产废水,考察双氧水、FeSO₄·7H₂O、pH和反应时间等因素对废水COD和UV₂₅₄去除的影响。实验结果表明,pH=4,臭氧通入量为0.25 g,双氧水的投加量93.3 mL/L,FeSO₄·7H₂O投加量为5.3 g/L,最佳反应时间为30 min,COD和UV₂₅₄去除率分别达到92.64%和87.95%。这表明,臭氧辅助光芬顿法对电镀添加剂生产废水处理效果显著,处理时间大大减少。     

稻秆负荷与pH对稻秆厌氧发酵产酸系统启动过程的影响

为探讨稻秆负荷（即稻秆VS/污泥VSS）与发酵pH对稻秆厌氧发酵产酸系统启动过程产挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）效果的影响,利用厌氧搅拌罐反应系统考察在不同的稻秆负荷（0.556、0.945、1.334和1.724 g/g）和不同的发酵pH（8.0、9.0和10.0）启动运行条件下的产酸性能,并分析了系统启动过程产酸与稻秆主要成分降解之间的关系。实验结果表明,VFAs浓度随稻秆负荷提高而增大,随发酵pH的升高而降低;发酵18 d时,发酵pH为9.0时,稻秆负荷1.334 g/g的产酸效果最好,VFAs浓度与稻秆产酸量分别为4 385.10 mg/L和2.19 gVFAs/g稻秆,此时半纤维素、纤维素和酸性洗涤木质素降解率分别为32.69%、22.53%和6.40%;稻秆负荷为0.945 g/g条件下,VFAs浓度在pH为8.0时达到最高值4 409.51 mg/L,此时稻秆降解量也最多,半纤维素、纤维素和酸性洗涤木质素降解率分别为28.60%、47.32%和22.69%。研究表明,稻秆负荷与发酵pH通过影响稻秆半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解影响稻秆厌氧发酵产酸的进程和效果。     

Ammonia volatilization loss from surface applied livestock manure

Ammonia (NH₃) emission from livestock manures used in agriculture reduces N uptake by crops and negatively impacts air quality. This laboratory study was conducted to evaluate NH₃emission from different livestock manures applied to two soils: Candler fins sand (CFS; light-textured soil, pH 6.8 and field capacity soil water content of 70 g kg^{? 1}) from Lake Alfred, Florida and Ogeechee loamy sand (OLS; medium-textured soil, pH 5.2 and field capacity soil water content of 140 g kg^{? 1}) from Savannah, Georgia. Poultry litter (PL) collected from a poultry farm near Douglas, Georgia, and fresh solid separate of swine manure (SM) collected from a farm near Clinton, North Carolina were used. Each of the soil was weighed in 100 g sub samples and amended with either PL or SM at rates equivalent to either 0, 2.24, 5.60, 11.20, or 22.40 Mg ha^{? 1} in 1L Mason jars and incubated in the laboratory at field capacity soil water content for 19 days to monitor NH₃ volatilization. Results indicated a greater NH₃ loss from soils amended with SM compared to that with PL. The cumulative NH₃volatilization loss over 19 days ranged from 4 to 27% and 14 to 32% of total N applied as PL and SM, respectively. Volatilization of NH₃ was greater from light-textured CFS than that from medium-textured OLS. Volatilization loss increased with increasing rates of manure application. Ammonia volatilization was lower at night time than that during the day time. Differences in major factors such as soil water content, temperature, soil type and live stock manure type influenced the diurnal variation in volatilization loss of NH₃ from soils. A significant portion (> 50%) of cumulative NH₃ emission over 19 d occurred during the first 5–7 d following the application of livestock manures. Results of this study demonstrate that application of low rates of livestock manure (≤ 5.60 Mg ha^{? 1}) is recommended to minimize NH₃ emissions.     

Ammonia emissions from livestock industries in Canada: Feasibility of abatement strategies

An updated national ammonia (NH₃) emissions inventory was employed to study the relationship between NH₃ emissions and livestock industries in Canada. Emissions from animal agriculture accounted for 322 kilotonnes (kt) or 64% of Canadian NH₃ emissions in 2002. Cattle and swine accounted for the bulk of livestock emissions. The provinces of Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan accounted for 28.1%, 22.0%, 18.7%, and 13.1% of total livestock emissions, respectively. Emissions from Ontario and Quebec were attributed to the intensive production of dairy, hogs and poultry. Dairy cattle emissions per hectolitre of milk were higher in Ontario and Québec than in other provinces, while swine emissions per livestock unit were higher than either beef or dairy cattle. A review of the abatement literature indicated diet manipulation to improve N efficiency and land spreading methods are very effective techniques to lower NH₃ emissions. Future research is required to evaluate the feasibility of biofilters and feces/urine separation methods.     

改性矿物吸附法和 O3氧化法对维生素 B12废水脱色处理简

采用改性矿物吸附法和O₃氧化法对某制药厂维生素B₁₂废水进行脱色处理。以废水色度去除率大于50%为目的,通过实验确定改性矿物吸附法和O₃氧化法处理维生素B₁₂废水的最佳工艺条件：废水的pH为3.00,有机化膨润土的投加量为5 g/L,PAC的投加量为6 g/L,投加有机化膨润土后搅拌时间为30 min时,废水的色度去除率可达到51.3%,处理成本为12.85元/t。O₃氧化法的最佳条件：废水的pH保持不变,O₃流量为5 g/h,反应时间为2 min,废水的色度去除率可达到68.8%,处理成本为0.96元/t。对比这2种方法,O₃氧化法处理该废水成本更低、效率更高,并且能提高废水的可生化性以便后续处理。     

微波辐射Bi2O3/沸石-H2O2体系降解废水中的硝基苯

研究了微波辐射下,以负载于沸石上的三氧化二铋为催化剂,以双氧水为氧化剂的催化氧化体系处理硝基苯工艺。通过单因素实验法,从反应催化剂负载量、pH、双氧水用量、微波功率、反应时间、催化剂用量等方面初步考察了硝基苯在该体系中的催化氧化效果。在氧化铋负载量3%（质量比）,pH=2,2 mL 30%双氧水,火力为中火,催化剂投加量为0.7 g,反应2 min,对降解过程所得的中间产物和终产物进行了分析。结果表明,该体系对硝基苯的去除率能够达到99.2%,COD去除率为73.91%。     

人工湿地基质对 NH+4-N 吸附性能简

为研究建筑废物红砖和工业废物煤渣用作人工湿地脱氮基质的可行性,分别通过静态吸附实验和动态NH₄⁺-N去除效果实验进行考察。结果表明,红砖和煤渣对NH₄⁺-N最大静态吸附量分别为0.2533 mg/g和0.0533 mg/g,其吸附等温曲线均符合Freundlich型吸附方程,吸附常数分别为0.0419和0.0091;红砖煤渣组合对污水中NH₄⁺-N平均动态脱除率达到41.18%,高于红砖的37.63%和煤渣的30.92%。     

钛基IrO2-SnO2电极在烟气海水脱硫恢复系统中的应用

采用浸渍-热分解法制备了含IrOx-TiO2中间层的IrO2-SnO2电极,得到的电极具有较高的析氯电催化活性和较强的稳定性,并通过电化学氧化法对Na2SO3海水脱硫模拟液进行处理,考察了电流密度、温度、pH值和电解时间等电解工艺参数对Na2SO3去除率和化学需氧量COD的影响.结果表明,在电流密度为200 mA/cm...     

Fenton试剂法降解餐厨垃圾异味

自行设计Fenton试剂法降解还原性气体异味的反应器,研究了Fenton试剂法处理餐厨垃圾异味主要成分(苯、乙酸乙酯、苯乙烯)的降解效果。以苯为典型代表物,优化得出该实验的最佳反应条件为:pH=3,FeSO4.7H2O投加量为1 g/L液相,30%H2O2投加量为10 mL/L液相,紫外光源辅助。结果证明,Fenton试剂法处理单一异味气体的效果较理想,在前180 min内能达到90%以上,该法在处理气态异味污染物方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

天然沸石负载La2O3-ZnO-TiO2光催化降解活性艳红K-2BP

利用80目天然斜发沸石作载体制备La₂O₃(0.5%)-ZnO(20%)-TiO₂/沸石复合光催化剂,以20 W紫外灯为光源,在自制的光催化反应器中降解活性艳红K-2BP,考察了光照时间、空气通入量、催化剂用量、溶液初始浓度、H₂O₂与Fe³⁺投加量等对活性艳红K-2BP光催化降解率的影响。结果表明,当溶液初始浓度为60 mg/L,催化剂投加量为12 g/L,通气量为1 200 mL/min,光照2.5 h,活性艳红K-2BP的降解率可达99.2%;H₂O₂和Fe³⁺投加量为4 mL/L和3 g/L时,光照1 h活性艳红K-2BP降解率分别为100%和97.2%。紫外可见吸收光谱显示,LZTZ光催化剂可有效降解印染废水。     

Effects of previous sublethal pulse to ammonium nitrate on mortality and total length on Epidalea calamita larvae

Ammonium nitrate is one of the most widespread contaminants related with the viability of natural amphibian populations. In this study we have evaluated in terms of mortality and total length the effects that a previous sublethal pulse to ammonium nitrate generates in Epidalea calamita. Experiments were divided in two phases. In the first one, tadpoles were exposed to two different treatments, with and without a low ammonium nitrate concentration (22 mg NH₄NO₃ L⁻¹). The second phase consisted in static toxicity experiments from both origin treatments with five different nominal concentrations (0, 22, 45, 90 and 180 mg NH₄NO₃ L⁻¹). Results showed that tadpoles that had experienced a previous sublethal exposure showed a negative effect on survival (57% of reduction in the LC₅₀ value) and total length, throughout an increase in their sensitivity. These results could help us to understand the situation of amphibian populations inhabiting aquatic ecosystems exposed to discontinuous and variable pulses of pollutants.