Atrazine degradation by fungal co-culture enzyme extracts under different soil conditions

This investigation was undertaken to determine the atrazine degradation by fungal enzyme extracts (FEEs) in a clay-loam soil microcosm contaminated at field application rate (5 μg g^?1) and to study the influence of different soil microcosm conditions, including the effect of soil sterilization, water holding capacity, soil pH and type of FEEs used in atrazine degradation through a 2⁴ factorial experimental design. The Trametes maxima–Paecilomyces carneus co-culture extract contained more laccase activity and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content (laccase = 18956.0 U mg protein^?1, H₂O₂ = 6.2 mg L^?1) than the T. maxima monoculture extract (laccase = 12866.7 U mg protein^?1, H₂O₂ = 4.0 mg L^?1). Both extracts were able to degrade atrazine at 100%; however, the T. maxima monoculture extract (0.32 h) achieved a lower half-degradation time than its co-culture with P. carneus (1.2 h). The FEE type (p = 0.03) and soil pH (p = 0.01) significantly affected atrazine degradation. The best degradation rate was achieved by the T. maxima monoculture extract in an acid soil (pH = 4.86). This study demonstrated that both the monoculture extracts of the native strain T. maxima and its co-culture with P. carneus can efficiently and quickly degrade atrazine in clay-loam soils.     

Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on the reduction of ultraviolet radiation‐induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in PC12 cells

The safety of Tinospora cordifolia and its potential to protect against ultraviolet radiation‐induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in PC12 cells were investigated. To evaluate the safety of T. cordifolia, cell viability and agarose gel electrophoresis were carried out using PC12 cells treated with 0 to 100 μg mL^?1 of methanol extract of T. cordifolia. T. cordifolia extracts did not show cytotoxicity ranging 0 to 100 μg mL^?1. In addition, T. cordifolia extracts significantly increased cell viability at 1 ng, 10 ng and 1 μg mL^?1 concentrations in serum‐deprived medium compared to control. To confirm the protective role against UV‐induced damage, PC12 cells alone or in the presence of 10 ng, 100 ng, or 1 μg mL^?1 of T. cordifolia extract were exposed to 250, 270 and 290 nm of UV radiation, which corresponded to doses of 120, 150 and 300 mJ cm^?2, respectively. Treatment with T. cordifolia extracts significantly increased the cell survival rate irradiated at 290 nm. In addition, T. cordifolia extracts significantly reduced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation induced by UV irradiation at all wavelengths. In conclusion, T. cordifolia is not toxic and safe for cells. Our findings can support its application as phototherapy in the medical sector.     

Acute and chronic ecotoxicity of carbaryl with a battery of aquatic bioassays

The ecotoxic effects of carbaryl (carbamate insecticide) were investigated with a battery of four aquatic bioassays. The nominal effective concentrations immobilizing 50% of Daphnia magna (EC50) after 24 and 48 h were 12.76 and 7.47 µg L^?1, respectively. After 21 days of exposure of D. magna, LOECs (lowest observed effect concentrations) for cumulative molts and the number of neonates per surviving adult were observed at carbaryl concentration of 0.4 µg L^?1. An increase of embryo deformities (curved or unextended shell spines) was observed at 1.8 and 3.7 µg L^?1, revealing that carbaryl could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna. Other bioassays of the tested battery were less sensitive: the IC50-72h and IC10-72h of the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata were 5.96 and 2.87 mg L^?1, respectively. The LC50-6d of the ostracod Heterocypris incongruens was 4.84 mg L^?1. A growth inhibition of H. incongruens was registered after carbaryl exposure and the IC20-6d was 1.29 mg L^?1. Our results suggest that the daphnid test sensitivity was better than other used tests. Moreover, carbaryl has harmful and toxic effects on tested species because it acts at low concentrations on diverse life history traits of species and induce embryo deformities in crustaceans.     

Single and combined effects of aluminum (Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>) and zinc (ZnO) oxide nanoparticles in a freshwater fish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus</Emphasis>

The increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) worldwide has raised some concerns about their impact on the environment. The aim of the study was to assess the toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles, singly or combined, in a freshwater fish (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed for 7, 14, and 21 days to different concentrations of NPs (10 μg Al₂O₃.L^?1, 10 μg ZnO.L^?1, 10 μg Al₂O₃.L^?1 plus 10 μg ZnO.L^?1, 100 μg Al₂O₃.L^?1, 100 μg ZnO.L^?1, and 100 μg Al₂O₃.L^?1 plus 100 μg ZnO.L^?1). At the end of each exposure period, antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase), lipid peroxidation, and histopathology were assessed in the gills and livers of C. auratus. The results show an increase in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the gills and livers of fish, especially after 14 days of exposure to single and combined NPs, followed by a reduction at 21 days. An increase in glutathione S-transferase (GST) was observed in gills after 7 days for all tested NP concentrations (single and combined); while in livers, a significant increase was determined after 14 days of exposure to 100 μg.L^?1 of both single ZnO and Al₂O₃ NPs. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) significantly increased in gills after 7 days of exposure to 100 μg.L^?1 Al₂O₃ NPs (single or combined). In livers, LPO increased significantly after 7 days of exposure to all tested concentrations of both single ZnO and Al₂O₃ (except for 10 μg Al₂O₃.L^?1), and after 14 days of exposure to ZnO (10 and 100 μg.L^?1) and Al₂O₃ (100 μg.L^?1)_. The results from histological observations suggest that exposure to metal oxide NPs affected both livers and gills, presenting alterations such as gill hyperplasia and liver degeneration. However, the most pronounced effects were found in gills. In general, this study shows that the tested NPs, single or combined, are capable of causing sub-lethal effects on C. auratus, but when combined, NPs seem to be slightly more toxic than when added alone.     

Co-metabolic transformation of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid by the new soil isolate Pseudoxanthomonas indica CGMCC 6648

A new imidacloprid (IMI) degrading bacterium Z-9 (deposited number CGMCC 6648) was isolated and identified as Pseudoxanthomonas indica by 16S rRNA gene analysis. Two metabolites were identified as olefin and 5-hydroxy IMI by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. P. indica CGMCC 6648 degraded 70.1% of IMI (1.22 mmol L^?1) and formed 0.93 mmol L^?1 5-hydroxy IMI and 0.05 mmol L^?1 olefin IMI in 6 days and in the presence of 100 mmol L^?1 glucose. The half-life of IMI degradation was 3.6 days. P. indica CGMCC 6648 transforms IMI via a co-metabolism mechanism and different carbohydrates have significant effects on 5-hydroxy IMI formation, whereas different organic acids have substantial effects on olefin IMI production. Lactose is the best co-substrate for IMI degradation and 5-hydroxy IMI formation with 0.77 mmol L^?1 degraded and 0.67 mmol L^?1 formed in 48 h, respectively. Pyruvate is the best co-substrate for olefin IMI formation with 0.17 mmol L^?1 produced in 96 h for all carbon sources tested. Pyruvate significantly stimulates the conversion of 5-hydroxy IMI to olefin IMI, whereas glucose slightly inhibits this reaction. P. indica CGMCC 6648 rapidly degrades IMI and forms olefin IMI, which may enhance its potential for biodegradation of IMI and increase its insecticidal activity, which can decrease the IMI dosage required.     

Leaching of S-metolachlor,terbuthylazine, desethyl-terbuthylazine,mesotrione, flufenacet,isoxaflutole, and diketonitrile in field lysimeters as affected by the time elapsed between spraying and first leaching event

The effect of elapsed time between spraying and first leaching event on the leaching behavior of five herbicides (terbuthylazine, S-metolachlor, mesotrione, flufenacet, and isoxaflutole) and two metabolites (desethyl-terbuthylazine and diketonitrile) was evaluated in a 2011–2012 study in northwest Italy. A battery of 12 lysimeters (8.4 m² long with a depth of 1.8 m) were used in the study, each filled with silty-loam soil and treated during pre-emergence with the selected herbicides by applying a mixture of commercial products Lumax (4 L ha^?1) and Merlin Gold (1 L ha^?1). During treatment periods, no gravity water was present in lysimeters. Irrigation events capable of producing leaching (40 mm) were conducted on independent groups of three lysimeters on 1 day after treatment (1 DAT), 7 DAT, 14 DAT, and 28 DAT. The series was then repeated 14 days later. Leachate samples were collected a few days after irrigation; compounds were extracted by solid phase extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Under study conditions, terbuthylazine and S-metolachlor showed the highest leaching potentials. Specifically, S-metolachlor concentrations were always found above 0.25 µg L^?1. Desethyl-terbuthylazine was often detected in leached waters, in most cases at concentrations above 0.1 µg L^?1. Flufenacet leached only when irrigation occurred close to the time of herbicide spraying. Isoxaflutole and mesotrione were not measured (<0.1 µg L^?1), while diketonitrile was detected in concentrations above 0.1 µg L^?1 on 1 DAT in 2011 only.     

Biopesticide and formulation processes based on starch industrial wastewater fortified with soybean medium

Abstract

The aim of this study was to produce Bacillus thuringiensis-based biopesticide using starch-producing industry wastewater (SIW) fortified with soybean medium and optimize the formulated product using different adjuvants. This study was necessary as low endotoxin concentration is obtained in formulated biopesticide when SIW alone is used as fermentation medium. The fermentation runs were conducted using SIW alone and SIW fortified with 25% soybean (w/v) medium in 2000?L and 150?L bioreactor, respectively. SIW supplemented with soybean medium showed an increase in cell count (from 1.95?×?10⁸ to 1.65?×?10⁹ CFU mL^–1), spore synthesis (from 1.5?×?10⁸ to 1.35?×?10⁹ CFU mL^–1) and endotoxin concentration (from 436 to 1170?μg mL^–1) when compared to SIW medium alone. The fermented broth was concentrated using continuous centrifugation and adjuvants were added for biopesticide formulation in order to enhance its resistance against UV rays and rainfastness. Entomotoxicity of the formulation produced using fermented broth of SIW fortified with soybean (38,000?IU μL^–1) was higher than that obtained by SIW medium alone (21,000?IU μL^–1), commercial biopesticide Foray 76B (20,000?IU μL^–1) and Btk sander’s (12,500?IU μL^–1).     

Differences in response of two model estuarine crustaceans after lethal and sublethal exposures to chlorpyrifos

This study assessed the in vitro and in vivo effects of an acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitor (chlorpyrifos) in two estuarine crustaceans: grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and mysid (Americamysis bahia). The differences in response were quantified after lethal and sublethal exposures to chlorpyrifos and in vitro assays with chlorpyrifos-oxon. Results from the in vitro experiments indicated that the target enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), in the two species was similar in sensitivity to chlorpyrifos inhibition with IC50s of 0.98 nM and 0.89 nM for grass shrimp and mysids, respectively. In vivo experiments showed that mysids were significantly more sensitive to chlorpyrifos-induced AChE inhibition after 24 h of exposure. The in vivo EC50s for AChE inhibition were 1.23 μg L^?1 for grass shrimp and 0.027 μg L^?1 for mysids.

Median lethal concentrations (24h LC50 values) were 1.06 μg L^?1 for grass shrimp and 0.068 μg L^?1 for mysids. The results suggest that differences in the response of these two crustaceans are likely related to differences in uptake and metabolism rather than target site sensitivity.     

Biodegradation of imidacloprid in liquid media by an isolated wastewater fungus Aspergillus terreus YESM3

In the present study, a new fungal strain capable of imidacloprid degradation was isolated from agricultural wastewater drain. The fungal strain of YESM3 was identified as Aspergillus terreus based on ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 gene sequence by PCR amplification of a 500 bp sequence. Screening of A. terreus YESM3 to the insecticide imidacloprid tolerance was achieved by growing fungus in Czapek Dox agar for 6 days at 28°C. High values (1.13 and 0.94 cm cm^?1) of tolerance index (TI) were recorded at 25 and 50 mg L^?1 of imidacloprid, respectively in the presence and absence of sucrose. However, at 400 mg L^?1 the fungus did not grow. Effects of the imidacloprid concentration, pH, and inoculum size on the biodegradation percentage were tested using Box–Behnken statistical design and the biodegradation was monitored by HPLC analysis at different time intervals. Box–Behnken results indicated that optimal conditions for biodegradation were at pH 4 and two fungal discs (10 mm diameter) in the presence of 61.2 mg L^?1 of imidacloprid. A. terreus YESM3 strain was capable of degrading 85% of imidacloprid 25 mg L^?1 in Czapek Dox broth medium at pH 4 and 28°C for 6 days under static conditions. In addition, after 20 days of inoculation, biodegradation recorded 96.23% of 25 mg L^?1 imidacloprid. Degradation kinetics showed that the imidacloprid followed the first order kinetics with half-life (t₅₀) of 1.532 day. Intermediate product identified as 6-chloronicotinic acid (6CNA) as one of the major metabolites during degradation of imidacloprid by using HPLC. Thus, A. terreus YESM3 showed a potential to reduce pollution by pesticides and toxicity in the effected environment. However, further studies should be conducted to understand the biodegradation mechanism of this pesticide in liquid media.     

Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos to embryo and larvae of banded gourami Trichogaster fasciata

This study elucidated the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos on the early life stages of banded gourami (Trichogaster fasciata). To determine the acute effects of chlorpyrifos on their survival and development, we exposedthe embryos and two-day-old larvae to six concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, 10 and 100 µg L^?1) of chlorpyrifos in plastic bowls. Log-logistic regression was used to calculate LC10 and LC50 values. Results showed that embryo mortality significantly increased with increasing chlorpyrifos concentrations. The 24-h LC10 and LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of chlorpyrifos for embryos were 0.89 (0.50–1.58) and 11.8 (9.12–15.4) µg L^?1, respectively. Hatching success decreased and mortality of larvae significantly increased with increasing concentrations of chlorpyrifos. The 24-h LC10 and LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of chlorpyrifos for larvae were 0.53 (0.27–1.06) and 21.7 (15.9–29.4) µg L^?1, respectively; the 48-h LC10 and LC50 for larvae were 0.04 (0.02–0.09) and 5.47 (3.77–7.94) µg L^?1, respectively. The results of this study suggest that 1 µg L^?1 of chlorpyrifos in the aquatic environment may adversely affect the development and the reproduction of banded gourami. Our study also suggests that banded gourami fish can serve as an ideal model species for evaluating developmental toxicity of environmental contaminants.     

Biodegradation of triazine herbicide metribuzin by the strain Bacillus sp. N1

By enrichment culturing of soil contaminated with metribuzin, a highly efficient metribuzin degrading bacterium, Bacillus sp. N1, was isolated. This strain grows using metribuzin at 5.0% (v/v) as the sole nitrogen source in a liquid medium. Optimal metribuzin degradation occurred at a temperature of 30ºC and at pH 7.0. With an initial concentration of 20 mg L^?1, the degradation rate was 73.5% in 120 h. If the initial concentrations were higher than 50 mg L^?1, the biodegradation rates decreased as the metribuzin concentrations increased. When the concentration was 100 mg L^?1, the degradation rate was only 45%. Degradation followed the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at initial concentrations between 5 mg L^?1 and 50 mg L^?1. When the metribuzin contaminated soil was mixed with strain N1 (with the concentration of metribuzin being 20 mg L^?1 and the inoculation rate of 10¹¹ g^?1 dry soil), the degradation rate of the metribuzin was 66.4% in 30 days, while the degradation rate of metribuzin was only 19.4% in the control soil without the strain N1. These results indicate that the strain N1 can significantly increase the degradation rate of metribuzin in contaminated soil.     

Effect of carbaryl (carbamate insecticide) on acetylcholinesterase activity of two strains of Daphnia magna (Crustacea,Cladocera)

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of carbaryl (carbamate insecticide) on the acetylcholinesterase activity in two strains (same clone A) of the crustacean cladoceran Daphnia magna. Four carbaryl concentrations (0.4, 0.9, 1.8 and 3.7 µg L^?1) were compared against control AChE activity. Our results showed that after 48 h of carbaryl exposure, all treatments induced a significant decrease of AChE activities whatever the two considered strains. However, different responses were registered in terms of lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC: 0.4 µg L^?1 for strain 1 and 0.9 µg L^?1 for strains 2) revealing differences in sensitivity among the two tested strains of D. magna. These results suggest that after carbaryl exposure, the AChE activity responses can be also used as a biomarker of susceptibility. Moreover, our results show that strain1 is less sensitive than strain 2 in terms of IC50-48 h of AChE activity. Comparing the EC50-48 h of standard ecotoxicity test and IC50-48 h of AChE inhibition, there is the same order of sensitivity with both strains.     

Influence of long-term consumption of bitter apricot seeds on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases

The present study was designed to reveal whether long-term consumption of bitter apricot seeds causes changes in lipid profile and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The study group consisted of 12 healthy adult volunteers (5 females and 7 males). The average age of women was 41.60 ± 11.28 years and the average age of men was 36.71 ± 13.70 years. Volunteers consumed 60 mg kg^?1 of body weight of bitter apricot seeds divided into 8–12 doses daily for 12 weeks. Volunteers were recruited from the general population of Slovak Republic. After 12 weeks, mean body weight of the participants increased from 77.34 to 78.22 kg (P > 0.05). The average total cholesterol levels decreased from 4.86 mmol L^?1 at the beginning of the study to 4.44 mmol L^?1 at the end of the study (P < 0.05). We did not observe any significant increase in high-density cholesterol (from 1.55 to 1.60 mmol L^?1). The average low-density cholesterol levels decreased from 2.93 mmol L^?1 at the beginning of the study to 2.31 mmol L^?1 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). Concentration of triglycerides increased significantly over the 12-week intervention period from 0.84 to 1.17 mmol L^?1. After the intervention, the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level decreased from 1.92 to 1.23 mg L^?1, but results were non-significant (P > 0.05). Creatine kinase serum levels increased from 2.31 to 2.77 mg L^?1 (P > 0.05) over the 12-week intervention period. The results suggest that regular intake of bitter apricot seeds may be considered potentially useful for prevention of cardiovascular diseases.     

Effects of ozone fumigation treatment on the removal of residual difenoconazole from strawberries and on their quality

The effect of ozone fumigation on the reduction of difenoconazole residue on strawberries was studied. Strawberries were immersed in 1.0 L of aqueous solution containing 400 μL of the commercial product (250 g L^?1 of difenoconazole) for 1 min. Then, they were dried and exposed to ozone gas (O₃) at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.8 mg L^?1 for 1 h. The ozone fumigation treatments reduced the difenoconazole residue on strawberries to concentrations below 0.5 mg kg^?1, which corresponds to a 95% reduction. The strawberries treated with ozone and the control group, which was not treated with ozone, were stored at 4°C for 10 days. Some characteristics of the fruit were monitored throughout this period. Among these, pH, weight loss and total color difference did not change significantly (P > 0.05). The fumigation with ozone significantly affected the soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content (vitamin C) of the strawberries preventing a sharp reduction of these parameters during storage.     

Evaluation of the capacity of the cyanobacterium Microcystis novacekii to remove atrazine from a culture medium

The bioaccumulation of atrazine and its toxicity were evaluated for the cyanobacterium Microcystis novacekii. Cyanobacterial cultures were grown in WC culture medium with atrazine at 50, 250 and 500 μg L^?1. After 96 hours of exposure, 27.2% of the atrazine had been removed from the culture supernatant. Spontaneous degradation was found to be insignificant (< 9% at 500 μg L^?1), indicating a high efficiency for the bioaccumulation of atrazine by M. novacekii. There were no atrazine metabolites detected in the culture medium at any of the doses studied. The acute toxicity (EC₅₀) of atrazine to the cyanobacterium was 4.2 mg L^?1 at 96 hours demonstrating the potential for M. novacekii to tolerate high concentrations of this herbicide in fresh water environments. The ability of M. novacekii to remove atrazine combined with its tolerance of the pesticide toxicity showed in this study makes it a potential biological resource for the restoration of contaminated surface waters. These findings support continued studies of the role of M. novacekii in the bioremediation of fresh water environments polluted by atrazine.     

Dissipation of pendimethalin in the soil of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and detection of terminal residues in plants

Dissipation of pendimethalin in the soil of field peas (Pisum sativum L.) at 0 to 110 days, and terminal residues in green and mature pea were studied under field conditions. Pendimethalin was applied as pre-emergence herbicide at 750, to 185 g a.i. ha^?1 in winter, in field peas. Dissipation of pendimethalin in the soil at 0 to 110 days followed first-order kinetics showing a half-life of 19.83 days averaged over all doses. Low pendimethalin residues were found in mature pea grain (0.004, 0.003, <0.001 μg g^?1), and straw (0.007, 0.002, <0.001 μg g^?1) at 750, 350 and 185 g a.i. ha^?1 treatments, respectively. The study indicated that residues of pendimethalin in green and mature pea were within the prescribed MRL limits.     

Removal ratio of gaseous toluene and xylene transported from air to root zone via the stem by indoor plants

This work was designed to investigate the removal efficiency as well as the ratios of toluene and xylene transported from air to root zone via the stem and by direct diffusion from the air into the medium. Indoor plants (Schefflera actinophylla and Ficus benghalensis) were placed in a sealed test chamber. Shoot or root zone were sealed with a Teflon bag, and gaseous toluene and xylene were exposed. Removal efficiency of toluene and total xylene (m, p, o) was 13.3 and 7.0 μg·m^?3·m^?2 leaf area over a 24-h period in S. actinophylla, and was 13.0 and 7.3 μg·m^?3·m^?2 leaf area in F. benghalensis. Gaseous toluene and xylene in a chamber were absorbed through leaf and transported via the stem, and finally reached to root zone, and also transported by direct diffusion from the air into the medium. Toluene and xylene transported via the stem was decreased with time after exposure. Xylene transported via the stem was higher than that by direct diffusion from the air into the medium over a 24-h period. The ratios of toluene transported via the stem versus direct diffusion from the air into the medium were 46.3 and 53.7 % in S. actinophylla, and 46.9 and 53.1 % in F. benghalensis, for an average of 47 and 53 % for both species. The ratios of m,p-xylene transported over 3 to 9 h via the stem versus direct diffusion from the air into the medium was 58.5 and 41.5 % in S. actinophylla, and 60.7 and 39.3 % in F. benghalensis, for an average of 60 and 40 % for both species, whereas the ratios of o-xylene transported via the stem versus direct diffusion from the air into the medium were 61 and 39 %. Both S. actinophylla and F. benghalensis removed toluene and xylene from the air. The ratios of toluene and xylene transported from air to root zone via the stem were 47 and 60 %, respectively. This result suggests that root zone is a significant contributor to gaseous toluene and xylene removal, and transported via the stem plays an important role in this process.     

Acute toxicity and ecotoxicological risk assessment of rice pesticides to Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles

The objective of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of some pesticides used in irrigated rice farming to Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles. The LC_50-96h for commercial formulations containing bentazon, penoxsulam, vegetable oil, permethrin and carbofuran, separately and their mixtures, were determined at the proportions commonly used in the field. The limits of risk concentrations of these products for the studied species were also established. The LC_50-96h for tadpoles was 4,530 mg L^?1 for bentazon; 7.52 mg L^?1 for penoxsulam + 145.66 mg L^?1 of vegetable oil; 81.57 mg L^?1 for vegetable oil; 0.10 mg L^?1 for permethrin; 29.90 mg L^?1 for carbofuran (active ingredients), and 38.79 times the dose used in the field for the mixture of these products. The environmental risk was determined only for permethrin, and care should be taken when using the vegetable oil.     

Development,validation, and application of a method for the GC-MS analysis of fipronil and three of its degradation products in samples of water,soil, and sediment

A method for the identification and quantification of pesticide residues in water, soil, and sediment samples has been developed, validated, and applied for the analysis of real samples. The specificity was determined by the retention time and the confirmation and quantification of analyte ions. Linearity was demonstrated over the concentration range of 20 to 120 µg L^?1, and the correlation coefficients varied between 0.979 and 0.996, depending on the analytes. The recovery rates for all analytes in the studied matrix were between 86% and 112%. The intermediate precision and repeatability were determined at three concentration levels (40, 80, and 120 µg L^?1), with the relative standard deviation for the intermediate precision between 1% and 5.3% and the repeatability varying between 2% and 13.4% for individual analytes. The limits of detection and quantification for fipronil, fipronil sulfide, fipronil-sulfone, and fipronil-desulfinyl were 6.2, 3.0, 6.6, and 4.0 ng L^?1 and 20.4, 9.0, 21.6, and 13.0 ng L^?1, respectively. The method developed was used in water, soil, and sediment samples containing 2.1 mg L^?1 and 1.2% and 5.3% of carbon, respectively. The recovery of pesticides in the environmental matrices varied from 88.26 to 109.63% for the lowest fortification level (40 and 100 µg kg^?1), from 91.17 to 110.18% for the intermediate level (80 and 200 µg kg^?1), and from 89.09 to 109.82% for the highest fortification level (120 and 300 µg kg^?1). The relative standard deviation for the recovery of pesticides was under 15%.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.