堆肥和腐殖酸对土壤锌铅赋存形态的影响

通过实验室土壤培养实验,研究2种有机物质——腐殖酸和堆肥,单独或者复合应用对土壤中铅锌形态转化的影响。经过1～3个月的培养,发现单独添加腐殖酸和堆肥均可以显著改变土壤中Zn、Pb形态转化,使它们从容易被植物吸收利用的交换态和碳酸盐结合态向难以被植物吸收利用的有机结合态和残渣态转化。与对照相比,单独添加10%堆肥和5%腐殖酸并培养1～3个月后,导致土壤交换态Zn比重分别由38%～51%下降到14%～21%和26%～46%;铁锰氧化物结合态Zn比重分别由23%～34%提高到33%～56%和26%～45%;碳酸盐结合态Pb比重分别由12%～25%下降到1%～15%和2%～15%;残渣态Pb比重分别由12%～14%提高到32%～45%和20%～23%。其他结合态的Zn和 Pb比重也有不同程度的变化。说明堆肥和腐殖酸均可以固定土壤中的Zn和 Pb。而当两者一起使用时,可以中和它们各自所引起土壤pH的变化,而对重金属固定效率更明显增强。研究还发现,不管是腐殖酸还是堆肥,对Pb的固定效果均好于对Zn的固定。     

Comparative sorption,desorption and leaching potential of aminocyclopyrachlor and picloram

Sorption and desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor (6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid) were compared to that of the structurally similar herbicide picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) in three soils of differing origin and composition to determine if picloram data is representative of aminocyclopyrachlor behavior in soil. Aminocyclopyrachlor and picloram batch sorption data fit the Freundlich equation and was independent of concentration for aminocyclopyrachlor (1/n = 1), but not for picloram (1/n = 0.80–0.90). Freundlich sorption coefficients (K _f) for aminocyclopyrachlor were lowest in the eroded and depositional Minnesota soils (0.04 and 0.12 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1) and the highest in Molokai soil (0.31 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1). For picloram, K _f was lower in the eroded (0.28 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1) as compared to the depositional Minnesota soil (0.75 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1). Comparing soil to soil, K _f for picloram was consistently higher than those found for aminocyclopyrachlor. Desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor and picloram was hysteretic on all three soils. With regard to the theoretical leaching potential based on groundwater ubiquity score (GUS), leaching potential of both herbicides was considered to be similar. Aminocyclopyrachlor would be ranked as leacher in all three soils if t_1/2 was > 12.7 days. To be ranked as non-leacher in all three soils, aminocyclopyrachlor t_1/2 would have to be <3.3 days. Calculated half-life that would rank picloram as leacher was calculated to be ～15.6 d. Using the current information for aminocycloprachlor, or using picloram data as representative of aminocycloprachlor behavior, scientists can now more accurately predict the potential for offsite transport of aminocycloprachlor.     

Assessment of the phytoextraction potential of high biomass crop plants

A hydroponic screening method was used to identify high biomass crop plants with the ability to accumulate metals. Highest values of shoot accumulation were found in maize cv. Ranchero, rapeseed cv. Karat, and cardoon cv. Peralta for Pb (18 753 mg kg(-1)), Zn (10 916 mg kg(-1)), and Cd (242 mg kg(-1)), respectively. Subsequently, we tested the potential of these three cultivars for the phytoextraction of a metal spiked compost, finding out that, in cardoon and maize plants, increasing Zn and Cd concentrations led to lower values of root and shoot DW. By contrast, rapeseed shoot growth was not significantly affected by Cd concentration. Finally, a metal polluted soil was used to check these cultivars' phytoextraction capacity. Although the soil was phytotoxic enough to prevent the growth of cardoon and rapeseed plants, maize plants phytoextracted 3.7 mg Zn pot(-1). We concluded that the phytoextraction performance of cultivars varies depending on the screening method used.     

Phytoavaelability and extractability of copper and zinc in calcareous soil amended with composted Urban wastes

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted under simulated field conditions using large‐capacity plastic pots, filled each one with 25 kg of air‐dried calcareous soil. Besides the control, four treatments were prepared by applying separately two rates (20 and 80 Mg ha^‐1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost, and co‐composted municipal solid waste and sewage sludge (MSW‐SS). Lettuce was planted and harvested 2.5 months later. The application of composted urban wastes tended to increase Cu concentration in lettuce with respect to the control, but it was only significant when the higher rate of MSW compost was applied. The control showed values of Zn concentration in plant within a deficient range. In general, composted urban wastes treatments had increased Zn concentration values, which were within the sufficiency range. Both treatments with MSW compost increased Cu and Zn uptake in comparison with MSW‐SS co‐compost treatments. At the postharvest, all composted urban wastes treatments increased significantly DTPA‐extractable Cu content in soil with respect to the control; it was also significant the increase in AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable Cu in soil produced by the addition of the higher rate of MSW compost. The application of composted urban wastes increased significantly DTPA‐extractable and AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable Zn contents in soil versus the control, except for the lower rate of MSW‐SS co‐compost. The values of DTPA‐extractable/total ratio for Cu and Zn were under 10%, except for the treatment applying the higher rate of MSW compost which promoted higher values. The values of AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable/total ratio for Cu were above 10% in all treatments including the control. This tendency was also observed in AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable/total ratio for Zn when applying both rates of MSW compost or the higher rate of MSW‐SS co‐compost.     

微生物调控对牛粪堆肥的生物特性影响

研究了微生物调控对牛粪堆肥生物特性的影响.结果表明:(1)与对照相比,接菌(添加HM菌剂)处理可使牛粪堆肥提前2d进入高温期,高温持续时间延长2d.即接菌处理的堆肥温度在第4天达到50.5℃,并保持50℃以上的温度14 d;而对照在第6天达到50.0℃,并保持50℃以上的温度12 d.(2)2种处理堆肥的pH总体呈先升高后降低的趋势,接菌处理的堆肥pH上升幅度不大,比对照低0.1～0.5个pH单位.(3)接菌处理有利于提高牛粪堆肥的纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性水平和峰值.(4)脲酶活性与其他因素之间呈显著负相关(p＜0.01),而温度、pH、蔗糖酶活性和纤维素酶活性之间呈显著正相关(p＜0.01).     

Sorption of 2,4-D on Natural and Organic Amended Soils of Different Characteristics

The effect of one organic amendment consisting of an urban waste compost (UWC) was assessed on the sorption properties of the herbicide 2,4-D on four soils of different physicochemical characteristics. The soils chosen were a Typic Haphorthod (ST), a Typic Endoaquept (SR), an Entic Pelloxerert (TO), and a Typic Eutrochrept (AL). Adsorption experiments were performed on the original soils, and on mixtures of these soils with UWC at a rate of 6.25% (w/w). These mixtures were used just after preparation, and after aging for 8 and 25 weeks. 2,4-D adsorption was the highest on ST soil, whereas the lowest adsorption was for SR soil. This behavior is related to the high amount of organic matter (OM) and amorphous iron and aluminum oxides content on soil ST, whereas soil SR had the lowest OM content and specific surface area of the soils of this study. Addition of exogenous OM to soils caused an increase in the 2,4-D adsorption by three of the soils treated with UWC, with the only exception being ST soil, due to an observed decrease in its specific surface area. The adsorbed amounts of the herbicide on aged organic fertilized soils diminished in three of the amended soils, but was still greater than on unamended soils. In contrast, the ST soil showed the largest adsorption for unamended soil.     

建筑弃土与污泥堆肥混合配制营养土对园林植物的影响

使用建筑弃土与污泥堆肥配制营养土并应用于园林绿化。以凤仙花为研究对象,通过盆栽实验观察和对比分析了凤仙花从播种到开花整个生命过程的生长指标,并对其结果进行模糊评价。结果表明,凤仙花播种期和生长期各生长指标随着营养土中堆肥含量的增加而增加,并在堆肥施用量30%时达到最佳;营养土中的重金属对凤仙花的生长速度有抑制效应,主要集中在播种期和生长期初期,随着凤仙花的生长成熟,重金属的胁迫效应持续减少,并在成熟期显著降低,重金属对凤仙花地表部分的抑制更为明显;建筑弃土与污泥堆肥配制的营养土对园林植物营养效果良好,成熟期的凤仙花生物量大幅度增加,最大增幅550%;通过模糊评价并综合考虑配置方案,最佳堆肥施用量为30%。     

添加废弃活性焦对鸡粪堆肥产品性质的影响

废弃活性焦为活性焦脱硫脱硝后的筛下物,呈粉末状,难以回收利用,但其具有丰富的孔隙、较高的碳、氮含量,有潜力作为掺料应用于堆肥。将废弃活性焦与鸡粪混合进行堆肥,以秸秆 、再生焦粉与新焦粉作为对比,跟踪堆肥过程中产品性质变化,比较最终堆肥产品性能及其对植物生长的影响从而探究废弃活性焦的添加对堆肥产品的影响以及废弃活性焦的最适配比。结果发现：添加废弃活性焦的堆肥产品腐熟后其含水率、pH、种子发芽指数（GI）、总养分及重金属含量均符合NY/T 525—2021有机肥料标准。废弃活性焦堆肥产品的pH、氮含量以及有机质含量均优于其他处理,狗牙根的株高和鲜重也优于对照。综合各项指标,废弃活性焦堆肥配比在40%时产品质量最佳。本研究表明利用废弃活性焦混配堆肥是可行的,相关结果可为废弃活性焦的资源化利用提供一定理论和技术支撑。     

Effects of compositional heterogeneity and nanoporosity of raw and treated biomass-generated soot on adsorption and absorption of organic contaminants

A biomass-generated soot was sequentially treated by HCl-HF solution, organic solvent, and oxidative acid to remove ash, extractable native organic matter (EOM), and amorphous carbon. The compositional heterogeneity and nano-structure of the untreated and treated soot samples were characterized by elemental analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, BET-N₂ surface area, and electron microscopic analysis. Sorption properties of polar and nonpolar organic pollutants onto the soot samples were compared, and individual contributions of adsorption and absorption were quantified. The sorption isotherms for raw sample were practically linear, while were nonlinear for the pretreated-soot. The removal of EOM enhanced adsorption and reduced absorption, indicating that EOM served as a partitioning phase and simultaneously masked the adsorptive sites. By drastic-oxidation, the outer amorphous carbon and the inner disordered core of the soot particles were completely removed, and a fullerene-like nanoporous structure (aromatic shell) was created, which promoted additional π-π interaction between phenanthrene and the soot.     

基于污泥堆肥产物与余泥渣土制备的人工土壤的理化性质分析与评价

为实现污水厂污泥及余泥渣土的协同处理和资源化利用,以“两步法”制备人工土壤,考察不同配比条件对人工土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：污水污泥与3种不同辅料 (玉米秸秆、菌菇渣、木屑) 配比后进行好氧堆肥,堆肥结束后腐熟度符合国家相关标准要求,将污泥堆肥产物和余泥渣土制备得到人工土壤,其理化性质与天然土壤类似。堆肥添加量能显著影响人工土壤水稳性团聚体、pH值、EC、有机质、总氮及有效磷含量,在人工土壤种植应用时,污泥+玉米秸秆的堆肥种植效果最好,采用改进的内罗梅综合指数法进行综合评价,综合考虑,污泥+玉米秸秆堆肥产物添加量为30%、余泥渣土添加量为70%和污泥+玉米秸秆堆肥产物添加量为50%、余泥渣土添加量为50%是最优质的人工土壤,污泥+木屑堆肥次之,污泥+菌菇渣堆肥效果最差。     

施用污泥堆肥对草莓生长及土壤重金属的影响

通过施用污泥堆肥盆栽种植草莓,研究施用不同比例（0%、5%、10%和20%）的城市污泥堆肥对土壤及草莓果实重金属含量的影响以及土壤重金属生物有效态的变化,为污泥堆肥在农业利用方面提供相关理论支撑。实验结果表明：不同污泥堆肥施用比例处理草莓产量大小顺序为：5%>0%（CK）>10%>20%（死亡）,污泥堆肥施用比例为5%时,草莓果实的产量（鲜重）达最大值每株5.34 g,高出CK处理32.32%。施肥土壤中的重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和Cd等含量均随污泥施用比例的增加而呈差异显著水平增加。对比2015年1月27日和3月24日2次采摘的草莓果实重金属含量,第二次采摘的果实Cu、Zn含量比第一次采摘的果实含量有不同程度的增加,而Pb、Cd和Ni含量有不同程度的降低。在污泥堆肥施用比例为5%时,施肥土壤以及草莓果实中的重金属含量均未超过国家相关标准。种植植物后施肥土壤中重金属Cu和Zn的生物有效态增加,重金属Pb、Ni的生物有效态降低。因此,适量施用污泥堆肥能有效增加草莓产量,5%的施用比为草莓种植的最佳施肥比例。     

一株脱氨除臭菌的分离鉴定及在鸡粪中的脱氮特性

为脱除鸡粪中的臭味,从黑土中分离并鉴定了一株脱氨除臭菌株并研究其特性。通过生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析对分离到的菌株进行鉴定,并研究了菌株的生长特性以及硝化与异养硝化能力。结果表明,菌株QDTN-34属于霍氏肠杆菌属(Enterobacter hormaechei),QDTN-34菌株的最适生长温度在27℃左右,最适生长pH为8,生长最佳C/N为25:1;QDTN-34菌株在培养基内培养3 d时,对氨氮的去除率高达到64.75%,对硝氮的去除率高达到71.00%。在鸡粪除臭过程中,在C/N为25:1的鸡粪中最佳接种量为5.0%,在鸡粪中培养9 d时,菌数可达到(2.5~2.6)×108 cfu/mL,其对氨氮和硝氮的去除率分别达到59.90%和67.71%。总之,QDTN-34菌株的生物特性稳定,环境的适应能力强,脱氨除臭能力佳,具有良好的应用前景。     

土壤中有机污染物迁移行为的研究方法

土壤中的有机污染物可能影响土壤的正常功能,甚至造成地下水、大气和食物链的污染,对人类健康和环境质量产生威胁。研究有机污染物在土壤中的迁移行为,对于了解其进入土壤后的归趋,评价土壤环境质量,进行污染防治具有重要意义。本文分类介绍了研究土壤中有机污染物迁移行为的各种方法,认为建立条件控制良好的模拟实验体系是进行此类研究的重要手段。     

土壤中重金属累积预测模型研究进展

健康的土壤是维持人体健康以及国家粮食安全的重要保障.中国部分地区土壤重金属污染较为严重,因此采用合理的预测模型对土壤中的重金属污染状况进行分析和预测,对于土壤的健康管理具有重要意义.聚焦土壤中重金属累积预测模型研究现状,简要分析土壤中重金属的累积行为,阐述不同重金属累积预测模型原理以及实际应用,总结影响预测模型准确度的...     

兰坪铅锌矿区不同污染梯度下优势植物的重金属累积特征

对兰坪铅锌矿区污染程度不同的3个样地(云南松林、魁蒿群落和马桑灌丛)进行植被调查,选择其中9种共有的自然生长的优势草本植物为研究对象,测定了土壤及植物体的重金属含量.结果显示,3个样地土壤Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn等4种重金属含量均表现为马桑灌丛>魁蒿群落>云南松林;植物体内重金属积累呈现出随着土壤污染程度增加而增加的趋势;所选择的9种植物均不符合超富集植物的标准,依据不同的耐性机制将9种植物分为3类,野棉花能较强吸收土壤中重金属,并转移到地上部分,属于富集型植物;西南金丝梅、倒提壶、长籽柳叶菜、魁蒿、翻白叶和四脉金茅吸收的重金属主要积累在根部,属于根部囤积型植物;尼泊尔蓼和中华山蓼体内重金属含量较低,属于规避型植物.讨论了利用这些植物进行矿山治理.     

Use of different organic wastes in reducing the potential leaching of propanil,isoxaben, cadusafos and pencycuron through the soil

In this study, we examined the effect of four different organic wastes (OW)—composted sheep manure (CSM), spent coffee grounds (SCG), composted pine bark (CPB) and coir (CR)—on the potential groundwater pollution of propanil and isoxaben (herbicides), cadusafos (insecticide) and pencycuron (fungicide) under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, leaching studies were conducted using disturbed soil columns filled with a clay loam soil (Hipercalcic calcisol). The addition of organic matter (OM) drastically reduced the movement of the studied pesticides. The results obtained point to the interest in the use of agro-industrial and composted OW in reducing the groundwater pollution by pesticide drainage.     

施用垃圾堆肥土壤重金属在不同温度和酸雨条件下的淋溶特征

采用淋洗法,研究了垃圾堆肥中重金属在不同温度与模拟酸雨条件下的淋溶特征。结果表明,随着淋洗次数的增加,淋洗液中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb的含量都有很大程度的减少。Cd、Cr、Cu和Ni 4种金属在模拟酸雨的情况下淋出量明显高于蒸馏水的情况,增幅都在116%和351%之间,差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),而酸雨对Pb的淋出影响较小。在酸雨淋洗下,重金属的淋出率在30℃时达到最大,其中Ni随着温度的变化相对较小。而在蒸馏水淋洗下,重金属的淋出率随着温度的变化相对平稳。此外,5种重金属的淋出率明显不同,其中Cr和Ni的淋出率相对较大,Pb最小。     

Characterization of an adsorbed humin-like substance on an allophanic soil formed via catalytic polycondensation between catechol and glycine, and its adsorption capability to pentachlorophenol

An allophanic soil (AS) catalyzed the formation of dark-colored polymers via polycondensation reactions between catechol and glycine. The organic carbon content of the AS was increased from 0.16% to 1.3%, indicating that some of the dark-colored polymers had been adsorbed to the AS. The characteristics of the dark-colored polymers adsorbed on the AS were similar to those of a humin that is not extractable with an aqueous alkaline solution. Such a humin-like substance (HuLS) was separated from the AS by treatment with a mixture of HF and HCl. The HuLS and humic acid-like substance (HaLS), comprising the acid-insoluble fraction in the reaction mixture, were characterized by elemental analysis, size exclusion chromatography, pyrolysis-GC/MS and ¹³C NMR. However, the structural features of HaLS and HuLS had many points in common. These results suggest that HuLS-AS can be regarded as an organo-clay complex formed by the strong adsorption of HaLS to the AS. The adsorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) to AS and HuLS-AS was examined at pH 5.5. At this pH, the zeta potential of the HuLS-AS showed a negative value. It would, therefore, be expected that pentachlorophenolate anions would adsorb with difficulty to HuLS-AS because of electrostatic repulsion. Nevertheless, the adsorption coefficient for PCP to HuLS-AS, as estimated by the Freundlich isotherm, was seven times larger than that for AS. These results show that HuLS, when adsorbed on the AS surface, has the capability to enhance the adsorption of PCP.     

一株抗生素和重金属交叉抗性菌的筛选及抗性研究

为了研究土壤中具有抗生素和重金属交叉抗性的微生物抗性机制,从土壤中分离出抗性菌株,研究其在含有重金属Zn2+和抗生素的二元交叉培养基上的生长情况。从土壤中分离出1株抗性菌STZ-2,经形态观察、生化鉴定、16S rRNA序列及系统发育分析,鉴定该菌株为Castellaniella。结果表明：菌株STZ-2具有庆大霉素、新霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢霉素及磺胺噻唑多重抗性。研究还发现存在重金属和抗生素间的交互作用,低浓度重金属与抗生素共存时表现为协同抗性,高浓度时则表现为协同杀菌,如在低浓度条件下,Zn2+与青霉素钠或链霉素共存时表现为协同抗性,而高浓度时则表现为协同杀菌作用。