添加给水厂残泥对稻田土壤中毒死蜱环境赋存及厌氧降解的影响

给水厂残泥(WTR)是给水厂混凝过程产生的安全废弃物,是一种高效低廉的毒死蜱吸附材料。为评估将WTR作为吸附材料添加于土壤中缓解毒死蜱危害的可行性,探究了添加WTR对稻田土壤中毒死蜱环境赋存、厌氧降解及其代谢产物TCP形成的影响。实验结果表明:毒死蜱首要厌氧降解途径是快速水解为TCP,添加WTR显著降低了土壤中毒死蜱与TCP的生物有效性(P<0.05)。72 d厌氧培养时间内,未添加WTR土壤中高达79%的毒死蜱主要以生物可利用态存在;在WTR添加土壤中,72%～95%的毒死蜱以稳定的残渣态存在,但毒死蜱在土壤中的降解速度因此减慢,TCP生成量随之减少。在未添加WTR土壤中,92%以上的TCP以水溶态为主,添加WTR可有效减少其水溶态所占比例,WTR添加量为10%时,其水溶态含量降至47%。随着WTR添加量增加,毒死蜱与TCP由土壤向上覆水迁移的量显著减少(P<0.05)。未添加WTR的土壤水溶液体系上覆水中毒死蜱和TCP浓度分别高达537 μg·L-1和1 750 μg·L-1,添加2%WTR可使其最高浓度分别降低50%。在厌氧滞水的稻田土壤中,WTR主要金属元素(Fe、Al和Mn)稳定性强,二次污染风险较低。综合以上研究结果,WTR适于作为土壤添加物应用于毒死蜱与TCP污染控制。     

A rapid and high-throughput quantum dots bioassay for monitoring of perfluorooctane sulfonate in environmental water samples

Currently HPLC/MS is the state of the art tool for environmental/drinking water perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) monitoring. PFOS can bind to peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), which forms heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and binds to PPAR response elements. In this bioassay free PFOS in water samples competes with immobilized PFOS in ELISA plates for a given amount of PPARα-RXRα. It can be determined indirectly by immobilizing PPARα-RXRα-PFOS complex to another plate coated with PPARα antibody and subsequent measuring the level of PPARα-RXRα by using biotin-modified PPARα-RXRα probes-quantum dots-streptavidin detection system. The rapid and high-throughput bioassay demonstrated a detection limit of 2.5 ng L⁻¹ with linear range between 2.5 ng L⁻¹ and 75 ng L⁻¹. Detection results of environmental water samples were highly consistent between the bioassay and HPLC/MS.     

饮用水中痕量溴酸盐的测定研究

选用IonPac AS19阴离子分析柱,以KOH为淋洗液梯度淋洗,对大体积进样直接测定饮用水中痕量溴酸盐的离子色谱方法进行了条件优化。结果表明,在优化好的色谱条件(即电流量87mA、淋洗液流速为1.00mL/min、梯度淋洗)下,在BrO-3为2.0~100.0μg/L的低浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 6),测定的精密度高。采用该方法测定市售瓶装水样品中的痕量BrO-3,样品的平均加标回收率为95.91%~105.50%。该方法操作简单,BrO-3的分离效果好,可与常见阴离子实现同时分析,且测定精密度高,可作为饮用水中痕量溴酸盐的测定方法。     

饮用水中蓝藻毒素污染研究进展

日趋严重的水体富营养化已成为全球性的环境问题,藻类及藻毒素给传统净水工艺带来了诸多不利影响,增加了水处理难度.对饮用水中蓝藻毒素去除技术进行了具体的论述,系统分析了各种技术的去除效果和局限性,并对藻毒素研究前景进行了展望.     

饮用水中蓝藻毒素污染研究进展

日趋严重的水体富营养化已成为全球性的环境问题，藻类及藻毒素给传统净水工艺带来了诸多不利影响，增加了水处理难度。对饮用水中蓝藻毒素去除技术进行了具体的论述，系统分析了各种技术的去除效果和局限性，并对藻毒素研究前景进行了展望。     

饮用水中石棉纤维的检测方法

石棉纤维是A类致癌物质,一旦进入水体会造成污染和健康危害,但检测方法的缺失限制了我国饮用水中石棉的检测监督及污染控制。在实验基础上,提出将待测水样经过一定处理后,采用显微红外光谱仪结合特征光谱进行定性鉴别,利用相差显微镜进行定量分析的方法。结果表明,该方法能够快速鉴别饮用水中的石棉纤维且定量检测精密度达10%~21%,是一种简便有效的石棉纤维检测手段,为我国饮用水中石棉的检测提供参考。     

The stability of dieldrin,aldrin, lindane,chlorpyrifos and prothiofos in stored roof water

Abstract

The stability of dieldrin, aldrin, lindane, chlorpyrifos and prothiofos was determined in distilled water and in roof water from either galvanised or concrete tanks. Samples were stored in the dark at 23°C. Dieldrin and lindane were stable for the 36 week period. Aldrin dissipated rapidly with a half‐life of 4–5 weeks, with no dieldrin being formed. Chlorpyrifos and prothiofos also broke down, with half‐lives ranging 12–18 weeks and 11–14 weeks respectively. No significant effect of water type was found. For the purpose of domestic usage, an activated carbon filter would be essential otherwise all contaminated water would have to be disposed of safely.     

生物标志物在水源地风险评价中的作用与展望

针对肿瘤高发区饮用水污染和南水北调水质的风险评价问题,提出了可用生物标志物检测水中的“环境诱变剂量”来作为评价水体中有毒有害污染物潜在遗传危害的综合指标。简要介绍了生物标志物在国内外的研究动态及其在环境监测、环境风险评价中的应用前景。     

管道特征对给水管网中锰释放的影响

针对南方某市历年来与锰相关的多次黄水问题,在当地黄水多发区域挖取10年管龄的旧PE管和20年管龄的镀锌钢管,搭建中试装置,开展了管网中锰释放行为的中试研究,并以新PE管做对比,探讨了微生物对管网内锰的氧化沉积的影响。实验结果表明,在进水锰浓度很低时,镀锌钢管与旧PE管的管壁沉积物中均会出现锰的释放。镀锌钢管中释放的锰主要为溶解性锰,释放量大;而旧PE管中释放的锰主要为不溶态的锰,且释放量小。同时,镀锌钢管管道浸泡结果表明,随着余氯浓度的提高,镀锌钢管中溶解锰的释放会显著降低,但即使余氯浓度高达15 mg·L-1仍会有25.3 μg·L-1的溶解锰的释放。新旧PE管的对比实验表明,当提高进水Mn（Ⅱ）浓度时,旧PE管中Mn（Ⅱ）在6.67 h内的氧化量低于新PE管,这可能是旧PE管生物膜中的锰还原菌含量较多导致的。     

双功能吸附剂的制备及其对水中毒死蜱的降解特性

对具有催化功能的负载Fe（Ⅲ）的活性炭进行了表征,与母体活性炭相比,其比表面积以及微孔体积均有所下降,酸性官能团的量有所增加;考察了普通浸渍法和超声浸渍法制备的双功能活性炭对毒死蜱的吸附和降解性能,结果表明,双功能活性炭对毒死蜱的吸附量有所降低,但对毒死蜱的降解能力增强,超声浸渍法所制备的活性炭对毒死蜱的降解能力要优于普通浸渍法所制备的活性炭。     

饮用水功能区水环境健康风险阈值体系研究

结合天津市饮用水功能区水环境现状,筛选出14种特征污染物,通过危害识别将其分为化学致癌物、非致癌有毒物和特殊物质3类。针对不同类别污染物建立健康风险评价模型,给出化学致癌物的致癌强度系数、非致癌有毒物参考剂量、人均寿命、不同年龄段人群日均饮水量和平均体重等参数,建立针对不同人群的饮用水功能区水质风险阈值体系。在此基础上,对天津市饮用水功能区——于桥水库进行水质风险进行评价。结果显示,于桥水库国控监测点位10个监测指标中,氨氮、挥发酚、汞、铅具有健康风险,4个指标的浓度均处于10-7的风险水平以下,说明于桥水库水环境健康程度较好,4个指标对成人及儿童的风险水平排序为铅氨氮汞挥发酚,重金属铅是主要健康风险污染物。     

饮用水中硝酸根的催化还原研究进展

由于化肥的过度使用 ,造成地下水中硝酸盐的污染日益严重。饮用水中高浓度的硝酸盐对人类健康会产生极大的威胁。本文综述了催化还原脱除水中硝酸根的研究进展和现状 ,并对其发展趋势进行了简单的论述。     

Antibiotic contamination in a typical water-rich city in southeast China: a concern for drinking water resource safety

Abstract

The occurrence and distribution in the aquatic environment of Nanjing of 49 antibiotics from seven therapeutic classes were investigated using an improved analytical method developed for multiclass target analysis. The results showed that these antibiotics are widely present in the water bodies of this city, with a total concentration of up to 1.958?μg L^?1. The most abundant class was tetracyclines, contributing 43.7% to the total antibiotic burden. Lincomycin was detected in all samples, and the detection rate of clindamycin was 90.5%. An exploratory analysis of the data points was performed by unsupervised pattern recognition (hierarchical cluster analysis, HCA) in an attempt to clarify the pollution level in different sampling areas, and robust cluster solutions grouped the data according to their different antibiotic contaminant profiles. The safety of drinking water resources was emphasized, and the rivers, as the main receiving water body for treated and untreated wastewater in this city, were more seriously contaminated than the surrounding lakes and reservoir, not only in concentration but also in detection frequency, in our study as well as in similar research studies. A correlation analysis between the presence of antibiotics and the environmental factors was conducted, and it was found that antibiotic contamination and water quality were closely connected; the better the water quality, the lower the antibiotic contamination. Positive correlations existed between the antibiotics and tested heavy metals, as well as between antibiotics and boron and arsenic. However, whether these correlations resulted from their reaction or a common source was difficult to determine, and the mechanism requires further exploration.     

老旧无内衬铸铁管中氯对水质的影响

给水管网铁释放对于饮用水水质具有重要影响。通过浸泡实验和烧杯实验探究实际老旧无内衬铸铁管中氯对铁腐蚀的影响。一方面,通过实际管段浸泡实验,对比了不同初始氯浓度下管道中水质变化,发现在高初始氯下浊度和三磷酸腺苷增大,这表明在铁释放严重的无衬里铸铁管道中,消毒剂的增加可能引发水质微生物风险;另一方面,通过烧杯实验进一步确认了氯对管网颗粒物结构的影响,发现氯能够通过降低颗粒物表面电荷导致静电排斥降低,从而加剧了颗粒物的团聚,导致粒径变大、浊度升高,且颗粒物对消毒副产物三卤甲烷具有一定的富集累积作用,引发水质化学风险。本研究结果可为了解给水管网中氯引发的黄水风险提供参考。     

TiO2光催化技术处理饮用水微污染及杀灭微生物的研究

光催化处理饮用水微量污染物以及在饮用水消毒和杀菌方面的研究是近年来研究的热点.本文论述了 TiO2光催化处理饮用水中的微量卤代物、腐殖质、微生物代谢产物,以及杀灭细菌、真菌和病毒等微生物的研究进展.探讨了光催化杀灭微生物的作用机制,最后对该研究领域的发展方向提出建议和展望.     

饮用水源突发性铬污染去除方法的比较研究

通过对水源水中铬污染的不同去除方法的比较实验及验证实验,研究pH值、FeSO_4、NaHSO_3和活性炭的投加量对铬的去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,当原水中铬的含量为0.5 mg/L时,未调节pH值的条件下,亚硫酸氢钠与活性炭对铬的最高去除率为50%左右;硫酸亚铁还原沉淀在FeSO_4·7H_2O:Cr~(6+)投加比=16:1时,滤后出水中Cr~(6+)的去除率达到96.8%,中试出水中未检出Cr~(6+),出水的总Cr、总Fe等指标完全达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)的要求。     

Pilot study on the contamination of drinking water by organotin compounds from PVC materials

Raw and treated water samples and tap water samples from four to six houses located on distribution lines where PVC pipe/tubing had been recently installed were collected in five Canadian municipalities for the analysis of organotin compounds. After derivatisation with sodium tetraethylborate the ethylated organotin compounds were extracted with hexane and analysed by gas chromatography-microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry using a wavelength (326.234 nm) specific for tin. Organotin compounds, mainly methyltin and dimethyltin at concentrations ranging respectively from 0.5 to 257 ng Sn/L and from 0.5 to 6.5 ng Sn/L, were detected in samples from ten of the twenty-two houses. No organotin compounds were detected in raw water or treated water leaving the treatment plant, indicating that the organotin compounds were leaching into the water from some component of the distribution system.     

离子色谱在饮用水消毒副产物及高氯酸盐分析中的应用

介绍了离子色谱在饮用水中消毒副产物及高氯酸盐分析中的应用。重点介绍了离子色谱测定饮用水中溴酸盐和高氯酸盐的方法。简单介绍了卤代乙酸和氯酸盐的离子色谱测定法及离子色谱-质谱联用技术在饮用水消毒副产物及高氯酸盐分析中的应用。     

光电氧化降解饮用水中有机污染物的效能

针对地表水中普遍存在的有机污染物现状和常规水处理工艺无法去除有机污染物的问题,以紫外光电氧化技术为基础,提出了以“分质供水”为目标的末端深度水处理工艺。与单独电解和光解相比,电化学氧化与紫外耦合技术可以将布洛芬、阿特拉津、三氯乙酸、乐果的降解率在15 min内分别提高到92.5%、98.1%、71.0%和94.6%,并且能耗有所降低。电流和光强对光电氧化降解有机污染物有促进作用,但污染物初始质量浓度、Cl⁻、HCO₃⁻和天然有机物(HA)和污染物去除率呈反比关系。在此基础上,以布洛芬为污染物代表,测定了布洛芬的中间产物,并计算了降解中间体的毒性变化,发现光电氧化明显降低了布洛芬的毒性。     

A sensitive monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for chlorpyrifos residue determination in Chinese agricultural samples

A monoclonal antibody-based competitive antibody-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and optimized for determining chlorpyrifos residue in agricultural products. The IC₅₀ and IC₁₀ of this ELISA were 3.3 ng/mL and 0.1 ng/mL respectively. The average recoveries in six agricultural products were between 79.5% and 118.0%, with the intra-assay coefficient of variation being less than 8 %. The limit of detection for all tested products was 30 ng/g. To the best of our knowledge, this assay has the best specificity among all the published research on ELISAs for chlorpyrifos.